Self-perception of health and social determinants in high school adolescents

ABSTRACT

Purpose:

to verify the association between self-perception of health, gender, age, economic status, quality of life, cultural aspects and contexts of violence in high school adolescents.

Methods:

an observational analytical cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample composed of 386 high school students aged 15-19 years. The data collection was made in 16 public schools. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate data analyses were made. Models with hierarchical entry of the blocks according to the level of determination established in the theoretical model were built, and for the evaluation of associations in the logistic regression models, the significance level of 5% was considered. The Odds Ratio and its respective confidence interval of 95% were used as a measure of the magnitude of the associations.

Results:

the data revealed that more than two-thirds of the participants reported a positive self-perception of health and, in the hierarchical multiple logistic regression model, to have own house, to practice any religion, and the quality of life remained associated with positive Self-perception of health.

Conclusion:

having their own house, practicing a given religion and having a better quality of life increased the chances of a positive self-perception of health.

Keywords:
Adolescent; Adolescent Health; Self-Assessment; Social Determinants of Health

RESUMO

Objetivo:

verificar a associação entre a autopercepção em saúde com determinantes sociais demográficos, culturais, contexto de violência e autopercepção de qualidade de vida de adolescentes matriculados no ensino médio.

Métodos:

estudo observacional analítico transversal com amostra probabilística composta por 386 estudantes de ensino médio, na faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos, matriculados em 16 escolas públicas. Foram realizadas as análises de dados descritiva, bivariada e multivariada. Foram construídos modelos com entrada hierárquica dos blocos segundo o nível de determinação estabelecido no modelo teórico e para avaliação das associações nos modelos de regressão logística foi considerado o nível de significância de 5%. Como medida de magnitude das associações foi utilizado o Odds Ratio e seu respectivo intervalo de confiança de 95%.

Resultados:

os dados revelaram que mais de dois terços dos participantes referiram autopercepção de saúde positiva e no modelo de regressão logística múltipla hierarquizada permaneceram associadas à Autopercepção de saúde positiva ter moradia própria, praticar alguma religião e qualidade de vida.

Conclusão:

o fato de o participante ter moradia própria, praticar alguma religião e referir melhor qualidade de vida aumentou as chances de ter autopercepção de saúde positiva.

Descritores:
Adolescente; Saúde do Adolescente; Autoavaliação; Determinantes Sociais da Saúde

Introduction

The analysis of health self-assessment has been increasingly accepted for constructing indicators that transcend morbidity and mortality rates for application in scientific research and in the construction of health actions.

One of such indicators is the "self-perception of health" or "self-perception of health status", based on subjective and objective criteria, being influenced by factors such as gender, age, social class, among others¹. It is an efficient way of understanding individuals’ perspective on their health and is also a good predictor of individual mortality and morbidity, including aspects of physical, emotional and cognitive health^1-3. Currently, the investigation of the determinants and factors associated with the health and illness process began to value the perception of children and adolescents about their state of health^2,4,5.

Although self-perception of health is considered an indicator of subjective well-being⁶, it has been shown to be feasible, reliable and it can be used in the construction of functional indicators^7,8, to estimate the use of the health system⁹ and to understand the articulation between social and health context¹⁰. It is noteworthy that the literature points to the life cycle of adolescence as an important period in whichthe issue merits research, since it is a time of relevant changes and consolidation of individual and social identities that will reflect in the way of caring for their own health^6,11.

The investigation of the self-perception of health arises from the theories of investigation of the self-concept that has been pointed out as fundamental for the understanding of psychological, social, clinical and educational aspects^6,12. Self-concept is considered to be a measure of personal satisfaction, the result of a set of partial perceptions about oneself, organized in a multidimensional way and in a hierarchical structure, composed by academic, social, personal and physical self-concepts¹².

Thus, it is possible to consider that the study of self-concept in adolescents and their associations with social aspects can contribute to the understanding not only of self-care, but also to the elaboration of health promotion strategies, or for coping and preventive actions in this cycle of life.

Thus, the objective of the present study was to verify the association between self-perception in health with demographic, cultural and social determinants, context of violence and self-perception of quality of life of adolescents in high school.

Methods

This is across-sectional observational study using a probabilistic sample composed of 384 high school students from public schools in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Minas Gerais under CAAE: 14897013.4.0000.5149.

The research was carried out in 16 schools of the nine administrative regions of the city of Belo Horizonte. In an initial step, one school was drawn from each region and others were included as necessary for the final composition of the sample of adolescents. In this way, all the administrative regions of Belo Horizonte were represented in the study and, therefore, the aspects referring to the different territories were weighted.

