Prevalence of overweight and obesity and central adiposity indexes among school-aged children in Santa Catarina, Brazil

Abstracts

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children, their association with region, gender, age, school system, and correlation between anthropometric indexes. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with 4,964 children between 6 and 10 years of age of 345 elementary schools in the state of Santa Catarina. Body mass index was used to diagnose overweight and obesity according to Cole et al. (2000). Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness, and subscapular-to-triceps ratio were used as fat distribution indexes. We estimated the odds ratio with a 95% CI. To assess the relationship between BMI and anthropometric indexes, Pearson's correlation was calculated. RESULT: 52.2% of the students were female. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 15.4% and 6.0%. There was no association between overweight or obesity and regions, gender or age; only between overweight and the private network. Children in the private school network were 1.46 (1.22-1.74) times more likely to develop overweight. The correlation between BMI and waist circumference was the strongest (r = 0.90). CONCLUSION: Children in the private school network are more exposed to overweight and obesity than those in the public network, suggesting that socioeconomic conditions of schools could be the explanation. The waist circumference indicator of central adiposity may be used as an indicator of total adiposity.

Overweight; Obesity; Schoolchildren; Anthropometric Indexes

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre escolares e sua associação com região, sexo, faixa etária e rede de ensino, e a correlação entre os índices antropométricos. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com 4.964 escolares entre 6 a 10 anos de idade matriculados em 345 escolas do ensino fundamental do Estado de Santa Catarina. Foi utilizado o índice de massa corporal para diagnosticar sobrepeso e obesidade. Como indicadores de distribuição de gordura foram utilizadas circunferência de cintura, relação cintura-quadril, relação cintura-altura, dobras cutâneas triciptal e subescapular e razão subescapular-triciptal. Foram estimadas as razões de chance com IC 95% e calculada correlação de Pearson para avaliar a relação entre índice de massa corporal e índices antropométricos. RESULTADO: Do total dos escolares, 52,2% eram do sexo feminino. A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 15,4% e de obesidade 6,0%. Não foi encontrada associação entre sobrepeso ou obesidade com regiões, sexo e faixa etária, somente entre sobrepeso e rede particular. Os escolares da rede particular apresentaram 1,46 (1,22-1,74) vezes mais chance de desenvolverem sobrepeso. Foi encontrada correlação forte entre o índice de massa corporal e a circunferência de cintura (r = 0,90). CONCLUSÃO: Os escolares da rede particular estão mais expostos ao sobrepeso e à obesidade, sugerindo que a condição socioeconômica dos escolares possa ser a explicação. A circunferência de cintura, além de indicador de adiposidade central, poderá ser utilizada como indicador de adiposidade total.

Sobrepeso; Obesidade; Escolares; Índices antropométricos

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

^IGraduate Program in Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

^IIDepartament of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

^IIIDepartment of Nutrition, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

Correspondence to

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children, their association with region, gender, age, school system, and correlation between anthropometric indexes.

METHOD: Cross-sectional study with 4,964 children between 6 and 10 years of age of 345 elementary schools in the state of Santa Catarina. Body mass index was used to diagnose overweight and obesity according to Cole et al. (2000). Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness and subscapular-to-triceps ratio were used as fat distribution indexes. We estimated the odds ratio with a 95% CI. To assess the relationship between BMI and anthropometric indexes, Pearson's correlation was calculated.

RESULTS: 52.2% of the students were female. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 15.4% and 6.0%. There was no association between overweight or obesity and regions, gender or age; only between overweight and the private network. Children in the private school network were 1.46 (1.22-1.74) times more likely to develop overweight. The correlation between BMI and waist circumference was the strongest (r = 0.90).

CONCLUSION: Children in the private school network are more exposed to overweight and obesity than those in the public network, suggesting that socioeconomic conditions of schools could be the explanation. The waist circumference indicator of central adiposity may be used as an indicator of total adiposity.

