Abstract
Niobium (Nb) was initially applied in the industry in 1933 to stabilize stainless steels against intergranular corrosion. Around 1970, niobium started to be used in many technological applications, especially in heat treatments at high temperatures, in the form of superalloys and, over the past four decades, Nb has been employed on an industrial scale. During recent years, applications of niobium have increased steadily in various segments such as: micro-alloyed steels, super alloys, thin films, medical implants, titanium and aluminum alloys, superconductors and copper alloys, electrolytic and ceramic capacitors. The worldwide demand for Nb grew at an annual rate of 10% between the years 2000-2010, were the sectors of energy, automotive and construction of the largest consumers FeNb. In 2000 the brazilian production was 35,458 t of Nb and, in 2007, reached 82,000 t of concentrate Nb. Brazil has the world's largest reserves of Nb (98.53%), which totaled 842.4 million t. So, in this paper is made a study on the evolution of the production of niobium in Brazil and its main industrial and technological applications.
niobium; production; sustainability
1 Historical Aspects
The presence of niobium in nature is associated with pegmatite in the form of
columbite, tantalite, or the alkali carbonatites mass, constituting the termed
mineral pyrochlore11. Griffith WP and Morris PJT. Charles Hatchett FRS (1765-1847),
chemist and discoverer of niobium. Notes & Records of the Royal Society.
2003; 57(3):299-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2003.0216.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2003.0216...
.
In the year 1801, the English chemist Charles Hatchett (1765-1847) discovered a new
chemical element of atomic number 41. Initially it was called columbium, being the
name given in honor of America, whence arose the mineral11. Griffith WP and Morris PJT. Charles Hatchett FRS (1765-1847),
chemist and discoverer of niobium. Notes & Records of the Royal Society.
2003; 57(3):299-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2003.0216.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2003.0216...
-22. Greenwood NN. Vanadium to dubnium: from confusion through clarity
to complexity. Catalysis Today. 2003; 78(1-4):5-11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00318-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(02)...
. In 1802, the chemist Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (1767-1813)
reported his findings to the French journal Annales de Chemie, the identification of
a new element, which was named tantalum. In 1809, William Hyde Wollaston
(1766-1828), responsible for the elements discovering rhodium and palladium
announced that colombium and tantalum were identical11. Griffith WP and Morris PJT. Charles Hatchett FRS (1765-1847),
chemist and discoverer of niobium. Notes & Records of the Royal Society.
2003; 57(3):299-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2003.0216.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2003.0216...
2. Greenwood NN. Vanadium to dubnium: from confusion through clarity
to complexity. Catalysis Today. 2003; 78(1-4):5-11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00318-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(02)...
-33. Silva PP and Guerra W. Platina. Química Nova na Escola. 2010;
32:128-129..
Years later, Heinrich Rose (1795-1864), noted the presence of two distinct elements in columbite, tantalum discovered by Ekeberg and others who called niobium, which corresponds in Greek mythology the daughter of tantalum, but it was actually the columbium discovered by Hatchett44. Steed J. Chemistry in its element: niobium. London: Royal Society of Chemistry; 2013. Available from: <http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/interactive_periodic_table_transcripts/niobium.asp>..
In 1950, 149 years after the discovery of Hatchett, the International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted Niobium as the official name. However,
columbium name has been accepted for a long time by metallurgical and chemical
industry in the U.S., so that name is still in use11. Griffith WP and Morris PJT. Charles Hatchett FRS (1765-1847),
chemist and discoverer of niobium. Notes & Records of the Royal Society.
2003; 57(3):299-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2003.0216.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2003.0216...
2. Greenwood NN. Vanadium to dubnium: from confusion through clarity
to complexity. Catalysis Today. 2003; 78(1-4):5-11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00318-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(02)...
3. Silva PP and Guerra W. Platina. Química Nova na Escola. 2010;
32:128-129.
4. Steed J. Chemistry in its element: niobium. London: Royal Society
of Chemistry; 2013. Available from:
<http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/interactive_periodic_table_transcripts/niobium.asp>.-55. Sousa RMF, Fernandes LE and Guerra W. Nióbio. Química Nova na
Escola. 2013; 35:68-69..
1.1 The main properties of niobium
Niobium belongs to the group of metals having a high melting point, is corrosion
resistant, has good ductility at room temperature, consists of gray color, and
acquires blue color when exposed to air for a long period66. Grill R and Gnadenberger A. Niobium as mint metal: production:
properties: processing. International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard
Materials. 2006; 24(4):275-282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.10.008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
-77. Grill R. Niobium for coins. TIC Tantalum: Niobium. International
Study Center-Bulletin. 2007; 129:6-8..
The niobium is resistant to corrosion due to the formation of an oxide film on
its surface, when combined have multiple oxidation states, in which the +5 is
the most common state. In ambient temperature conditions, does not react with
hydrogen, air, water, or acids, except hydrofluoric acid and its mixture with
nitric acid. On the other hand, under the effect of the temperature increase Nb
reacts with most non-metallic and generates products that are non-stoichiometric
and interstitial elements. Under these conditions, it is also resistant to
attack by molten bases66. Grill R and Gnadenberger A. Niobium as mint metal: production:
properties: processing. International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard
Materials. 2006; 24(4):275-282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.10.008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
-77. Grill R. Niobium for coins. TIC Tantalum: Niobium. International
Study Center-Bulletin. 2007; 129:6-8..
