Determinação de ácido rosmarínico em Cordia verbenacea por cromatografia líquida: aplicabilidade em estudo sazonal

Determination of rosmarinic acid in Cordia verbenacea by liquid chromatography: applicability in seasonal study

RESUMO

Neste estudo, uma técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta resolução em fase reversa (CLAE-FR) para a determinação de ácido rosmarínico em Cordia verbenacea foi desenvolvida e validada. A análise de regressão foi avaliada, com observação de uma boa linearidade (r = 0,9997). Os valores obtidos para a precisão e exatidão estão de acordo com as diretrizes do ICH e com a legislação brasileira. Os valores de repetibilidade e precisão intermediária foram 2,79% e 4,76%, respectivamente. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação de ácido rosmarínico foram de 1,92 µg/mL e 5,81 µg/mL, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que o método desenvolvido é uma técnica por CLAE-FR de confiança para a determinação de ácido rosmarínico em tintura de C. verbenacea. Além disso, essa metodologia foi aplicada em estudo sazonal, que revela uma correlação positiva relativamente forte entre o período de chuvas e o teor de ácido rosmarínico.

Palavras-chave
Cordia verbenacea; ácido rosmarínico; CLAE

ABSTRACT

In this study, a reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique for determination of rosmarinic acid in the Cordia verbenacea was developed and validated. A regression analysis was performed, with the observation of good linearity (r =0.999949). The values obtained for precision and accuracy determination are in agreement with ICH guidelines and the Brazilian legislation. The values of repeatability and intermediate precision were 2.79% and 4.76%, respectively. The detection and the quantitation limits of the rosmarinic acid were 1.92 µg/mL and 5.81 µg/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated that the developed method is a reliable RP-HPLC technique for the determination of rosmarinic acid in C. verbenacea tincture. In addition, this methodology was applied at a seasonal study indicating relatively strong positive correlation between the rain period and the rosmarinic acid content.

Keywords
Cordia verbenacea; rosmarinic acid; HPLC

INTRODUCTION

Cordia verbenacea DC (synonyms: Varronia verbenacea(DC.) Borhidi, Varronia curassavica Jacq) is a native Brazilian medicinal plant belonging to the family Boraginaceae, widely distributed along the southeast coast of Brazil (Passos et al., 2007). This bushy plant is popularly known as “cordia, black-sage, wild-sage, orégano-cimarrón, erva baleeira” (Roldão et al., 2008).

In folk medicine, in the Brazilian Amazon, native tribes use Cordialeaves in infusion to treat infections of all kinds, rheumatism and arthritis (Akisue et al., 1983). Pharmacological studies have shown that the C. verbenaceae has been used in the form of alcoholic extracts, decoctions and infusions (Fernandes et al., 2007). The described properties are anti-ulcer (Falcão et al., 2008; Roldão et al., 2008), anti-microbial (Michielin et al., 2009), anti-inflammatory (Ticli et al., 2005; Fernandes et al., 2007; Passos et al., 2007) and analgesic (Roldão et al., 2008).

Several compounds are found in the aerial parts of C. verbenaceaincluding α-pinene, trans-cariophyllene, aloaromadendrene, cordialin A, cordialin B, rosmarinic acid and flavanols (Thirupathi et al., 2008). The main compounds found in essential oil are trans-caryophyllene, α-humulene (Passos et al., 2007; Fernandes et al., 2007), and others compounds as spathulenol, β-sitosterol and eugenol (Michielin et al., 2009). In addition, lupeol, bisabolol, farnesyl acetate and artemetin have been found in C. verbenacea extracts obtained by different extraction process (Michielin et al., 2009). Santi et al. (2014) reports presence of flavonoid derivatives in C. verbenacea leaves by HPLC.

Rosmarinic acid is a phenolic compound widely distributed in various plants such as Ocimum basilicum, Melissa officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Mentha spicata, e Perilla frutescen e C. verbenacea (Makino et al., 2002; Ticli et al., 2005), commonly found in species from Boraginaceae family. In addition, this compound is the phytochemical marker to C. verbenaceae due its properties and abundance in this species.