Key Words: Overweight. Obesity. Schoolchildren. Anthropometric Indexes.

INTRODUCTION

Overweight and obesity are major global public health problems, affecting all population age groups¹. There is a chief concern with these events occurring during childhood, given that overweight or obese children may have their health affected, developing cardiovascular diseases or diabetes, among others².

Studies have appointed high overweight and obesity prevalence rates during childhood in some European countries: 32% in Portugal for children between 7 and 9 years of age, 31% in Spain for children between 2 and 9 years of age, and 27% in Italy for children between 6 and 11 years of age². In Brazil, in past decades, national surveys have reported that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among 6 to 9 year-old children had an increase from 4.9% in 1974 to 17.4% in 1996/1997, showing the magnitude and severity the problem developed among children throughout the country³.

The diagnosis of overweight and obesity in epidemiological studies has been performed by anthropometry, due to easy execution and low cost, allowing for assessment of children growth and body dimensions at different ages. The body mass index (BMI) reflects total body fat excess and has been greatly used for diagnosis of overweight and obesity in adults and children^4,5. However, there has been concern regarding the type of fat distribution deposit, given it relates with the prognosis of health risk⁶.

According to Moreno et al. (2007), there are two types of central fat deposits: abdominal fat and trunk fat which can be described by a variety of anthropometric measures⁷. The present study used waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio as indicators of abdominal fat, and triceps skin fold thickness and subscapular and subscapular-to-triceps ratio as indicators of trunk fat.

Considering the importance of anthropometric measures to assess the nutritional status in populations, and that in the state of Santa Catarina data pertaining to the prevalence of overweight and of obesity in children are restricted to studies performed in isolated cities⁸ or at public schools^9,10, the present study intends to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, verify the association of overweight and obesity with region, gender, age group and school network, and the correlation among anthropometric indexes in school children between 6 and 10 years of age in the State of Santa Catarina.

METHOD

Data analyzed in the present study are from a research Project named "Monitoring Implementation of the School Cafeteria Regulation Law on Food Habits and Nutritional Status of Schoolchildren of Santa Catarina" - ("Acompanhamento da implementação da Lei de Regulamentação das Cantinas Escolares sobre os hábitos alimentares e o estado nutricional de escolares de Santa Catarina"). The State of Santa Catarina is located in the Center South Brazil, and has a population of 5,866,487 inhabitants and a territory of 95.4 thousand km²¹¹.

Data were collected between June 2007 and May 2008, with schoolchildren enrolled in public and private schools, located in eight cities of the State of Santa Catarina.

The sampling plan included two focus units of interest: the school and students. To build the universe of schools of elementary school in the State of Santa Catarina, schools were divided into three regions: West (West and Mid West), Center (North, Mountain and Valley Areas) and Coast (Great Florianópolis, North and South Coast).

In the three geographical regions, schools were located in eight reference municipalities, classified as those with the higher number of schoolchildren enrolled in the initial grades of elementary school: Chapecó and Joaçaba in the West, Blumenau, Jaraguá do Sul and Lages in the Center, Criciúma, Florianópolis and Joinville in the Coast.

According to the Educational Census conducted by the Ministry of Education in 2006 there were 4,007 elementary schools in the State of Santa Catarina - one federal, 3,661 public (municipal and state) and 345 private (Available at: http://www.inep.gov.br/censo/basica/dataescolabrasil/). To calculate the sample, the federal school and the schools that declared not having schoolchildren in initial grades of elementary school were excluded. For the final definition of schools to be investigated, other criteria were introduced based on financial-operational aspects, such as whether schools were public or private and the number of schoolchildren enrolled.

In this manner, the study universe comprised 140,878 schoolchildren enrolled at 569 public and private schools of the eight municipalities previously selected, separated into six extracts of interest that included a combination of the three regions and both public and private schools.