The sample calculation was defined considering the absence of expected percentage estimates for the variables of interest. Thus, it was assumed that this percentage was 50%, a value that maximizes the sample size. It was also considered a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Considering those criteria as well as the number of eligible students enrolled in high school, the final sample was estimated in 384 adolescents

The study included students aged between 15 and 19 who agreed to participate signing the free and informed consent form by themselves, and another term signed by those responsible for adolescents up to the age of 17, 11 months and 29 days. Adolescents aged 18 and 19 signed just their own Informed Consent Term.

Procedures

Five research instruments were used: evaluation of self-perception of health, questionnaire for characterization of adolescents, Pediatric Questionnaire on Quality of Life - PedsQL Version 4.0, self-perception of the context of violence.

For the evaluation of self-perception of health, the question "How do you evaluate your health?" Was presented as a possible answer on a Likert scale with the options: very bad, bad, regular, good and excellent.

The instrument for characteristics of the adolescent participants consisted of a self-administered questionnaire, composed of closed questions in order to get a picture of the socioeconomic, cultural and demographic profile of the sample. This instrument consisted in the identification of age, sex, school year and socio-economic cultural profile, housing situation, TV watching habits, theater and cinema attendance, work, practice of religion and the Brazil Economic Classification Criteria (CCEB)¹³.

To evaluate the quality of life, the study used the Pediatric Questionnaire on Quality of Life - PedsQL, version 4.0^14,15, a multidimensional instrument to evaluate the quality of life of children and adolescents. The final score of the instrument was obtained by triangulating the results of four axes, namely: physical, emotional, social and school mastery, totaling 23 questions. Thus, data analysis followed the authors' recommendation^14,15.

The evaluation of the self-perception of violence was made using three questions with a ‘yes’ and ‘no’ answer, namely: "Have you ever committed any act of violence?"; "Have you ever suffered any violence?" And "Does violence impact your health?"

Data Analysis

The variable response selected for the study was the result of the question

“How do you evaluate your health?” using the "very bad”, “bad”, “regular”, “good” and “excellent" response options that were later categorized as "bad" (grouping of the answers "bad", "very bad" and "regular") and “good" (grouping of variables "good" and "excellent"). For analysis purposes, the following variables were defined as explanatory variables: socio-demographic characteristics, cultural aspects, violence context, quality of life through the PedsQL and health perception, which were distributed in a hierarchical model that consisted of four blocks, described as follows:

• First Block - Sociodemographic characteristics: sex, age, school year, living situation (with whom they live), housing (own/leased), health insurance, economic classification and work.

• Second Block - Cultural aspects: time watching television, reading newspapers / magazines, attending museums, attending theater/cinema, practicing a religion.

• Third Block - Context of violence: you have already committed any of these acts; already suffered some of these acts and violence has an impact on your health.

• Fourth Block - Classification of quality of life: physical domain, emotional domain, social domain, school domain and total score

Descriptive analyses of all the variables of the study were carried out by means of absolute and relative frequency distribution of the categorical variables and numerical synthesis of the continuous variables. The results of the descriptive analysis were organized in tables and graphs according to the blocks of analysis as proposed in the theoretical model.

To analyze the association of categorical variables, the study used a Pearson's Chi-square test. In the case of continuous variables, the non-parametric Mann Whitney test was used, since the continuous variables: age, total score of the PedsQL, and health literacy score, all have asymmetric distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, p> 0.005).

The tables with the bivariate analyzes were organized according to the blocks proposed in the hierarchical model. In this step, we considered the associations that werefound statistically significant at the level of 20% in order to be entered as variables in the multivariate model. We constructed models with hierarchical input of the blocks according to the level of determination established in the theoretical model. The variables with a statistically significant association to the level of 20% (p<0,20) in the bivariate analysis were considered in the multiple logistic regression models.

For the evaluation of the associations in the logistic regression models, the significance level of 5% was considered. In this way, associations with statistical significance were considered as statistically significant associations value-p ≤ 0,05. As a measure of magnitude of the associations, the analysis usedOdds Ratioand their respective 95% confidence interval. The adequacy of the models was evaluated by the test of Hosmer and Lemeshow.

The analysis was conducted in the hierarchical modeling as follows: 1) adjusting the model to the first block hierarchical level 1; 2) Variables with statistical significance at p = 0.05 in Block 1 setting were maintained in the block model 2; 3) the variables with statistical significance p≤0.05 in blocks 1 and 2 were maintained in the model adjustment of block 3, and so on until the adjustment of the last block. At the end of the procedure, the final model was obtained. When in a given block there was no variable associated with the event under analysis, this block was eliminated from the final model.