About pharmacological activity, rosmarinic acid is reported exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects, including inhibition of C_3-convertase, C₅-convertase, 5-lipoxygenase, histamine release from mast cells, phospholipase A₂ and sequesters reactive oxygen species (Makino et al., 2002; Ticli et al., 2005; dos Santos et al., 2010).

In this study, a reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique for determination of rosmarinic acid in C. verbenacea tincture was developed and validated. In addition, the applicability of this method in seasonal study was investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plants and Chemicals

Cordia verbenacea leaves were collected in Garden of Center for Living Pharmacy (Farmácia Viva) of the Federal District – Brazil. The species was identified by comparison with a voucher specimen deposited at the Herbarium of the Universidade de Brasília by number FaggCW 2237.

Phosphoric acid (HPLC grade) and rosmarinic acid were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile (ACN) and methyl alcohol (MeOH) for use in chromatography and spectrophotometry were purchased from Tedia (USA). The water used to prepare the solutions or mobile phase was purified in a Milli-Q-plus System (Millipore▫, Bedforte, MA, USA).

Preparation of Cordia verbenacea tincture

C. verbenacea leaves were dried at room temperature (25°C). Dried leaves showed 5-10% moisture. The tincture was obtained by maceration (2 hours) following by percolation process ( 3-5 mL/min.) using ethyl alcohol 70 °GL in the ratio 1:2 (leaves:solvent). Three different extractions were prepared and analyzed by HPLC. All extracts were stored at -20 °C until the time of analysis.

DETERMINATION OF ROSMARINIC ACID BY HPLC

Apparatus and chromatographic conditions

C. verbenacea tincture was analyzed using LaChrom Elite HPLC system (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) liquid chromatograph equipped with L2130 pump, L2200 auto-sampler; L2300 column oven was set at 25 °C and a L2455 DAD detector (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The detector was set at 330 nm. Separation was performed by Purospher Star reverse phase C18e column (5 µm, 150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d.) in combination with an appropriate guard column (4 x 4; 5 µm particle size) (Merck, Germany). The eluents used were: aqueous phosphoric acid (1%) (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B). The gradient employed was: 80% A and 20% B for 0 min, 60% A and 40% B for 30 min, 30% A and 70% B for 35 min, 5% A and 95% B for 50 min, at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Data acquisition was performed using EZChrom Elite software (version 3.3.2 SP1 (Scientific Software. Inc.).

Sample solution was prepared diluting 50 µL of tincture into 1.0 mL MeOH. The obtained solution was then filtered. The compounds in the tincture were characterized according to their UV–Vis spectra and identified by their retention times in comparison with those of commercial standards.

Validation

Validation was performed following the ICH guidelines (ICH, 1996) ) and Brazilian legislation (Brasil, 2003; Brasil, 2012). The method was validated considering the parameters selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and robustness.

Selectivity of this method proposed was evaluated. The appropriate method for quantification should demonstrate selectivity for detecting the analyte in the presence of degradation products. As far we know, there is no report about degradation products of C .verbenacea, so the comparison between results from degraded samples and the results from non-degraded samples was established. For that, 1.0 mL of the tincture was accurately weighed, and then 2 mL of HCl 1 M or NaOH 1 M was added and placed in a water bath maintained at 60 °C for 1h. The mixture was cooled, and the pH solution was adjusted to about 7.0 with 2 mL HCl 1 M or NaOH 1 M (Sistla et al., 2005; Leite et al., 2014). After that, 35.0 mL of methanol was added to the mixture. Then, the obtained products were analyzed for the presence of both intact and degraded drug by the proposed procedure comparing with a control sample.

Linearity was checked with standard solutions of rosmarinic acid in the concentration range of 2.5 – 1000.0 μg/mL. The standard curves were analyzed by linear regression of peak area versus rosmarinic acid concentration.