Nb is characterized by having only one stable isotope, which has the crystalline structure in the form of body-centered cubic (CCC). The physical and mechanical properties of the Nb are influenced by the purity of the metal, so even small quantities of interstitial impurities may promote degradation of the properties of the metal. The main impurities of Nb products in accordance with specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), are oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, iron, molybdenum and tungsten77. Grill R. Niobium for coins. TIC Tantalum: Niobium. International Study Center-Bulletin. 2007; 129:6-8.-88. Ayanda OS and Adekola FA. A review of niobium-tantalum separation in Hydrometallurgy. Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering. 2011; 10:245-256..
The physico-chemical properties of niobium are similar to tantalum, implying an occurrence together in nature, so that it becomes difficult their separation. One of the methods consists in the hydrometallurgy process known by use of methyl isobutyl ketone, under acidic conditions. This procedure allows the isolation of niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) which can be reduced from use of aluminum, known as aluminothermic process which generates niobium and aluminum oxide77. Grill R. Niobium for coins. TIC Tantalum: Niobium. International Study Center-Bulletin. 2007; 129:6-8.-88. Ayanda OS and Adekola FA. A review of niobium-tantalum separation in Hydrometallurgy. Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering. 2011; 10:245-256..
The tables that follow show the main properties of niobium99. ASM International. Properties and selection of the metals. 8th
ed. Ohio; 1961. ASM Handbook 1.
10. ASM International. Properties and selection: nonferrous alloys
and special-purpose materials. 10th ed. Ohio; 1990. ASM Handbook
2.-1111. Kepert DL. The early transition metals. London: Academic Press;
1972. 142 p.: physic-chemical (Table 1) and mechanical (Table
2).
Physico-chemical properties of the niobium99. ASM International. Properties and selection of the metals. 8th ed. Ohio; 1961. ASM Handbook 1.
10. ASM International. Properties and selection: nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials. 10th ed. Ohio; 1990. ASM Handbook 2.-1111. Kepert DL. The early transition metals. London: Academic Press; 1972. 142 p..
Mechanical properties of the niobium99. ASM International. Properties and selection of the metals. 8th ed. Ohio; 1961. ASM Handbook 1.
10. ASM International. Properties and selection: nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials. 10th ed. Ohio; 1990. ASM Handbook 2.-1111. Kepert DL. The early transition metals. London: Academic Press; 1972. 142 p..
It is observed in Table 1 high values
of melting point, exceeding many ferrous and nonferrous metals. Its high
melting point permits its use as a component of various alloys99. ASM International. Properties and selection of the metals. 8th
ed. Ohio; 1961. ASM Handbook 1.
10. ASM International. Properties and selection: nonferrous alloys
and special-purpose materials. 10th ed. Ohio; 1990. ASM Handbook
2.-1111. Kepert DL. The early transition metals. London: Academic Press;
1972. 142 p..
With only 8.57 grams per cubic centimeter, the density of niobium is only about
half that of tantalum, one of the lightest of refractory metals. Also, it has a
higher strength-to-weight ratio compared to metals titanium, nickel, vanadium
and zirconium. This is an important industrial, where weight is an important
factor in the industrial use of the property Nb77. Grill R. Niobium for coins. TIC Tantalum: Niobium. International
Study Center-Bulletin. 2007; 129:6-8.
8. Ayanda OS and Adekola FA. A review of niobium-tantalum separation
in Hydrometallurgy. Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization &
Engineering. 2011; 10:245-256.
9. ASM International. Properties and selection of the metals. 8th
ed. Ohio; 1961. ASM Handbook 1.
10. ASM International. Properties and selection: nonferrous alloys
and special-purpose materials. 10th ed. Ohio; 1990. ASM Handbook
2.-1111. Kepert DL. The early transition metals. London: Academic Press;
1972. 142 p..
The Nb presents high and higher values for the mechanical properties compared
to ferrous metals in general, such as tensile strength and modulus of
elasticity. Also, there is very low electrical resistivity of Nb, compatible to
other refractory metals. Moreover, its thermal conductivity increases directly
with the increase in temperature, as well as most metals99. ASM International. Properties and selection of the metals. 8th
ed. Ohio; 1961. ASM Handbook 1.
10. ASM International. Properties and selection: nonferrous alloys
and special-purpose materials. 10th ed. Ohio; 1990. ASM Handbook
2.-1111. Kepert DL. The early transition metals. London: Academic Press;
1972. 142 p..
1.2 The main applications of niobium
Niobium was first applied as a material in the industry in 1933 to stabilize
stainless steels against intergranular corrosion. In early 1960s, researches
showed that niobium contains microalloying properties that promote significant
improvements in resistance of steels. Later, around 1970, Nb began to be used in
several advanced applications, especially in heat at high temperatures, in the
form of superalloys, and in the last four decades Nb has been employed in
industrial scale1212. Rowe CED. Tantalum and Niobium in chemical applications.
Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center Bulletin. 1999;
97:2-5.
13. Graham RA, Sutherlin RC and Wah C. Niobium and Niobium alloys in
corrosive applications. In: Niobium Science and Technology; 2001. Florida: TMS;
2001. p. 337-355.-1414. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30
Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>..
Most of the production of Nb is its processing as FeNb, for direct use in the
steel industry. Moreover, the Nb is employed in the design and production of
special alloys, especially used in the manufacture of high-strength steels for
the automotive, marine (offshore platforms, pipelines) and civil construction
(bridges and buildings). In addition, Nb is used in the production of
superalloys which are used at high temperatures, for example in the aerospace
use that are present in the manufacture of turbine components66. Grill R and Gnadenberger A. Niobium as mint metal: production:
properties: processing. International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard
Materials. 2006; 24(4):275-282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.10.008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
,1212. Rowe CED. Tantalum and Niobium in chemical applications.
Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center Bulletin. 1999;
97:2-5.
13. Graham RA, Sutherlin RC and Wah C. Niobium and Niobium alloys in
corrosive applications. In: Niobium Science and Technology; 2001. Florida: TMS;
2001. p. 337-355.
14. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30
Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>.
15. Aggarwal G, Park SJ and Smid I. Development of niobium powder
injection molding. Part I: feedstock and injection molding. International
Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(3):253-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.06.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
16. Tither G. Progress in Niobium markets and technology 1981-2001.
In: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium; 2001. Orlando, Florida.
Available from:
<http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf>.-1717. IAMGOLD. Niobium 101. 2012. Available from:
<www.iamgold.com/English/Operations/Operating-Mines/Niobec-Niobium-Mine/Niobium-101/default.aspx>..
During recent years, applications of Nb have increased steadily in various
segments such as: microalloyed steels, super alloys, thin films, medical
implants, titanium and aluminum alloys, copper alloys and superconductors,
ceramic capacitors and electrolytic, and others66. Grill R and Gnadenberger A. Niobium as mint metal: production:
properties: processing. International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard
Materials. 2006; 24(4):275-282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.10.008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
,1212. Rowe CED. Tantalum and Niobium in chemical applications.
Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center Bulletin. 1999;
97:2-5.
13. Graham RA, Sutherlin RC and Wah C. Niobium and Niobium alloys in
corrosive applications. In: Niobium Science and Technology; 2001. Florida: TMS;
2001. p. 337-355.
14. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30
Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>.
15. Aggarwal G, Park SJ and Smid I. Development of niobium powder
injection molding. Part I: feedstock and injection molding. International
Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(3):253-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.06.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
16. Tither G. Progress in Niobium markets and technology 1981-2001.
In: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium; 2001. Orlando, Florida.
Available from:
<http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf>.-1717. IAMGOLD. Niobium 101. 2012. Available from:
<www.iamgold.com/English/Operations/Operating-Mines/Niobec-Niobium-Mine/Niobium-101/default.aspx>..
In the construction industry Nb plays an important role in the development of
more resistant steels, which can contribute to reduction of total project costs
of infrastructure, even as they become increasingly complex. On the other hand,
the demand of the construction industry will continue to be increasingly growing
due to urbanization, population growth and replacement of infrastructure very
old, so the need for lighter structures result in greater use of high quality
steel containing Nb66. Grill R and Gnadenberger A. Niobium as mint metal: production:
properties: processing. International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard
Materials. 2006; 24(4):275-282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.10.008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
,1212. Rowe CED. Tantalum and Niobium in chemical applications.
Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center Bulletin. 1999;
97:2-5.
13. Graham RA, Sutherlin RC and Wah C. Niobium and Niobium alloys in
corrosive applications. In: Niobium Science and Technology; 2001. Florida: TMS;
2001. p. 337-355.
14. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30
Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>.
15. Aggarwal G, Park SJ and Smid I. Development of niobium powder
injection molding. Part I: feedstock and injection molding. International
Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(3):253-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.06.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
16. Tither G. Progress in Niobium markets and technology 1981-2001.
In: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium; 2001. Orlando, Florida.
Available from:
<http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf>.-1717. IAMGOLD. Niobium 101. 2012. Available from:
<www.iamgold.com/English/Operations/Operating-Mines/Niobec-Niobium-Mine/Niobium-101/default.aspx>..
In the automotive industry, increased employment of Nb led to a series of
innovations in the manufacturing of parts requiring several types of steels, for
example, steels with high strength low alloy, called HSLA. The manufacture of
parts from use of HSLA steels help to reduce fuel consumption, reduce
CO2 emissions and increase passenger safety. Therefore, in view
the increased production of cars worldwide, the demand for Nb in the automotive
industry is expected to grow significantly in the coming years66. Grill R and Gnadenberger A. Niobium as mint metal: production:
properties: processing. International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard
Materials. 2006; 24(4):275-282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.10.008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
,1212. Rowe CED. Tantalum and Niobium in chemical applications.
Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center Bulletin. 1999;
97:2-5.
13. Graham RA, Sutherlin RC and Wah C. Niobium and Niobium alloys in
corrosive applications. In: Niobium Science and Technology; 2001. Florida: TMS;
2001. p. 337-355.
14. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30
Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>.
15. Aggarwal G, Park SJ and Smid I. Development of niobium powder
injection molding. Part I: feedstock and injection molding. International
Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(3):253-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.06.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
16. Tither G. Progress in Niobium markets and technology 1981-2001.
In: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium; 2001. Orlando, Florida.
Available from:
<http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf>.-1717. IAMGOLD. Niobium 101. 2012. Available from:
<www.iamgold.com/English/Operations/Operating-Mines/Niobec-Niobium-Mine/Niobium-101/default.aspx>..
In the energy sector there forecasting strong growth in production and
consumption natural gas (NG) by the year 2035. For example, an increase around
20% in OECD countries (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development) and up to 68% in non-OECD countries, according to information from
the EIA (US Energy Information Administration). Consequently, the increase in
production of Nb will be directly linked to the growth in demand for HSLA steel,
depending on the need of transporting over long distances, high pressure,
requiring steel tubes with increased mechanical strength and with this will
increase the participation the niobium in energy production1212. Rowe CED. Tantalum and Niobium in chemical applications.
Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center Bulletin. 1999;
97:2-5.
13. Graham RA, Sutherlin RC and Wah C. Niobium and Niobium alloys in
corrosive applications. In: Niobium Science and Technology; 2001. Florida: TMS;
2001. p. 337-355.
14. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30
Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>.
15. Aggarwal G, Park SJ and Smid I. Development of niobium powder
injection molding. Part I: feedstock and injection molding. International
Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(3):253-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.06.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
16. Tither G. Progress in Niobium markets and technology 1981-2001.
In: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium; 2001. Orlando, Florida.