For all analyses, we used the program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS, version 21.0.

Results

Out of the 384 adolescents that participated, 70.3% were females. It was found that 24.7% of the students were in the first year, 19.3% in the second year and 56% in the third year. The average age of participants was 17.1 years, ranging from 15 to 19 years and 99.2% declared single marital status, while 55.3% stated they had health insurance. The majority, 90.9% lived with parents and siblings or only with parents. In the sample 51.3% of the adolescents declared to work or have already worked. The distribution of the adolescents according to economic class was: A1 - 0.3%; A2 - 5.2%, B1 - 20.1%; B2 - 32.6%; C1 - 33.9%; C2 - 7.0% and D - 1.0%.

Of the 384 participants, 378 filled out the questionnaire of health self-perception. Of those who completed the form, 71.4% were female. The distribution of the students by grade level was: 25.1% for the first year, 19.6% for the second year and 55.3% for the third year (Table 1).

Table 1:
Bivariate analysis of the association between health self-perception and socio-demographic characteristics*

Characteristics	Self-perception of Health		Value-p**
	Bad	Good
Sex
Males	18 (22.5)	91 (30.5)	0.159
Females	62 (77.5)	208 (69.5)
Total	80 (100.0)	298 (100.0)
School year
1st Grade	22 (27.5)	73 (24.5)	0.828
2nd Grade	16 (20.0)	58 (19.5)
3rd Grade	42 (52.5)	167 (56.0)
Total	80 (100.0)	298 (100.0)
Lives with
Parents and siblings	69 (87.3)	274 (92.3)	0.170
Others	10 (12.7)	23 (7.7)
Total	79 (100.0)	297 (100.0)
Household
Home-ownership	55 (68.8)	242 (82.0)	0.009
Rented home	25 (31.3)	53 (18.0)
Total	80 (100.0)	295 (100.0)
CCEB
Class A	5 (6.3)	16 (5.4)	0.950
Class B	41 (51.3)	156 (52.3)
Class C e D	34 (42.5)	126 (42.3)
Total	80 (100.0)	298 (100.0)
Health Care
Yes	34 (45.9)	158 (57.2)	0.083
No	40 (54.1)	118 (42.8)
Total	74 (100.0)	276 (100.0)
Currently works or has worked before
Yes	44 (55.0)	150 (50.3)	0.459
No	36 (45.0)	148 (49.7)
Total	80 (100)	298 (100)

• * The number of information varies due to missing data ** Pearson's chi-square
• Subtitle: CCEB = Economic Classification Criteria Brazil

Among variables in Block one, the variables "sex", "with whom they live" and "health insurance" were associated with "self-perception of health" at the level of 20% and were considered for the multiple logistic regression model (Table 1).

In Block 2, only the variable "attending museums" was associated with "self-perception of health" at the 20% level, being considered in the multivariate model (Table 2).

Table 2:
Bivariate analysis of the association between self-perception of health and cultural aspects*

Characteristics	Self-perception of Health		Value-p**
	Bad	Good
TV watching time
Less than 2 hours	37 (53.6)	153 (53.9)	0.970
More than 2 hours	32 (46.4)	131 (46.1)
Total	69 (100)	284 (100.0)
Reads newspapers and magazines
Yes	52 (65.0)	171 (58.2)	0.269
No	28 (35.0)	123 (41.8)
Total	80 (100.0)	294 (100.0)
Goes to museums
Yes	25 (31.3)	64 (21.6)	0.072
No	55 (68.8)	232 (78.4)
Total	80 (100.0)	296 (100.0)
Goes to the theater/cinema
Yes	69 (86.3)	262 (88.2)	0.634
No	11 (13.8)	35 (11.8)
Total	80 (100.0)	297 (100.0)
Practices a Religion
Yes	54 (68.4)	240 (81.4)	0.012
No	25 (31.6)	55 (18.6)
Total	79 (100.0)	295 (100.0)

• * The number of information varies due to missing data ** Pearson's chi-square

In Block 3, only the variable "Have you ever suffered any act of violence?" Was associated with "self-perception of health" at the level of 20%, being considered in the multivariate model (Table 3).