Precision was expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD %) and was determined by repeatability (intra-day) and intermediate precision (inter-day). Repeatability was evaluated by analysis of six replicates of the same extract in the same day under the same experimental conditions. The intermediate precision was studied on three different days.

The accuracy experiments applied the standard addition method (rosmarinic acid) in the sample (C. verbenacea tincture), using replicates (n = 3) of three different rosmarinic acid concentrations.

For that, the C. verbenacea tincture solution was prepared adding 500 µL of tincture (43.6 µg/mL of rosmarinic acid) to 500 µL of rosmarinic acid solution in the concentration of 24.4 µg/mL, 36.4 µg/mL and 48.4 µg/mL, in order to obtain rosmarinic acid theoretical final concentrations of 34.0 (A), 40.0 (B) and 46.0 µg/mL (C).

Finally, the solutions were filtered and analyzed by the developed HPLC method. Accuracy was expressed as percent of recovery, which was estimated as the relation between the experimental concentrations and the theoretical concentrations [(C_e/C_t) x 100].

The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were determined on the basis of the standard deviation of the response and the slope of the constructed calibration curve. The LOD was expressed as (3.3 x ơ)/S and the LOQ was expressed as (10 x ơ)/S, where ơ is the standard deviation of the response and S is the slope of calibration curve.

Robustness was examined by evaluating the influence of small variation in the experimental parameters on the analytical performance of the proposed method. The studied parameters were: variation of wavelength (320-340 nm), flow (0.6-1.0 mL/min.) and temperature (23-27 °C). The effects on the parameters retention time and peak area were observed.

METHOD APPLICATION

Applicability in seasonal study

The seasonal variation of rosmarinic acid content in C. verbenacea leaves was evaluated by the validated HPLC method. Cordia verbenacea leaves were cultivated and collected on 13 September 2012 (winter), 19 March 2013 (autumn) and 14 May 2013 (autumn). For that, C. verbenacea tincture was prepared by same technique described before. Rosmarinic acid content was associated with the average rainfall data in Brasilia (Federal District) between 2000 and 2013 (Meteonews, 2013). Data were subjected to Pearson correlation analysis.

RESULTS

Determination of rosmarinic acid by HPLC

The chromatography profile of C. verbenacea tincture presents a large number of compounds (figure 1). Twelve main peaks were observed. It was possible to identify the main peak, rosmarinic acid, by comparison with commercial standards (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Chemical structure of rosmarinic acid is shown in Figure 1. In identification of rosmarinic acid was observed that retentions time of the rosmarinic acid standard and co-injections with sample were the same. In addition, peak purity in both, rosmarinic standard and co-injections, were 0.9999. The rosmarinic content found in C. verbenacea tincture was about 794.88 ± 22.68 µg/mL.

FIGURE 1
Typical chromatogram of Cordia verbenaceatincture.

Validation

The chromatographic analysis developed for quantitative determination of this polyphenol was validated according to ICH guidelines (ICH, 1996) and Brazilian legislation (Brazil, 2012; Brazil, 2003).

Selectivity was demonstrated by average of the changes in retention time and peak area of rosmarinic acid in degraded samples (Table 1 and 2). Firstly, it was observed that there was degradation of the sample in the induced acid and basic hydrolysis. It was observed reduction of rosmarinic acid content and the formation of degradation products, since the sample control showed twelve main peaks, while samples of the basic hydrolysis showed additional peaks in 7.26, 8.64, 9.02, 9.58, 37.20, 42.86, 43.85 e 54.32 minutes. Furthermore, we did not observe the peaks at 12.71, 15.07, 16.66, 18.39, 30.19, 46.7 and 50.6 minutes. In the acid hydrolysis product chromatogram, an additional peak at 27.66 minutes was observed (Table 1 and 2).

