Olfactory acuity and quality of life after total laryngectomy

ABSTRACT:

Purpose:

to identify the prevalence and the factors associated with olfaction disorders and describe the quality of life after total laryngectomy.

Methods:

a cross-sectional study to assess the olfactory acuity and the quality of life in total laryngectomized patients at the National Cancer Institute by applying the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Olfactory Acuity Pre-Rehabilitation of Olfaction Questionnaire.

Results:

we assessed 48 total laryngectomized patients, 39 male and 9 female, with a mean age of 62 years old and a mean time of 5-6 years since total laryngectomy. The mean score in the Smell Identification Test was 17.9. According to the smell classification, most patients presented a level of alteration, and only two had the olfaction considered within normal patterns. The composite score in the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire was 80.47. The domains with the lowest score averages were taste, saliva and speech. In the Olfactory Acuity Pre-Rehabilitation of Olfaction questionnaire, most participants considered their olfaction from poor to fair. A number of 21 subjects reported to present some difficulty level in their daily activities due to the olfaction disorder.

Conclusion:

the total laryngectomized patients presented a high prevalence of olfaction disorder with impairments related to their daily activities.

KEYWORDS:
Laryngectomy; Quality of life; Olfaction; Olfaction Disorders

RESUMO:

Objetivo:

identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados às alterações do olfato e descrever a qualidade de vida após a laringectomia total.

Métodos:

estudo transversal para avaliar a acuidade olfatória e a qualidade de vida de laringectomizados totais no Instituto Nacional de Câncer por meio da aplicação do Teste de Identificação do Olfato da Universidade da Pensilvânia, do Questionário de Qualidade de Vida da Universidade de Washington e do Questionário sobre a Acuidade Olfatória Pré-Reabilitação do Olfato.

Resultados:

foram avaliados 48 laringectomizados totais, sendo 39 do sexo masculino e 9 do sexo feminino, com idade média de 62 anos e tempo médio de 5,6 anos desde a laringectomia total. No Teste de Identificação do Olfato a pontuação média foi de 17,9. De acordo com a classificação do olfato no teste, a maioria dos participantes apresentou algum grau de alteração, sendo que apenas 2 indivíduos tiveram o olfato considerado dentro da normalidade. No Questionário de Qualidade de vida da Universidade de Washington, o escore composto foi 80,47. Os domínios que apresentaram as médias de pontos mais baixas foram paladar, saliva e fala. No questionário sobre a acuidade olfatória pré-reabilitação do olfato, a maioria dos participantes consideraram seu olfato de ruim a razoável. 21 indivíduos relataram apresentar algum grau de dificuldade em suas atividades de vida diária em decorrência de alterações do olfato.

Conclusão:

os laringectomizados totais apresentaram alta prevalência de alterações do olfato, com comprometimentos relacionados às suas atividades de vida diária.

DESCRITORES:
Laringectomia; Qualidade de Vida; Olfato, Transtornos do Olfato

Introduction

Total laryngectomy is a surgical treatment in which there is the total removal of the laryngeal framework, resulting in anatomical-functional, psychological and social changes. It affects not only breathing, speech, swallowing, olfaction and taste functions, but also the quality of life of the patients who underwent this surgery^1)-(4.

The interruption of the nasal airflow due to total laryngectomy hinders the odor molecules of reaching the olfactory epithelium and stops its stimulation, resulting in olfaction disorders^5)-(7. Therefore, the total laryngectomized patient has a decrease in the olfactory perception (hiposmia) or even a total absence of olfaction (anosmia)^8),(9.

The olfactory sense is extremely important, once it enables the perception of delightful scents such as perfumes and food, and it helps in potentially dangerous situations, in detecting spoilt food, gas leak and smoke, or even in the perception of the own body odor^7),(10),(11.

Studies have verified the rehabilitation of olfaction improves the total laryngectomized patients' quality of life^{6),(7),(12)-(14}.

The concept of quality of life is subjective and personal; it is based on individual experiences and it changes constantly according to each one`s experiences.

We chose the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO): "The individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns"¹⁵. It is a broad ranging concept affected in a complex way by the person's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships and their relationships to environmental features.

Nowadays, the speech therapy on total laryngectomized patients focuses mainly in the rehabilitation of the communication; the olfaction is little assessed and rehabilitated.

This study aimed to identify the prevalence of olfaction disorders and the factors associated to them and describe the quality of life post-total laryngectomy.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the olfactory acuity, the factors associated with the olfaction disorders and the quality of life in total laryngectomized patients at the Cancer Hospital I, National Cancer Institute Jose Alencar Gomes da Silva- INCA. This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research of the Institution, under the number 880. 367.