Available from:
<http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf>.-1717. IAMGOLD. Niobium 101. 2012. Available from:
<www.iamgold.com/English/Operations/Operating-Mines/Niobec-Niobium-Mine/Niobium-101/default.aspx>..
In the petroleum industry, the use of HSLA is higher, so that the increase in
offshore drilling platforms entails the need for more stringent performance of
the steels according to the harshest conditions in increasingly deep wells.
Thus, in this segment the presence of niobium is essential in improve the
properties of steels used in pipes, fittings and equipment for drilling in
general1212. Rowe CED. Tantalum and Niobium in chemical applications.
Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center Bulletin. 1999;
97:2-5.
13. Graham RA, Sutherlin RC and Wah C. Niobium and Niobium alloys in
corrosive applications. In: Niobium Science and Technology; 2001. Florida: TMS;
2001. p. 337-355.
14. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30
Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>.
15. Aggarwal G, Park SJ and Smid I. Development of niobium powder
injection molding. Part I: feedstock and injection molding. International
Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(3):253-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.06.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
16. Tither G. Progress in Niobium markets and technology 1981-2001.
In: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium; 2001. Orlando, Florida.
Available from:
<http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf>.-1717. IAMGOLD. Niobium 101. 2012. Available from:
<www.iamgold.com/English/Operations/Operating-Mines/Niobec-Niobium-Mine/Niobium-101/default.aspx>..
In the medical field, the use of niobium is growing and evolving, for example, is
used in magnetic resonance imaging (MR), which is a diagnostic tool, whose use
has increased significantly over the past three decades. In addition, another
use is as an element of orthopedic implants by the addition of other bio
compatibles metals1818. Alberich Bayarri A, Martí Bonmatí L, Lafuente J, Guibelalde del
Castillo E, Escuela Superior de Resonancia Magnética Clínica and Asociación para
el Desarrollo y la Investigación en Resonancia Magnética. Utilización segura de
la resonancia magnética. Recomendaciones prácticas para el personal que trabaja
con resonancia magnética. Radiología. 2013; 55(2):99-106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2012.10.005. PMid:23332580
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2012.10.0...
-1919. Grabis J, Munter R, Blagoveshchenskiy Y, Gorkunov V and
Yamshchikov L. Plasmochemical Process for the Production of Niobium and Tantalum
Nanopowders. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. 2012;
61(2):137-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/proc.2012.2.06.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/proc.2012.2.06...
.
In the field of electronics and nanotechnology, niobium and tantalum in powders
are used in industry as nanostructured materials, due to its characteristic of
high purity, as small amounts of contaminants oxygen and metals low density1818. Alberich Bayarri A, Martí Bonmatí L, Lafuente J, Guibelalde del
Castillo E, Escuela Superior de Resonancia Magnética Clínica and Asociación para
el Desarrollo y la Investigación en Resonancia Magnética. Utilización segura de
la resonancia magnética. Recomendaciones prácticas para el personal que trabaja
con resonancia magnética. Radiología. 2013; 55(2):99-106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2012.10.005. PMid:23332580
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2012.10.0...
-1919. Grabis J, Munter R, Blagoveshchenskiy Y, Gorkunov V and
Yamshchikov L. Plasmochemical Process for the Production of Niobium and Tantalum
Nanopowders. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. 2012;
61(2):137-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/proc.2012.2.06.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/proc.2012.2.06...
.
The trend in computing for the next decade is the possibility of the development
of quantum computer. Quantum computing, such as atoms and molecules, does not
follow the laws of physics and can process multiple data simultaneously, with
unlimited capacity, and this is possible with the application of nanotechnology.
So, the use of Nb contributes to this industrial segment. For example, in 2007,
the Canadian D-Wave showed the Orion computer based on a silicon chip, which is
formed by portion of niobium, surrounded by a coil. When the coil is
electrically stimulated, it generates a magnetic field that causes changes in
the state of Nb atoms. These state changes are captured and processed by the
circuits and transformed into data. For all this to work, the quantum chip needs
to be frozen to four milikelvins (mK). This is done by means of a cooling system
with liquid helium and becomes low temperature superconducting Nb1212. Rowe CED. Tantalum and Niobium in chemical applications.
Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center Bulletin. 1999;
97:2-5.
13. Graham RA, Sutherlin RC and Wah C. Niobium and Niobium alloys in
corrosive applications. In: Niobium Science and Technology; 2001. Florida: TMS;
2001. p. 337-355.
14. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30
Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>.
15. Aggarwal G, Park SJ and Smid I. Development of niobium powder
injection molding. Part I: feedstock and injection molding. International
Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(3):253-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.06.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
16. Tither G. Progress in Niobium markets and technology 1981-2001.
In: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium; 2001. Orlando, Florida.
Available from:
<http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf>.
17. IAMGOLD. Niobium 101. 2012. Available from:
<www.iamgold.com/English/Operations/Operating-Mines/Niobec-Niobium-Mine/Niobium-101/default.aspx>.
18. Alberich Bayarri A, Martí Bonmatí L, Lafuente J, Guibelalde del
Castillo E, Escuela Superior de Resonancia Magnética Clínica and Asociación para
el Desarrollo y la Investigación en Resonancia Magnética. Utilización segura de
la resonancia magnética. Recomendaciones prácticas para el personal que trabaja
con resonancia magnética. Radiología. 2013; 55(2):99-106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2012.10.005. PMid:23332580
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2012.10.0...
19. Grabis J, Munter R, Blagoveshchenskiy Y, Gorkunov V and
Yamshchikov L. Plasmochemical Process for the Production of Niobium and Tantalum
Nanopowders. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. 2012;
61(2):137-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/proc.2012.2.06.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/proc.2012.2.06...