TABLE 1
Retention time and wavelength of maximum absorption of the compounds present Cordia verbenacea tincture after that induced degradation by basic and acid hydrolysis

	Control		Basic hydrolysis		Acid hydrolysis
Peak	Retention Time	λmax.	Retention Time	λmax.	Retention Time	λmax.
1	-	-	7.26 ± 0.01b	357	-	-
2	-	-	8.64 ± 0.01b	391	-	-
3	-	-	9.02 ± 0.01b	397	-	-
4	-	-	9.58 ± 0.01b	396	-	-
5	12.71 ± 0.06	389	-	-	12.69 ± 0.02	327
6a	13.67 ± 0.05	329	13.62 ± 0	394	13.66 ± 0.01	329
7	15.07 ± 0.06	312	-	-	15.09 ± 0.01	315
8	16.66 ± 0.05	389	-	-	16.69 ± 0.01	309
9	18.39 ± 0.07	389	-	-	18.37 ± 0.01	397
10	-	-	-	-	27.66 ± 0.01b	387
11	30.24 ± 0.03	351	-	-	30.28 ± 0.01	351
12	35,36 ±0 .02	343	35.37 ± 0	346	35.39 ± 0.01	345
13	36.81 ± 0.01	357	36.82 ± 0.01	348	36.82 ± 001	348
14	-	-	37.20 ± 0.01b	284	-	-
15	39.26 ± 0.01	347	39.29 ± 0.01	347	39.28 ± 0.01	347
16	40.98 ± 0.02	396	41.02 ± 0.01	338	41.02 ± 0.01	398
17	-	-	42.86 ±0.01 b	323	-	-
18	-	-	43.85 ± 0.01b	301	-	-
19	46.7	324	-	-	-	-
20	50.59	324	-	-	50.59 ± 0	324
21	-	-	54.32 ± 0.01b	359	-	-

• λmax - wavelength of maximum absorption. The results are mean ± SD of three determinations.
• ^a
  Rosmarinic acid.
• ^b
  Degradation products.

TABLE 2
Peak area of the compounds present Cordia verbenaceatincture after that induced degradation by basic and acid hydrolysis

Peak area
Peak	Control	Basic hydrolysis	Acid hydrolysis
1	-	273594.7 ± 1461.57b	-
2	-	1708844 ± 20025.85b	-
3	-	300299.3 ± 8403.44b	-
4	-	588014 ± 8193.54b	-
5	978247 ± 239982.5	-	424473 ± 4785.33
6a	10305765±1489198	459044.7 ± 1914.33*	10233594 ± 319563.6
7	393638.3 ± 60871.72	-	338518,7 ± 6913.84
8	319143 ± 75836.74	-	237793 ± 7725
9	443399 ± 109574.4	-	480411 ± 7874.74
10	-	-	517500.7 ± 20774.23b
11	440748.3 ± 102755.5	-	404552.3 ± 9743.95
12	399871.3 ± 100213.5	386293.3 ± 3627.70	390563.7 ± 4945.73
13	1777675 ± 422452.7	1653987±22188.42	1665091 ± 25095.87
14	-	406306.3 ± 16353.78b	-
15	1204795 ± 285148.4	1105073 ± 15093.91	1129458 ± 22162.86
16	321277,7 ± 73754.33	290558 ± 3801.37	292427.3 ± 8292.68
17	-	230988±1149*	-
18	-	390175 ± 10847.75b	-
19	1039089	-	-
20	272801	-	2226332 ± 0b
21	-	292222 ± 20410.8b	-

• The results are mean ± SD of three determinations.

The retention time of degradation products did not show similarity to retention time of rosmarinic acid. In addition, all peaks of rosmarinic acid had good purity index in different analyzed groups.

In relation to the peak area, the rosmarinic acid content was reduced in 55.46% in the basic hydrolysis, according to Student’s t-test, but the acid hydrolysis did not promote reduction of rosmarinic acid content.