The -atients were selected among those who were submitted to treatment at the speech-therapy clinic; 48 total laryngectomized patients were evaluated from December 2014 to April 2015.

The sample included total laryngectomized patients of both genders, with a minimum period after treatment of six months (surgery/radiotherapy/chemotherapy), who had an effective communication and were being monitored at the Head and Neck Service and at the INCA Speech-Therapy department.

We excluded patients under 18 years old, with nasoenteral or gastrostomy feeding tube, with any clinical or surgical complication, with a disease in progress, any olfaction disorders previous to laryngectomy, known respiratory allergy and those that did not sign the consent form (CF).

The instruments applied to assess the participants' olfaction and their quality of life are described below.

Smell identification test

To assess the olfactory function, we used the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test(tm) (UPSIT- Sensonics, Incorporation, Haddon Hts., NJ 08035). The UPSIT consists of four booklets of 10 odors, with one odor per page, totalizing 40 odors. The stimuli are soaked in plastic microcapsules present in a brown stripe at the bottom of each page. The examiner guides the patient to scratch with a pencil the brown stripe to release the odor. Next, the patient needs to choose the option that better describes the odor. At the end of this questionnaire, there is a score from 0 (worst) to 40 (best) that is expressed by a classification of the olfactory function as normosmia, microsmia (mild, moderate and severe) and anosmia¹⁶.

The test was translated into Portuguese by a Brazilian neurologist and a Brazilian otorhinolaryngologist under the supervision of the test creator¹⁷. This evaluation was applied in the Brazilian population in recent studies^18)-(20. The Portuguese adaptation of the UPSIT was validated by Fornazieri et al.²¹.

Quality of life Questionnaire

To evaluate the quality of life, we applied the Brazilian version of the University of Washington Quality of Life questionnaire (UW-QOL), which was adapted and validated by Vartanian et al. ²², for patients with head and neck cancer.

The questionnaire consists of 12 questions that enclose the domains pain, appearance, activity, recreation, swallowing, chewing, speech, shoulder, taste, saliva, mood and anxiety. Each question has between 3 and 6 answer options with scores from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). Moreover, it presents a composite score that is the average of the 12 domains. It also presents a question that allows patients to classify which of the domains have been the most important for them, 3 global questions on the patients' self-evaluation of their quality of life and one opened question for any other considerations the participant wishes to do.

Questionnaire about the olfactory acuity pre-rehabilitation of olfaction

We designed the questionnaire used to evaluate the perception each subject has of their olfaction based on questionnaires already described in literature^9),(13.

It is composed of 7 questions with 4 answer options for each. The first two questions are related to how the subject considers their olfaction and taste, respectively; the questions from 3 to 6 assess how often the participant smells perfumes, foods, gas leaking and smoke; question 7verifies if there is presence of any difficultness in the subject's daily life due to alteration in the perception of smells. This questionnaire aims to verify the impact of the olfaction disorder on the total laryngectomized patients' quality of life, associated with the standard protocol of quality of life described afterwards.

Data were organized in an Excel(r) sheet. For the descriptive analysis, mean and standard deviation were presented as numbers (%). For the assessment of the factors associated with the anosmia (outcome), a univariate logistic regression was carried out by means of odds ratio. The value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. We carried out the statistical analyses through the program SPSS, version 20.0.

Results

We assessed 48 total laryngectomized patients, 39 male and 9 female, with a mean age of 62 years old and a mean period of 5-6 years since total laryngectomy. From the subjects evaluated, 32 (66.7%) presented level of education up to elementary school; 45 (93.8%) had a previous nicotine addiction history;41 (85.4%) had an alcoholism history, 9 of them (18.8%) still drink alcohol.

Regarding the communication mean used by participants: 25 (52.1%) used tracheoesophageal prosthesis, 20 (41.7%) used the electrolarynx and only 3 (6.3%) used the esophageal speech. The demographic, clinical and treatment characteristics are described in Table 1.

Table 1:
Demographic, clinical and treatment characteristics (n=48)

In the smell identification test (UPSIT), the mean score was 17.9. According to the olfaction classification in the test: 24 (50.0%) laryngectomized patients presented anosmia, 22 (45.8%) presented a type of microsmia and only 2 (4.2%) had the olfaction considered within the normality. The olfaction classification is described in Table 2.