Table 3:
Bivariate analysis of the association between self-perception of health and context of violence*

Características	Self-perception of Health		Value-p**
	Bad	Good
Has committed acts of violence
Yes	52 (65.8)	179 (61.1)	0.442
No	27 (34.2)	114 (38.9)
Total	79 (100.0)	293 (100.0)
Has suffered acts of violence
Yes	64 (81.0)	206 (70.3)	0.058
No	15 (19.0)	87 (29.7)
Total	79 (100)	293 (100.0)
Violence affects health
Yes	69 (87.3)	250 (85.3)	0.649
No	10 (12.7)	43 (14.7)
Total	79 (100.0)	293 (100.0)

• * The number of information varies due to missing data** Pearson's chi-square

When analyzing the quality of life according to the self-perception of health, it was observed that the total PedsQL score presented medians of 67.4 (bad self-perception) and 77.2 (good self-perception); and averages of 67.0 with a standard deviation of 1.4 (bad self-perception) and 76.0 with a standard deviation of 0.6 (good self-perception). In the bivariate analysis, the Mann-Whitney test indicated p-value <0.001. Thus, Block four variable: "Quality of life - total PedsQL score" was associated with "self-perception of health" at a significance level of 20% and was used in the logistic regression model.

In the final model showed in Table 4, the following variables remained associated with good health self-evaluation: owning a home (OR=2.16; p=0.014); not going to museums (OR=2.20; p=0.013); practicing a religion (OR=1.91; p=0.043); and total quality of life score (OR=1,08; p<0,001). Thus, having a home of their own, not going to museums and practicing a religion, increased by 2.16; 2.20; 2.11 times, respectively, the chance of having good health self-perception. The increase in one point in the total quality of life score increased by 8.0% the chance of the adolescents to have a good health self-perception. The adequacy of the model - Hosmer and Lemeshow test - was considered good (p=0.512).

Table 4:
Results of hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis - Factors associated with positive self-perceived health

Model	Adjusted OR	CI 95%	Value-p
Model 1 - Socio-demographic characteristics
Sex	1.28	0.669 - 2.337	0.425
Lives with parents	1.39	0.600 - 3.234	0.440
Home ownership	1.97	1.094 - 3.535	0.024
Health Insurance	1.39	0.814 - 2.357	0.230
Model 2 - Cultural aspects*
Does not go to museums	1.94	1.100 - 3.432	0.022
Practices a religion	2.11	1.191 - 3.735	0.001
Model 3 - Violence context**
Acts of violence not experienced	1.81	0.949 - 3.469	0.072
Model 4 - Quality of life***
PedsQL - Total score	1.08	1.053 - 1.109	<0.001
Final Model
Home-ownership	2.16	1.166 - 3.984	0.014
Does not go to museums	2.20	1.184 - 4.074	0.013
Practices some religion	1.91	1.021 - 3.551	0.043
PedsQL - Total Score	1.08	1.053 - 1.109	<0.001

• Reference categories: female; lives with another family member or friend; rented housing; does not have health insurance; attends the museum; does not practice a religion; has suffered acts of violence; bad self-perception of health
• * Model adjusted by the housing variable (block 1)
• ** Model adjusted by the housing variable (block 1); attends museums and practices religion (block 2)
• *** Model adjusted by the housing variable (block 1); attends museums and practices religion (block 2); Peds_QL - total score (block 4)
• Final model adjustment: Hosmer & Lemeshow - p=0.512
• Subtitle: OR = Odds Ratio CI = Confidence interval

Discussion

In the present study, almost all adolescents classified health as important or very important and more than 80.0% defined their health status as good or excellent. However, nearly one-third reported to have a health problem. These data demonstrate that, as shown in previous studies^16,17, self-perception does not necessarily depend on the actual state of health. The literature also shows that the adolescent can interpret "good health" simply as being physically well¹⁸.Thus, the definition of health for adolescents does not necessarily include their perceptions of general well-being or a broader health-disease process.

The data obtained in relation to good health self-perception differ from other contexts that revealed less robust indexes, varying from 71,0% a 87,9%^18-21. The highest rates of negative self-perceived health were observed in Pakistani studies¹⁹ and Brazilian studies²². The Pakistani study included 414 adolescents aged 14 to 17 years and the prevalence of poor self-rated health was 29.0%. Results emerging from a Brazilian study²² of a case-control study with 871 participants revealed negative self-perception of health in 29.4% of adolescents with reports of physical harm or injuries, as well as 25.5% in the group not presenting this fact.