Under the experimental conditions, the linearity was maintained within the considered concentration range. A regression analysis was performed, with the observation of the good linearity (r = 0.999949) and the representative linear equation was y = 286800x+239300 for rosmarinic acid. Table 3 summarizes the results of the regression analysis and shows the slope, intercept and correlation coefficient. The detection and quantitation limits of rosmarinic acid were 1.92 µg/mL and 5.81 µg/mL, respectively (Table 3).

TABLE 3
HPLC method validation parameters: linearity, detection limit and quantitation limit

Linearity
	Concentration range (µg/mL)		Slope		intercept		r
Rosmarinic acid	50-250		286800 ±1350		239300±187400		0.999949
Detection limit (LOD) and quantitation limit (LOQ)
	Concentration range (µg/ mL)	Slope		Standard deviation of y-intercept		LOD (µg/ mL)	LOQ (µg/mL)
Rosmarinic acid	1.0 - 25.0	258700		150200		1.92	5.81

The results are mean ± SD of three experiments. r – Correlation coefficient. LOD: detection limit and LOQ: quantitation limit.

Repeatability and intermediate precision were 2.79% and 4.76%, respectively. The mean of peak area, rosmarinic acid content and the relative standard deviation are reported in Table 4.

TABLE 4
HPLC method validation parameters: precision and accuracy

Precision
		Peak area			RSD (%)	Rosmarinic acid (µg/mL)			RSD (%)
Repeatability a		11640000± 325200			2.79	794.88 ± 22.68			2.85
Intermediate precisionb		12440419± 592497			4.76	799.49 ± 52.89			6.62
Accuracy of the HPLC method
	Rosmarinic acid added (µg/mL)		Rosmarinic acid found (µg/mL)				Recovery (%)
A	34.0		32.74 ± 1.71				96.29 ± 5.04
B	40.0		37.89 ± 0.19				94.72 ± 0.47
C	46.0		44.40 ± 0.37				96.53 ± 0.80

• ^a
  Rosmarinic acid.
• ^b
  Degradation products. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's f-test.
• * p < 0.05 peak area significantly reduced compared by control without hydrolysis.

The accuracy of the method was determined by adding known amount of rosmarinic acid standard in C. verbenacea tincture samples at three known levels of concentration. The mean values of the percentage analytical recoveries for the concentration of 34.0, 40.0 and 46.0 µg/mL of rosmarinic acid were 96.29%, 94.72% and 96.53%, respectively (Table 4).

The results are mean ± SD of three experiments. ^a Six replicates were assayed on the same day. ^b Six replicates were assayed on three different days. A - Low concentration, B – intermediate concentration and C – high concentration.

In the Robustness assay, no change in retention time or peak area was observed when variations of wavelength were established. However, flow variations were able to cause changes in retention time and peak area at 1.0 mL/min. Change in peak area and retention time were found when variations of temperature were established (Figure 2).

FIGURE 2
Robustness assay.

The results are mean ± SD of three determinations. A: peak area variation and B: retention time variation. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. *p<0.05 peak area or retention time significantly reduced compared by the best conditions for separating compounds present in C. verbenaceae tincture: wavelength of 330 nm, flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and temperature of 25 °C.

Applicability in seasonal study

The seasonal variation of rosmarinic acid content in C. verbenacea leaves was associated with the average rainfall data in Brasilia (Federal District) between 2000 and 2013 (Meteonews, 2013). It was observed correlation between the period of rains and the content of rosmarinic acid. In March, rosmarinic acid content was 3931.68 µg/mL, in this month the precipitation amount was 20.0 mm, rainy season. In May, the precipitation amount was reduced to 2.0 mm and rosmarinic acid content reduced 12.05% (3457.84 µg/mL) in relation to March, beginning of the dry season. In September, rosmarinic content reduced 79.73% (797.71 µg/mL), in this month the precipitation amount was 4.0 mm, ending of the dry season (Figure 3). The correlation between rainfall and rosmarinic acid content was 0.62, positive correlation relatively strong by the classification of Callegari-Jacques (2003).