The number of schools to be studied was calculated so as to guarantee a sample error of a maximum of plus or minus 6 percentage points, for each of the six extracts of interest. Thus the final sample comprised 347 schools, 266 public and 81 private, with the inclusion of schools located in urban and rural areas.

The sample of schoolchildren was random with a split proportional to grade, and depended on the number of schoolchildren enrolled in the grade drawn in each school. All participants had a Consent Form signed by their parents or guardians, totaling 5,686 schoolchildren authorized to take part in the survey.

The team responsible for collecting data comprised a dietician and students of the Nutrition Undergraduate and Graduate courses of Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC. The team was trained based on a protocol to standardize data collecting procedures, previously established in order to minimize possible intra and inter observation errors. The technical measurement error among members of the collecting team was not determined, but 10% of the sample of schoolchildren was measured in duplicate to control the quality of anthropometric measures.

Data that refer to the region, private or public school, age (calculated as the difference between date of collection and birth date) and gender were obtained at the secretariat of schools and copied to students' identification records. Ages were grouped into four groups: 6 and 7-year-olds, 8-year-olds, 9-year-olds and 10-year-olds.

Anthropometric weight, height, circumferences and skin fold data were collected according to procedures described in the Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, of Lohman et al. (1991)¹². Weight was measured once on a digital, PP 180 Marte branded scale with capacity for 180kg and 100g accuracy. In order to attain height, a stadiometer manufactured by Altura Exata, with 1mm accuracy, was used in a single measurement. Weight and height were used to calculate BMI, in which weight in kilograms was divided by the square height in meters.

Circumferences and skin fold measurements were collected three times each, not consecutively, utilizing the mean of values for analysis. Weight and hip circumferences measurements were verified using a non elastic measuring tape with 0.1mm accuracy. The waist circumference measurement was read horizontally, at the narrowest width of the trunk, at the level of the natural waist. The quotient between waist circumference and hip allowed building the waist-to-hip ratio and the quotient between waist circumference and height allowed building the waist-to-height ratio.

In order to get triceps skin fold thickness and subscapular measurements, a scientific Lange branded 0.1mm-accuracy adipometer was used. The quotient between subscapular and triceps skin fold thickness allowed building the subscapular-to-triceps ratio.

Dependent variables were overweight and obesity, classified according to the BMI by gender and age, according to cut-off points proposed by Cole et al. (2000)⁴, recommended by the International Obesity Taskforce - IOTF, based on overweight outcome values (values equivalent to BMI over 25kg/m² and under 30kg/m² of adults) and obesity (values equivalent to BMI equal or over 30kg/m² of adults). Independent variables were region (West, Center and Coast), school network (public and private), gender (male or female) and age group.

Anthropometric variables were subscapular skin fold (SSF), triceps skin fold (TSF), subscapular-to-triceps ratio (STR), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), used to verify relationship with BMI in schoolchildren with no overweight, with overweight and with obesity.

Data were processed in Epi data version 3.0 and analyses were performed in SPSS 15.0 software. Descriptive statistics were used (frequency, mean and standard-deviation) and odds ratios estimated (Odds Ratio - OR), using non conditional logistic regression, and respective 95% confidence intervals. Two outcomes of the cross-sectional study with different levels of prevalence were assessed: overweight (15.4%) and obesity (6.0%). The non conditional logistic regression technique was chosen as showed to be more appropriate for low magnitude events¹³, as verified for the prevalence of obesity. Variables with a p < 0.20 value in the univariate analysis, in the ÷2 test were selected for non conditional multivariate regression analysis. Means and standard-deviations of anthropometric variables were calculated for schoolchildren stratified into three groups (not overweight, overweight and obese), performing analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA); to establish possible differences between group means, the Tukey test was used (p < 0.05). The Pearson correlation coefficient was estimated to assess the relationship between BMI and anthropometric variables, considering a 5% level of significance. Values between 0.70 and 1 were considered a strong positive correlation; between 0.3 and 0.7 were considered moderate; between 0 and 0.3 weak; and a strong negative correlation were values between -0.70 and -1; moderate between -0.3 and -0.7; and weak between 0 and -0.3¹⁴.