-2020. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. China
technology development Nb-steel. In: 30th Anniversary International Symposium;
2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>..
So, from the considerations and examples, Table
3 summarizes the main applications of niobium in various industry
segments, and science and technology1212. Rowe CED. Tantalum and Niobium in chemical applications.
Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center Bulletin. 1999;
97:2-5.
13. Graham RA, Sutherlin RC and Wah C. Niobium and Niobium alloys in
corrosive applications. In: Niobium Science and Technology; 2001. Florida: TMS;
2001. p. 337-355.
14. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30
Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>.
15. Aggarwal G, Park SJ and Smid I. Development of niobium powder
injection molding. Part I: feedstock and injection molding. International
Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(3):253-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.06.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
16. Tither G. Progress in Niobium markets and technology 1981-2001.
In: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium; 2001. Orlando, Florida.
Available from:
<http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf>.
17. IAMGOLD. Niobium 101. 2012. Available from:
<www.iamgold.com/English/Operations/Operating-Mines/Niobec-Niobium-Mine/Niobium-101/default.aspx>.
18. Alberich Bayarri A, Martí Bonmatí L, Lafuente J, Guibelalde del
Castillo E, Escuela Superior de Resonancia Magnética Clínica and Asociación para
el Desarrollo y la Investigación en Resonancia Magnética. Utilización segura de
la resonancia magnética. Recomendaciones prácticas para el personal que trabaja
con resonancia magnética. Radiología. 2013; 55(2):99-106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2012.10.005. PMid:23332580
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2012.10.0...
19. Grabis J, Munter R, Blagoveshchenskiy Y, Gorkunov V and
Yamshchikov L. Plasmochemical Process for the Production of Niobium and Tantalum
Nanopowders. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. 2012;
61(2):137-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/proc.2012.2.06.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/proc.2012.2.06...
-2020. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. China
technology development Nb-steel. In: 30th Anniversary International Symposium;
2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>..
Some types of products Nb and applications1212. Rowe CED. Tantalum and Niobium in chemical applications. Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center Bulletin. 1999; 97:2-5.
13. Graham RA, Sutherlin RC and Wah C. Niobium and Niobium alloys in corrosive applications. In: Niobium Science and Technology; 2001. Florida: TMS; 2001. p. 337-355.
14. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30 Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from: <http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>.
15. Aggarwal G, Park SJ and Smid I. Development of niobium powder injection molding. Part I: feedstock and injection molding. International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(3):253-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.06.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
16. Tither G. Progress in Niobium markets and technology 1981-2001. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium; 2001. Orlando, Florida. Available from: <http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf>.
17. IAMGOLD. Niobium 101. 2012. Available from: <www.iamgold.com/English/Operations/Operating-Mines/Niobec-Niobium-Mine/Niobium-101/default.aspx>.
18. Alberich Bayarri A, Martí Bonmatí L, Lafuente J, Guibelalde del Castillo E, Escuela Superior de Resonancia Magnética Clínica and Asociación para el Desarrollo y la Investigación en Resonancia Magnética. Utilización segura de la resonancia magnética. Recomendaciones prácticas para el personal que trabaja con resonancia magnética. Radiología. 2013; 55(2):99-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2012.10.005. PMid:23332580
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2012.10.0...
19. Grabis J, Munter R, Blagoveshchenskiy Y, Gorkunov V and Yamshchikov L. Plasmochemical Process for the Production of Niobium and Tantalum Nanopowders. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. 2012; 61(2):137-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/proc.2012.2.06.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/proc.2012.2.06... -2020. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. China technology development Nb-steel. In: 30th Anniversary International Symposium; 2013. Available from: <http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>..
In this scenario technological applications ranging from civil construction, shipbuilding, aerospace, energy, electronics, medical and other segments require a significant increase in niobium consumption, due to new projects that require lighter more resistant steels, lighter special alloys or byproducts of to meet increased demand of technical standards and innovative technology.
1.3 The demand for niobium
As of 2010, the largest consumers of Nb are China, followed by North America and
Europe. China is the strongest growth market in world of Nb consumption,
accounting for 25% of total consumption, which reflects the size and importance
of its steel industry. For example, China is the largest producer of stainless
steel, and in the 1990s had an increase in their share in world production
between 1-2% to 36.7% in 20101414. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30
Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>.-1515. Aggarwal G, Park SJ and Smid I. Development of niobium powder
injection molding. Part I: feedstock and injection molding. International
Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(3):253-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.06.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
,1717. IAMGOLD. Niobium 101. 2012. Available from:
<www.iamgold.com/English/Operations/Operating-Mines/Niobec-Niobium-Mine/Niobium-101/default.aspx>.,2020. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. China
technology development Nb-steel. In: 30th Anniversary International Symposium;
2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>..
The growth of steel production is not the only factor in sales increase of Nb, so
that another important factor that should be taken into account is the increase
in the specific consumption of iron-niobium. For example, China showed an
increase in specific consumption of FeNb of 11 g/t in 2004 to 35 g/t in 2008,
while Brazil showed specific consumption of 100 g/t of FeNb in 20081414. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30
Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>.-1515. Aggarwal G, Park SJ and Smid I. Development of niobium powder
injection molding. Part I: feedstock and injection molding. International
Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(3):253-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.06.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
,1717. IAMGOLD. Niobium 101. 2012. Available from:
<www.iamgold.com/English/Operations/Operating-Mines/Niobec-Niobium-Mine/Niobium-101/default.aspx>.,2020. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. China
technology development Nb-steel. In: 30th Anniversary International Symposium;
2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>..