FIGURE 3
Seasonal variation of rosmarinic acid content (µg/mL) in leaves of Cordia verbenacea in relation to average precipitation amount (mm) in Brasilia (Federal District) between 2000 and 2013.

DISCUSSION

Plant extracts are composed of many substances and are capable of variation depending on various factors. So, to ensure their efficacy and safety, it is needed to standardize these extracts and assure their pharmaceutical quality.

In the present work, RP-HPLC with UV detection and linear gradient mobile phase mode was proposed as a suitable method for quantitative determination of rosmarinic acid in C. verbenacea tincture. In addition, the applicability of this method and seasonal study was investigated.

Cordia verbenacea is an important species since its derivatives have been used in herbal medicines. However, unlike other herbal drugs, there is a lack of reports about rosmarinic acid amount range in this species, as well as, about validated methodology using DAD-HPLC for quantification of rosmarinic acid.

Rosmarinic acid has been described in several plants, commonly found in species of Boraginaceae and the subfamily Nepetoideae of the Lamiaceae (Petersen & Simmon, 2003).

The developed chromatographic analysis for quantitative determination of this polyphenol was validated to obtain reproducible analysis with a high degree of accuracy and precision in the range of concentrations investigated.

The tincture was subjected to stress testing by acid and basic hydrolysis, to check whether the method is able to separate impurities and degradation products of the reference compound rosmarinic acid. The results showed that the proposed method demonstrates selectivity for detecting rosmarinic acid in the presence of their degradation products.

A regression analysis was performed, with the observation of good linearity in a wide concentration range. The obtained values for precision and accuracy determination are in agreement with ICH and ANVISA requeriments (ICH, 1996; Brasil, 2003; Brasil, 2012), which indicated that the chromatographic conditions used are reliable to quantify the rosmarinic acid in the evaluated range. Lopes et al. (2012)described similar results by using a methodology for the determination of derivatives of o-hydroxycinnamic acid from Echinodorus grandiflorus.

In addition, the detection and the quantitation limits of rosmarinic acid were established. Despite small changes in the peak area and retention time, the flow rate and the temperature are analytical parameters that should be controlled to get better analytical performance of the proposed method. The analytical parameter: wavelength of 330 nm, flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. and temperature of 25 °C proved to be the best conditions for separating compounds from C. verbenaceaetincture.

Considering the importance of this species and its derivatives, and because there are herbal medicines from this plant in the Brazilian market, this study may contribute to the development of C. verbenacea monograph to be insert in future editions of the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia.

It is the first time a study of seasonal variation of the rosmarinic acid content in C. verbenacea was done. It was observed that the rosmarinic acid content in Cordia verbenacea leaves varies with seasons. At District Federal, there are 2 characteristic seasons – dry and rain periods. It was observed positive correlation relatively strong between the period of rain and rosmarinic acid content. These results reveal that the higher the amount of rainfall increases rosmarinic acid content synthesized by this plant. The best seasonal period to collect this medicinal plant should be the rainy season, March month, due high rosmarinic acid content found. These results corroborate with Palá-Paúl et al. (2001), essential oil concentration in Santolina rosmarinifolia L. ssp. rosmarinifolia showed significant correlations with both precipitation (positive) and temperature (negative). In addition, Gobbo-Neto & Lopes (2007) reported that the water stress often alter the concentrations of secondary metabolites in plants.

CONCLUSION

The developed method shows to be a reliable HPLC technique for determination of rosmarinic acid in Cordia verbenacea tincture. This described method may be applied to the standardization of herbs, extracts or commercialized herbal medicines, as well as to perform stability studies of this plant drug. In addition, the best seasonal period to collect this medicinal plant should be the rainy season, because it was observed the highest rosmarinic acid amount in the leaves.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES); National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Decanato de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação-UnB (DPP/UnB) and Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF) for financial support.

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Datas de Publicação

• Publicação nesta coleção
  2015

Histórico

• Recebido
  29 Set 2014
• Aceito
  22 Jan 2015