The research Project was submitted and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (n.031/06 of 04/24/06) and followed the rules of Resolutions 196/96 and 251/97 of the National Health Council on research involving humans.

RESULTS

There were 345 schools that agreed to participate in the present study, 269 public and 76 private. Schools were distributed per region as follows: West, 55 public and 12 private schools, Center, 96 public and 14 private schools, and Coast, 118 public and 50 private schools.

The study had the participation of 4,964 schoolchildren with ages between 6 and 10 years, enrolled between the 1^st and 4^th grades of elementary school. We excluded from the final sample 275 schoolchildren absent on the collection of anthropometric data, as well as 358 above 10 years of age, and 89 due to inconsistent data. Among the 4,964 schoolchildren, 2,375 (47.8%) were boys and 2,589 (52.2%) girls.

The prevalence of overweight found was 15.4% and of obesity 6.0%. Prevalence of overweight presented a difference only for the private school network, higher (19.7%) than the public school network (14.3%).

There was no association between overweight and obesity of schoolchildren with gender, age group and region (Tables 1 and 2). An association was verified only between overweight and school network. Schoolchildren enrolled in the private school network were 1.46 (1.22-1.74) more likely to develop overweight than schoolchildren enrolled in the public network (Table 2).

Table 3 presents the central tendency and dispersion measures of anthropometric variables according to three groups (not overweight, overweight, obese) and gender of the schoolchildren. Male schoolchildren were observed to be different in the three groups (p < 0.05) for subscapular skin fold (SSF), triceps skin fold thickness (TSF), subscapular-to-triceps ratio (STR), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) measures. The group with obesity had higher values of STR and WHR measures when compared to the remaining groups. As to remaining measures, different means were observed among the three groups, in which values increased among groups with no overweight, with overweight and with obesity, respectively.

Differences among the three groups were also found among female schoolchildren (p < 0.05) for SSF, TSF, STR, WC, WHR and WHtR measures (Table 3). The group with obesity had a higher value for the WHR measure when compared to the other groups. As to the remaining measures, different means were verified among the three groups, values increasing in the groups with no overweight, with overweight and with obesity, similar to what was found in male schoolchildren.

Figure 1 presents the dispersion graphs between BMI and anthropometric variables (SSF, TSF, STR, WC, WHR, WHtR) of all schoolchildren, with four strong positive correlations being observed between BMI and the following measures: SSF, TSF, WC, WHtR, and two weak correlations between BMI and STR, BMI and WHR.

Table 4 presents Pearson correlation values for not overweight, overweight and obese schoolchildren; the only variable that kept a strong correlation in the three groups was waist circumference and the remaining varied from weak to moderate.

DISCUSSION

Among the limitations of the present study, we should point out the fact the final sample of schoolchildren depended on the number of children enrolled in the group selected at the school and on return of the Consent Form by guardians. The technical measurement error of the data collecting team was not determined, and although the team was experienced, the variations in the execution of the technique are unknown. However, 10% of the schoolchildren sample was measured twice in order to control the quality of anthropometric measures, a fact that minimized the limitation.

The present study is relevant from the social point of view as it is to the public health nutrition area, because there are no current data on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 6 to 10 year-old schoolchildren of different municipalities of a State of the Federation. The data from the Family Budget Survey - POF 2002-2003¹⁵ did not present the prevalence of overweight and obesity based on BMI for children less than 10 years old.

Comparison of the prevalence of overweight and obesity with results from other studies becomes complex due to the different age groups, the variety of methods applied and the cut-off points used in the diagnosis of overweight and obesity. This discussion is based on studies that used similar age groups and BMI for age and gender as diagnostic criteria.