Table 2:
Mean score, standard deviation and the olfaction classification of the University of Pensylvannia Smell Identification Test of total laryngectomized patients (UPSIT) (n=48)

The scores from the UW-QOL indicate good quality of life. The mean of the composite score was 80.47. The domains presenting the highest score averages were chewing, anxiety and mood, 92.71, 89.06 and 88.54, respectively. On the other hand, the domains with the lowest score averages were taste, saliva and speech, 63.17, 71.6 and 73.02, respectively. The distribution of scores related to each domain is described in Table 3.

Table 3:
Score of the 12 domains. Mean and median of the University of Washington Quality of Life questionnaire (UW-QOL)

• QOL- Quality of life; sd- standard deviation; min- minimum; max- maximum

For the subjective domains of the UW-QOL questionnaire: 33 (68.75%) total laryngectomized patients classified their quality of life as better or equal to the period previous to the cancer; 35 (72.9%) subjects considered their health-related quality of life between good, very good or outstanding in the last seven days. For the overall quality of life, 38 (79.1%) patients classified it from good to outstanding. The frequency of the subjective domains is in Table 4.

Table 4:
Frequency of the subjective domains of the UW-QOL of total laryngectomized patients (n=48)

At the end of the questionnaire, the participant can describe, in free text, any other problem that important for their quality of life and that were not mentioned in the previous questions. In this item, the most important problem mentioned was the olfaction, referred by 19 (39.5%) participants.

In the olfactory acuity pre-rehabilitation of olfaction questionnaire, 16(33.3%) participants considered their olfaction poor, 20(41.7%) fair and only 12(25.0%) considered it good. None of the participants considered their olfaction as very good. This questionnaire also assessed the patient's taste-related perception: 28(58.3%) patients classified taste from good to very good and 20(41.6%) considered it from poor to fair. Regarding the difficulties on daily life due to the olfaction disorder, 21 (43.7%) subjects reported some level of difficulty. The description of the questionnaire about olfactory acuity is in Table 5.

Table 5:
Result of the questionnaire about olfactory acuity pre-rehabilitation of olfaction (n=48)

There were no identified factors associated with anosmia in the population studied. The assessment of the factors associated with anosmia is described in Table 6.

Table 6:
Factors associated with anosmia (n=48)

• OR= Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval; p value <0.05. We used the test Univariate Logistic Regression.

Discussion

We analyzed 48 total laryngectomized patients diagnosed and treated in one reference centre for oncology treatment. The diagnosis identified that most patients (95.8%) presented some olfaction disorder, with a good quality of life (80.47), some reported poor (33.3%) and fair (41.7%) olfaction. We did not identify factors associated with anosmia in the population studied.

Most patients in this study are men, with a mean age above 60 years old, which is compatible to the world prevalence of larynx cancer^9),(23)-(25.

The high percentage of olfaction disorder found in total laryngectomized patients in this study 46(95.8%) corroborates with previous studies^26)-(29.

The possible causes for olfactory acuity disorders were described in literature. The majority of studies referrers as the main cause for olfaction disorder in this population the total separation of the upper and lower airways causing the transference of the nasal air flow to a permanent tracheostomy tube, which makes it difficult for the air to get to the nasal cavity, where the olfactory epitheliumis^5)-(7.

There are some studies describing the olfactory epithelium degenerations, which associated with the loss of nasal air flow contributes to olfaction disorders in total laryngectomized patients^9),(30.

A more recent study indicated a significant reduction in the volume of the olfactory bulb of total laryngectomized patients compared to the pre-surgery size, suggesting that the total removal of the larynx interrupts the nasal airflow and the olfactory input for the olfactory bulb, causing the reduction of the olfactory acuity and its volume⁸.

There was no statistically significant association between the olfaction disorders and the variables age, gender, education, color of the skin. This result is possibly due to the reduced number of participants and to the homogeneity of the sample, as all patients are total laryngectomized, mostly men, with age very close, presenting nicotine addiction and alcoholism history, similar tumor and oncology treatment characteristics.

In the treatment of advanced tumors of the larynx, the great challenge and goal is to ensure the patients´ survival free from disease and minimize the functional impacts, providing a better quality of life^23),(31),(32.

The assessment of the quality of life after head and neck cancer has been an extremely important tool to evaluate the disease and the treatment impacts on the patient's functionality, helping to guide their therapeutic choices^32),(33.

Although the total laryngectomized patients' quality of life tends to be worst in relation to the population in general^24),(34, some studies, in accordance to this research, do not show low scores on the quality of life assessment, compared to the population of not laryngectomized subjects.