The high rate of growth of the BRIC countries, GPD has directly resulted in
increased demand for steel production. For example, world grew 5.1% in 2010,
which played an important role in the economies of the BRIC countries, which
grew 8.8%, which represents more than a third of world GPD growth. The forecast
for 2020 is that the BRICs countries should contribute about 49.0% of overall
growth, taking into account the growth of steel production and the direct
increase in demand for Nb1414. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30
Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>.-1515. Aggarwal G, Park SJ and Smid I. Development of niobium powder
injection molding. Part I: feedstock and injection molding. International
Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(3):253-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.06.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
,1717. IAMGOLD. Niobium 101. 2012. Available from:
<www.iamgold.com/English/Operations/Operating-Mines/Niobec-Niobium-Mine/Niobium-101/default.aspx>.,2020. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. China
technology development Nb-steel. In: 30th Anniversary International Symposium;
2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>..
Thus, in this scenario, the global demand for Nb grew at an annual rate of 10%
between the years 2000-2010. Growth was driven by strong demand for steel,
especially among the BRIC countries, which in 2010 produced around
1,4.106 t, representing an increase of about 14%, where the
sectors of energy, automotive and construction industries showed largest
consumers of FeNb1414. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. 30
Years of Niobium steel development in China. 2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>.-1515. Aggarwal G, Park SJ and Smid I. Development of niobium powder
injection molding. Part I: feedstock and injection molding. International
Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(3):253-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.06.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005....
,1717. IAMGOLD. Niobium 101. 2012. Available from:
<www.iamgold.com/English/Operations/Operating-Mines/Niobec-Niobium-Mine/Niobium-101/default.aspx>.,2020. Oliveira M, Jansto S, Mohrbacher H, Patel J and Stuart M. China
technology development Nb-steel. In: 30th Anniversary International Symposium;
2013. Available from:
<http://www.metal.citic.com/iwcm/UserFiles/img/zlk/03_30zn/d7.pdf>..
Figure 1 shows a simplified diagram of the
main applications of Nb and its specific demand in the industrial and
technological sector2121. Herbst L. A solution and solid state study of niobium complexes.
[Dissertation of Magister Scientiae]. South Africa: Faculty of Natural and
Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State; 2012.
22. Silva LGO. Nióbio: mercado nacional e internacional, modelo de
previsão do consumo de ferro-nióbio. [Dissertação]. Campinas: UNICAMP; 1994. 117
p.-2323. Moss RL, Tzimas E, Kara H, Willis P and Kooroshy J. The
potential risks from metals bottlenecks to the deployment of strategic energy
technologies. Energy Policy. 2013; 55:556-564.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.053.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.1...
.
Simplified diagram of niobium the market33. Silva PP and Guerra W. Platina. Química Nova na Escola. 2010; 32:128-129.,66. Grill R and Gnadenberger A. Niobium as mint metal: production: properties: processing. International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2006; 24(4):275-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.10.008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.... ,2121. Herbst L. A solution and solid state study of niobium complexes. [Dissertation of Magister Scientiae]. South Africa: Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State; 2012.
22. Silva LGO. Nióbio: mercado nacional e internacional, modelo de previsão do consumo de ferro-nióbio. [Dissertação]. Campinas: UNICAMP; 1994. 117 p.-2323. Moss RL, Tzimas E, Kara H, Willis P and Kooroshy J. The potential risks from metals bottlenecks to the deployment of strategic energy technologies. Energy Policy. 2013; 55:556-564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.053.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.1... .
The diagram shows the interrelationship of the various stages of production and
consumption of Nb by means a direct connection between supply and demand of the
product, which can divide the market for Nb in 3 phases: a) providing primary
products; b) intermediate demand; c) the final demand. It is suggested that the
market demand is divided into two types of products: alloy iron-niobium and
niobium oxide alloy. The second type (niobium oxide) is related to the
production of more sophisticated and high technology materials. The maximum
production of one or another type of alloy is related to the technological
factor, which is a guide for industrial production2121. Herbst L. A solution and solid state study of niobium complexes.
[Dissertation of Magister Scientiae]. South Africa: Faculty of Natural and
Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State; 2012.
22. Silva LGO. Nióbio: mercado nacional e internacional, modelo de
previsão do consumo de ferro-nióbio. [Dissertação]. Campinas: UNICAMP; 1994. 117
p.-2323. Moss RL, Tzimas E, Kara H, Willis P and Kooroshy J. The
potential risks from metals bottlenecks to the deployment of strategic energy
technologies. Energy Policy. 2013; 55:556-564.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.053.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.1...
.
The technological factor is directly linked to final demand, which determines the
direction of the primary product. Final demand also demonstrates the level of
technological development of the country, when the demand for more sophisticated
products supplants the need for primary products, keeping in mind that the
high-tech sectors such as medical, marine, aerospace, among others, seek to
niobium in special alloys, high purity or superalloys2121. Herbst L. A solution and solid state study of niobium complexes.
[Dissertation of Magister Scientiae]. South Africa: Faculty of Natural and
Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State; 2012.
22. Silva LGO. Nióbio: mercado nacional e internacional, modelo de
previsão do consumo de ferro-nióbio. [Dissertação]. Campinas: UNICAMP; 1994. 117
p.-2323. Moss RL, Tzimas E, Kara H, Willis P and Kooroshy J. The
potential risks from metals bottlenecks to the deployment of strategic energy
technologies. Energy Policy. 2013; 55:556-564.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.053.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.1...
.
The growth in demand for raw materials called rare earths is in evidence, as well
as its importance as a strategic material. According to Moss2323. Moss RL, Tzimas E, Kara H, Willis P and Kooroshy J. The
potential risks from metals bottlenecks to the deployment of strategic energy
technologies. Energy Policy. 2013; 55:556-564.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.053.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.1...