In the present study a prevalence of 15.4% of overweight and 6.0% of obesity was estimated among schoolchildren. If you consider that overweight includes obesity, the prevalence reaches 21.4%. A study performed with the Brazilian population in the 1996-1997 period showed a prevalence of overweight including obesity of 17.4% in children between 6 and 9 years of age using the same diagnostic criterion³. A small variation in values found in Santa Catarina was observed, when compared to national figures. However, there is a difference of roughly 12 years between the studies.

A study performed previously in the state capital, Florianópolis, with 7 to 10 year-old schoolchildren, showed 15.5% of overweight and 5.5% of obesity in public and private schools⁸. The prevalence of overweight and obese schoolchildren of the eight municipalities of the State of Santa Catarina was also observed to be similar to the values found in the capital⁸.

The comparison of prevalence of overweight and of obesity found in international studies that used the same diagnostic criteria and similar age groups showed that overweight and obesity values were close to those found in France (14.3 and 3.8%) and Germany (15.5 and 4.3%)^16,17. Higher prevalences were found in Chilpancingo/Mexico (28.1 and 13.7%) and in Sintra/Portugal (23 and 12.6%)^18,19. Data highlight that overweight and obesity affect both developed and developing countries, confirming the global epidemic of these events, and becoming one of the concerns in public health, not only because of the consequences in the health-disease process, but also due to the possibilities of association with other diseases that affect adult life.

Among variables, gender, age group, school network and region were selected in this study to assess the association with overweight and obesity. The only one with a statistically significant association was school network, because schoolchildren enrolled in the private network had a higher prevalence of overweight than those enrolled in the public network, a similar result to other domestic studies^20,21,22-24.

Schoolchildren enrolled in the private network of Santa Catarina were 1.46 (1.22-1.74) more likely to become overweight, and studies performed in the Brazilian cities of Natal/RN and Capão da Canoa/RS showed similar results^24,25. Vieira et al. (2008), in the city of Pelotas/RS, verified that schoolchildren enrolled in the private network had an extra 10% risk of being overweight in relation to the municipal network ²⁰.

Socioeconomic variables such as family income, per capita family income and schooling of parents, frequently used in epidemiological studies, were not included in the present study to assess the socioeconomic status of schoolchildren. However, the school network in Brazil can be considered a social class marker, indicating that students in the private network belong to a higher social class, given that schoolchildren that belong to higher socioeconomic level families generally go to private schools.

Although girls presented a higher prevalence of overweight and boys a higher prevalence of obesity, no statistically significant association was found between overweight and obesity and gender. Other studies performed in Brazil did not find association between these variables either ^21,24,26,27. On the other hand, a study performed in the city of Santos/SP revealed that the prevalence of overweight was higher for girls than for boys (p = 0.008) and the prevalence of obesity was higher for boys (p < 0.001)²³. According to Reilly (2006), in developed countries childhood obesity is common both in girls and boys, as was observed for schoolchildren of Santa Catarina²⁸.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity were similar for all age groups in the present study, without a statistically significant association between variables. Studies with schoolchildren conducted in the Brazilian cities of Feira de Santana/BA, Natal/RN and Arapoti/PR also did not verify this association^21,24,27. However, a study performed in the city of Pelotas/RS appointed that age had negative tendency when associated with overweight and obesity, that is, the higher the age, the lower the risk²⁰.

Also in the present study, prevalence of overweight and obesity was similar in the three regions and no statistically significant association was found between these variables. International studies have associated overweight and obesity with urban and rural areas, identifying a higher prevalence in rural areas^29,30. However, a study performed in Cajamar/SP with schoolchildren entering elementary school in public schools did not find an association between overweight (including obesity) and urban and rural areas. ³¹

In Santa Catarina, all municipalities that took part of the present study have a Human Development Index - HDI above 0.80¹¹. The HDI is a standardized way to assess and measure the well-being of a population and the value of 0.80 indicates appropriate living conditions according to criteria of wealth, schooling and mean life expectancy, which determine schooling, longevity and per capita family income. This may explain the similarities in the prevalence of overweight and obesity of schoolchildren found in the regions.