Studies conducted with adolescents who are not exposed to situations of social vulnerability or disease, tend to have higher positive self-perceived health outcomes^18-23. A survey of 1,027 adolescents between the ages of 16 and 18 years attending the first two years of vocational secondary education and belonging to different academic programs in three public high schools in a city in northern Sweden revealed a prevalence of 83.6% good self-perception of health¹⁸. These results are similar to a Norwegian study with 2,800 adolescents aged 16 to 20 years, of which 88.0% rated their health as "good" or "very good"²⁰. A Brazilian study of 820 adolescents aged 10 to 19 years revealed that 12.1% of the interviewees had regular / bad self-perception of health²¹. Data coming from another Brazilian study revealed 83.3% with positive self-perception of health in a sample of 501 young adults, 20 to 24 years old, attending regular high school or education for youth and adults (EJA) in public schools²³.

Analyzing the association between the self-reported health status in adolescents and social determinants, the multivariate analysis of the data indicated that living in one's own home, practicing some religion, not attending museums and referring to a better quality of life increased the chances of having good self-perception of health.

Regarding cultural aspects, although the data indicated association with significance only for religious practice and attendance at museums, a Norwegian study of 8,085 adolescents aged 13 to 19 indicated that participation in other cultural activities may be positively associated with self-perception of health, satisfaction with life and self-esteem in adolescents²⁴. It is worth considering that although there is little research dedicated to understand the cultural aspects in adolescent health, it is necessary to expand this analysis, since it may constitute an important axis in the discussion of opportunities and self-concept in this life cycle. Regarding the religious aspects, a study conducted in southern Brazil indicated an absence of statistically significant association between religious practice and self-perception of health²¹. However, there is a difference with the data presented here because the research was related to not practicing religion compared to the denomination of the religion practiced. In the case of the present study, it was investigated exclusively if the adolescents practiced or not a religion.

The present research also revealed that reporting a better quality of life increased the chances of having positive self-perception of health. Studies related to health-related quality of life in adolescents reveal that this aspect has a strong influence on the context in which the subject lives. A study of 1,357 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 years in three Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil and Chile) revealed the influence of sociocultural factors in each country on the subjective evaluation of self-health and well being²⁵. In the present study, an increase in one point in the total quality of life score increased by almost 10.0% the chance of the adolescent to have positive self-perception of health. In this way, the adolescents who positively evaluate other dimensions of life have a better chance of positively evaluating health.

The literature points out that adolescents with lower economic status and educational level not adequate to the age group report worse self-perceived health²¹ but those findings were not corroborated by the results presented here. It is necessary to consider, however, that the sample of the present research shows relative homogeneity related to the economic and schooling situation, since all the individuals come from public schools and they present a similar economic classification, falling mainly in categories B and C of that classification.

Although the present study considered only the "with whom the adolescent lives" question in relation to the family, other family aspects and their relation with the self-perception of health have already been investigated. It is worth noting a survey of 3,427 high school students in Croatia who indicated that good self-perception of health outcomes was significantly associated with family, neighborhood and school social capital, i.e. how much the adolescents feel supported in these contexts²⁶. A Brazilian study²⁷ indicated that family social support strongly predicts self-perceived health throughout adolescence, indicating the importance of the family during this stage of development. Thus, it is necessary to consider such variables in future research.

In the present study, no relationship with statistical significance was found between the context of violence and self-perception of health. It is possible that research on this subject was not sufficiently explored with only three questions and that a more in-depth approach may point to different results. It should be considered that the literature²¹ points out differences in the subjective health assessment of adolescents who suffered acts of violence when compared to those who did not, as well as a higher index of self-perceived negative health that was demonstrated in the first group.

The present study shows important associations regarding the self-perception of health of adolescents attending high school in public schools, especially when using probabilistic samples and without associated pathologies; however some limitations should be considered. Although the sample is probabilistic and the study was carried out in sixteen public schools and in the different geographic areas of the municipality, it does not necessarily reflect the characteristics of the high school students as a whole, since privately funded schools were not included. In addition, the selection of schools from only one major city constrains any reference to the perceptions of adolescents in rural areas.

Conclusion

In the present study, the majority of the adolescents classified health as important or very important, and three quarters of them defined their health status as good or excellent. In addition, considering the hierarchical multiple logistic regression model, the fact that the participants live in their own homes, practice some religion and have a better quality of life, increased the chances of having a positive self-perception of health.

The findings of this research point to the importance of quality of life in self-perceived health in adolescents. In addition, aspects related to housing conditions and religious practice should be considered in the study of the subjective analysis of the health condition in the life cycle of adolescence. However, in order to obtain more robust data, it is still necessary to compare the self-perception of health of adolescents in different contexts and cultural, family and school situations.

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• Research support source: The present study was carried out with the support of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), Brazil. Process number: BEX 7377/14-2.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Sep-Oct 2018

History

• Received
  02 Jan 2018
• Accepted
  30 Aug 2018