, 14 metals that may be
needed in significant amounts to the deployment of low-carbon steel, directed
the productions of special alloys technologies were identified. For example,
metals such as niobium, selenium, tin and vanadium, must show increase in their
demand, requiring 1% or more of world supply per year in the period between 2020
and 2030. Niobium in turn has a significant demand, primarily for the use in
steel used in oil pipelines, as well as in the aerospace and building
industries2121. Herbst L. A solution and solid state study of niobium complexes.
[Dissertation of Magister Scientiae]. South Africa: Faculty of Natural and
Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State; 2012.
22. Silva LGO. Nióbio: mercado nacional e internacional, modelo de
previsão do consumo de ferro-nióbio. [Dissertação]. Campinas: UNICAMP; 1994. 117
p.-2323. Moss RL, Tzimas E, Kara H, Willis P and Kooroshy J. The
potential risks from metals bottlenecks to the deployment of strategic energy
technologies. Energy Policy. 2013; 55:556-564.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.053.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.1...
.
Projections for niobium consumption was restricted to the main product, the alloy
iron-niobium. The methodology used for the projections via explanatory model of
consumption function, showed a demand of iron-niobium alloy in the order of
85,000 t for 2010 and 188,000 t in 2030, which correspond to 140 thousand t and
308,000 t respectively production of ore concentrated niobium, required to meet
the anticipated demand for these years. The most significant increase niobium is
yet to come, especially given the concern with sustainability. Iron-niobium can,
for example, help produce lighter cars which consume less fuel2424. Brasil. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Departamento Nacional de
Produção Mineral – DNPM. Sumário Mineral. Brasília; 2012. 136
p.
25. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Brasília;
2009. Available from:
<https://sistemas.dnpm.gov.br/publicacao/mostra_imagem.asp?IDBancoArquivoArquivo=5481>.-2626. Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração – IBRAM. Informações e
análises da economia mineral brasileira. 7. ed. Belo Horizonte;
2012..
1.4 Production of niobium
Brazil is one of the largest producers and exporters of minerals in the world.
Table 4 shows the economic data
exports of the main products of the mining sector, and the iron ore occupied the
1st place and that niobium reached gold, the list of brazilian exports2424. Brasil. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Departamento Nacional de
Produção Mineral – DNPM. Sumário Mineral. Brasília; 2012. 136
p.
25. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Brasília;
2009. Available from:
<https://sistemas.dnpm.gov.br/publicacao/mostra_imagem.asp?IDBancoArquivoArquivo=5481>.-2626. Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração – IBRAM. Informações e
análises da economia mineral brasileira. 7. ed. Belo Horizonte;
2012..
Main minerals exported2424. Brasil. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Sumário Mineral. Brasília; 2012. 136 p.
25. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Brasília; 2009. Available from: <https://sistemas.dnpm.gov.br/publicacao/mostra_imagem.asp?IDBancoArquivoArquivo=5481>.-2626. Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração – IBRAM. Informações e análises da economia mineral brasileira. 7. ed. Belo Horizonte; 2012..
Figure 2 shows the evolution of brazilian
export of FeNb between the years 2000 and 2011, were initially observed the
increasing exports the order of 28,000 t in 2000 to about 73,000 t in 2008. In
2009 there was a sharp drop in export of FeNb, to 45,000 t due to the global
economic downturn, between 2008 to 2009. It is observed, however, the recovery
in exports in the years 2010 and 2012, reaching a level of 70,000 t again2424. Brasil. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Departamento Nacional de
Produção Mineral – DNPM. Sumário Mineral. Brasília; 2012. 136
p.
25. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Brasília;
2009. Available from:
<https://sistemas.dnpm.gov.br/publicacao/mostra_imagem.asp?IDBancoArquivoArquivo=5481>.-2626. Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração – IBRAM. Informações e
análises da economia mineral brasileira. 7. ed. Belo Horizonte;
2012..
Evolution of the export of FeNb by Brazil2424. Brasil. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Sumário Mineral. Brasília; 2012. 136 p.
25. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Brasília; 2009. Available from: <https://sistemas.dnpm.gov.br/publicacao/mostra_imagem.asp?IDBancoArquivoArquivo=5481>.-2626. Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração – IBRAM. Informações e análises da economia mineral brasileira. 7. ed. Belo Horizonte; 2012..
Brazil has the world's largest reserves of Nb (98.53%), followed by Canada
(1.01%) and Australia (0.46%). Reservations measures brazilian niobium
(Nb2O5) totaled 842.4 million tons, with an average
grade of 0.73% Nb2O5 and are concentrated in the states of
Minas Gerais (75.08%), in Araxa and Tapira; Amazonas (21.34%), in São Gabriel da
Cachoeira and Presidente Figueiredo and Goiás (3.58%), and in Catalão with an
average grade of 0.73% Nb2O5[2424. Brasil. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Departamento Nacional de
Produção Mineral – DNPM. Sumário Mineral. Brasília; 2012. 136
p.
25. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Brasília;
2009. Available from:
<https://sistemas.dnpm.gov.br/publicacao/mostra_imagem.asp?IDBancoArquivoArquivo=5481>.-2626. Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração – IBRAM. Informações e
análises da economia mineral brasileira. 7. ed. Belo Horizonte;
2012.].
In addition, Table 5 shows that Brazil
stand out with 98.53% of the world Nb mineable reserves, and is the largest
producer of the metal, representing approximately 97.2% of the global total. In
this scenario, the State of Minas Gerais (MG) is the largest producer, with a
share of 83.6%, followed by the State of Goiás (GO) with 15.3% and the State of
Amazonas (AM) with 1.1%2424. Brasil. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Departamento Nacional de
Produção Mineral – DNPM. Sumário Mineral. Brasília; 2012. 136
p.
25. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Brasília;
2009. Available from:
<https://sistemas.dnpm.gov.br/publicacao/mostra_imagem.asp?IDBancoArquivoArquivo=5481>.
26. Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração – IBRAM. Informações e
análises da economia mineral brasileira. 7. ed. Belo Horizonte;
2012.
27. Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração – CBMM. 2013.
Available from:
<http://www.cbmm.com.br/br/p/108/home.aspx>.-2828. Anglo American. Goiás: Mineração Catalão. Available from:
<http://www.angloamerican.com.br>..
Profile of the mineable reserves of niobium by countries2424. Brasil. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Sumário Mineral. Brasília; 2012. 136 p.
25. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Brasília; 2009. Available from: <https://sistemas.dnpm.gov.br/publicacao/mostra_imagem.asp?IDBancoArquivoArquivo=5481>.-2626. Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração – IBRAM. Informações e análises da economia mineral brasileira. 7. ed. Belo Horizonte; 2012..
Figure 3 shows the evolution of FeNb
production in Brazil from 1965 to 2012. In the period 1965 to 1995 the
production increased by about 5 times, and the 10-year period 1995-2005, the
increase was about 4.5 times, the last 5 years, between the years 2005 - 2010,
the increase in the production of niobium was 1.3 times2424. Brasil. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Departamento Nacional de
Produção Mineral – DNPM. Sumário Mineral. Brasília; 2012. 136
p.
25. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Brasília;
2009. Available from:
<https://sistemas.dnpm.gov.br/publicacao/mostra_imagem.asp?IDBancoArquivoArquivo=5481>.
26. Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração – IBRAM. Informações e
análises da economia mineral brasileira. 7. ed. Belo Horizonte;
2012.
27. Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração – CBMM. 2013.
Available from:
<http://www.cbmm.com.br/br/p/108/home.aspx>.-2828. Anglo American. Goiás: Mineração Catalão. Available from:
<http://www.angloamerican.com.br>..
Historical of the production of niobium in Brazil2424. Brasil. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Sumário Mineral. Brasília; 2012. 136 p.
25. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Brasília; 2009. Available from: <https://sistemas.dnpm.gov.br/publicacao/mostra_imagem.asp?IDBancoArquivoArquivo=5481>.-2626. Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração – IBRAM. Informações e análises da economia mineral brasileira. 7. ed. Belo Horizonte; 2012..
In 2000, Brazilian production was 35,458 t of FeNb and, in 2007, reached 82,000 t of concentrate FeNb. This growth was due to the demand of FeNb due to the increase in steel production that accompanied economic growth in developing countries, especially China. In the Brazil two companies complete the cycle of the production of ore and the niobium alloys, which are CBMM (Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração) in Araxá, Minas Gerais and Goiás Mining in Catalão2727. Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração – CBMM. 2013. Available from: <http://www.cbmm.com.br/br/p/108/home.aspx>.-2828. Anglo American. Goiás: Mineração Catalão. Available from: <http://www.angloamerican.com.br>..
CBMM holds reserves estimated in 400 years with durability, predicts 60% growth in sales of FeNb until 2015, with capacity to produce 90,000 t of FeNb per year with goal of achieving production of 150 000 t in 20132727. Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração – CBMM. 2013. Available from: <http://www.cbmm.com.br/br/p/108/home.aspx>..
Another company, Anglo American Brazil, began operations in the city of Catalão (GO), in order to recover the Nb contained in the tailings and waste flotation of phosphate mining operations in the region. The material with an average grade of 0.5% Nb2O5 feeds a concentration plant with capacity to produce 5,000 t/y of niobium concentrate with 48% of Nb2O5[28]28. Anglo American. Goiás: Mineração Catalão. Available from: <http://www.angloamerican.com.br>..
Finely, Brazil accounts for almost the entire supply of the alloy iron-niobium
metal and other compounds. Brazilian companies have a installed capacities for
mining and metallurgy sufficient for the attendance current levels of world
demand, using modern technologies for mining, concentration and metallurgy and
make significant investments in the expansion and modernization of production
facilities metallurgy, as well as in research and development of new products
made from niobium, encouraging diversification and increased use of niobium in
the steel and metallurgical products2424. Brasil. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Departamento Nacional de
Produção Mineral – DNPM. Sumário Mineral. Brasília; 2012. 136
p.
25. Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral – DNPM. Brasília;
2009. Available from:
<https://sistemas.dnpm.gov.br/publicacao/mostra_imagem.asp?IDBancoArquivoArquivo=5481>.
26. Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração – IBRAM. Informações e
análises da economia mineral brasileira. 7. ed. Belo Horizonte;
2012.
27. Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração – CBMM. 2013.
Available from:
<http://www.cbmm.com.br/br/p/108/home.aspx>.-2828. Anglo American. Goiás: Mineração Catalão. Available from:
<http://www.angloamerican.com.br>..
2 Conclusions
Brazil is the largest producer of almost all niobium consumption worldwide. In contrast, exports of iron-niobium contribute to the surplus in the balance and this metal is now the third most important item on the agenda of mineral exports.
The scenario of increasing global demand for niobium in recent years at a rate of 10% per year puts the ore in a prominent position, since the greatest consumption occurred from 2004, primarily driven by increased production and consumption of steel in the world.
New applications for the ore are welcome and every effort should be made. However, to further develop technology, it becomes necessary to develop new materials and thereby increase the demand for the metal.
Thus, strategies that promote the Brazil´s natural heritage could be further encouraged by the government to do more to harness the national well that the historical market insertion and openness to foreign capital, can give the real importance that your product has to the world market.
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
Jan-Feb 2015
History
-
Received
25 Feb 2014 -
Reviewed
07 Jan 2015