Some factors can explain these results. All study participants were already rehabilitated with an effective communication method (inclusion criteria), had a mean time of 5-6 years between surgery and this study, which can have provided a period for adaptations and compensations related to consequences, helping the patient to deal better with them. Furthermore, changes related to unhealthy habits that previously interfered in their social and family relations such as nicotine addiction and alcoholism and the improvement of care after total laryngectomy can be associated with a satisfactory quality of life in this group of patients.

Most participants were submitted to radiotherapy (93.75%), a treatment that has an impact on the saliva production and taste perception. Such alterations contribute to a worsening in this population quality of life^32),(35. In this study, the most altered domains in the UW-QOL were taste, saliva and speech, respectively.

Since this is a population with several specificities, the assessment of the quality of life in total laryngectomized patients' needs questionnaires that are more specific with questions addressing their problems, difficulties and needs. These questionnaires can be applied combined to pre-existent validated questionnaires.

Op de coul et al.³³ developed a study to evaluate whether the existent standard questionnaires give sufficiently detailed information about the total laryngectomized patients' quality of life or if questionnaires that are more specific are necessary. The results showed that in the standard tests, quality of life in this population presented a good level. However, the additional questionnaire applied demonstrated that more detailed information was obtained specifically regarding voice and breathing. Therefore, is necessary to develop complementary questionnaires that are more specific to assess these subjects' symptoms.

Considering this discussion, we designed a questionnaire (the olfactory acuity pre-rehabilitation of olfaction questionnaire) based on international studies with specific questions about the total laryngectomized patients' olfaction and the disorder impact in their daily lives. This questionnaire was applied as a tool to complement the quality of life assessment of these subjects, since the UW-QOL does not hold questions specifically related to olfaction.

The results of the olfactory acuity pre-rehabilitation of olfaction questionnaire demonstrated the total laryngectomized patients` difficulties in noticing perfumes, food, gas leak and smoke; they also pointed out difficulties in their daily lives related to olfaction disorders, suggesting that such alterations cause impairs in their quality of life.

Although several international studies have described aspects of the assessment and rehabilitation of olfaction in total laryngectomized patients, for decades^9),(29),(36, few Brazilian studies have been giving attention to this theme^27),(37. It is necessary to assess and rehabilitate such function, since its alteration causes negative impacts on quality of life, nourishment and even on the patients' safety.

Due to the connection between olfaction and taste, total laryngectomized patients can present ageusia or hypogeusia. Previous researches^13),(26),(27 reinforce the hypothesis of these sensorial alterations in total laryngectomized patients. In this study, 41.6% of the patients reported some problem related to taste in the questionnaire about olfactory acuity, considering their taste fair or poor.

The international literature has described the impacts of the olfaction and taste disorders on the low acceptance of food, in the diminishment of social interactions during meals, in the reduction of appetite and pleasure in eating^38),(39. A study developed with the elderly population also points out the indifference to food and low ingestion due to olfaction and taste disorders found in this population⁴⁰.

Similar results are also found in total laryngectomized patients. Some authors demonstrate the close relation between the olfaction and taste functions on the perception of food tastes and that these function alterations would result in nutritional losses, on the appetite and even influence on weight loss^10),(11),(14.

Although the olfaction sense is often strict related to pleasure odors such as perfumes and food, it is also a sense of extreme importance for surviving in alert situations such as fires, short circuits, burning food, gas leak and spoilt food. Some studies report these difficulties in total laryngectomized patients population^{11),(27),(29),(33}.

This study verifies this difficulty in the perception of smell related to dangerous situations, such as gas leak and smoke. Many total laryngectomized patients feel insecure in developing daily life activities alone because of the fear to forget a pan on the stove and do not realize that it is burning, or a gas leak at home or even a possible fire. This fear contributes for a dependency sensation that can affect these subjects' quality of life.

This study did not focus on taste; however, we understand the need of studies developed in this field, considering the great number of patients reporting complains related to this function and the importance of taste in the nourishment process and in the subjects' quality of life.

The sample size limitation did not enable the identification of factors associated with anosmia.

Conclusion

The olfactory disorders are present in a great number of total laryngectomized patients. Although they report a good quality of life, the olfactory disorders interfere in the development of some daily life activities. Therefore, the rehabilitation of olfaction should be included in the speech-therapy intervention carried out with these patients, associated with the communication rehabilitation.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Nov-Dec 2015

History

• Received
  22 July 2015
• Accepted
  20 Aug 2015