The BMI expresses the changes that may occur in the set of body components, but does not verify the fat distribution pattern. For that reason, clinicians and researchers have used a variety of measures as proxies to the distribution of body fat⁶. Thus, identifying the relationship between BMI and other anthropometric indexes is very important, given that the type of deposit of fat distribution relates to health risk prognosis⁶.

In the present study, the variable that most correlated with BMI was WC in schoolchildren with no overweight, with overweight and with obesity. Other studies found a good correlation between these variables^10,32, suggesting that WC be used in the diagnosis of overweight and child obesity³³. Assis et al. (2007) compared, in schoolchildren of Florianópolis/SC, overweight and obesity defined by BMI and WC according to British references, having shown moderate agreement (k = 0.58) between the variables³⁴. In this manner, it may be suggested that BMI and WC be utilized simultaneously in the diagnosis of overweight and obesity.

Children with a high cardiovascular risk can be identified according to the WC measure. WHtR has been proposed as a measure of cardiovascular risk, regardless of age³⁵. A study performed with Chinese children and adolescents indicated that WC correlates more with BMI than with WHtR (r = 0.93; 0.91; r = 0.65; 0.50, for boys and girls, respectively)³⁵. In Santa Catarina, a higher correlation between WC and BMI than with WHtR was also observed when analyzing these measures in schoolchildren with no overweight, with overweight and with obesity. These findings indicate that schoolchildren that are overweight and obese diagnosed by BMI present higher values of waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio. In adults, a WHtR with a value of 0.5 or less is considered normal and values over 0.5 can be classified as a cardiovascular risk factor. This value has been used as a cutoff point and suggested to be applied in children and adolescents³⁶. However, studies that involve diagnostic tests, such as sensitivity and specificity for different age groups, will be necessary for defining cutoff points for the indicator.

WHR presented a weak correlation with BMI, and similar results were found in other studies^{10, 32}. As BMI increases, WHR does not accompany the variation. This means that overweight and obese schoolchildren do not necessarily have a high WHR. These findings suggest that WHR is not a good indicator of abdominal fat related to overweight and obesity¹⁰, given that the measurement of the hip does not increase in children in this age group.

The correlation between BMI and skin folds was strong when all schoolchildren are considered, and it may be considered a good indicator of fat, given that through the width of skin fold, fat located in certain regions of the body can be determined. Similar results were verified by other studies, finding a good correlation between these measurements^37-39. However, when the analysis is performed with the ratio between skin folds, correlation becomes weak. This occurs, probably, due to small variation in ratio values⁴⁰. The explanation may justify the result found in this study.

Confirming the magnitude and severity of high prevalence of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren throughout Brazil, the results of this study showed that per each 100 schoolchildren assessed, approximately 21, about one fifth, are overweight or obese. Schoolchildren enrolled in the private network are more exposed to overweight than those of the public network, suggesting that this fact may be explained by the socioeconomic status. Among anthropometric indexes, waist circumference presented a better correlation with BMI. In addition to the indicator of central adiposity, waist circumference could be used as an indicator of total body fat, as of the definition of cutoff points, according to the age and gender of children and adolescents.

These results may provide support for health intervention and promotion programs and actions to prevent and reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren of Santa Catarina.

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Prevalence of overweight and obesity and adiposity central indexes among school-aged children in Santa Catarina, Brazil

Gabriela Dalsasso Ricardo^I; Gilberto Veras Caldeira^II; Arlete Catarina Tittoni Corso^III

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  02 Sept 2009
• Date of issue
  Sept 2009

History

• Accepted
  23 June 2009
• Reviewed
  02 June 2009
• Received
  26 Mar 2009