Ideal digestible isoleucine: digestible lysine ratio in diets for laying hens aged 24-40 weeks

NON-RUMINANTS

Ideal digestible isoleucine: digestible lysine ratio in diets for laying hens aged 24-40 weeks

Tatiana Cristina da Rocha^*; Juarez Lopes Donzele; Paulo Cezar Gomes; Heloisa Helena de Carvalho Mello; Allan Reis Troni; Gabriel da Silva Viana

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil

ABSTRACT

Two hundred fifty-two Hy-Line W36 laying hens were allotted in a randomized block design with 6 treatments, 7 replicates and 6 hens per experimental unit in order to determine the ideal digestible isoleucine: digestible lysine (Ile:Lys) ratio for laying hens aged 24-40 weeks. Experimental diets contained 5.92, 6.33, 6.73, 7.14, 7.54 and 7.95 g/kg of digestible isoleucine, resulting in different Ile:Lys ratios (0.73:1, 0.78:1, 0.83:1, 0.88:1, 0.93:1 and 0.98:1). Experimental diets were isonitrogenous, with different dietary contents of glutamic acid, and made isocaloric by adjusting the levels of cornstarch. All essential amino acids were provided proportionally to digestible lysine. Feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio per egg mass, feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs, albumen, yolk and eggshell content were assessed. Feed intake, egg production, egg mass and feed conversion ratio were influenced by Ile: Lys ratios quadratically. The egg weight was not affected by Ile: Lys ratio. No differences were observed in the egg quality according to Ile: Lys ratios. The data indicates that the optimum digestible isoleucine: digestible lysine ratio for laying hens aged 24-40 week is 0.84:1, corresponding to the consumption of 681 mg of isoleucine and 811 mg of lysine/hen day^-1.

Keywords: digestible amino acid, egg mass, egg production, protein

Introduction

Isoleucine is an indispensable aminoacid for normal growth and development of laying hens as well as egg production and egg mass. It is one of the six deficient aminoacids in corn-soybean meal diets (Shivazad et al., 2002). It is a branched-chain aminoacid like valine and leucine.

The diets formulated based on the concept of ideal protein must have the exact balance of amino acids needed for optimum performance and maximum growth. Lysine is used as the reference amino acid to calculate the amount of the other amino acids in diets. The amount of amino acids to be added in the diet should not be expressed as percentage, but relative to lysine. Thus, requirements of amino acids would be calculated from the ideal ratios.

Methionine and lysine are amino acids routinely used in reduced-crude protein diets for laying hens. However, other synthetic amino acids are currently available in the market, such as tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine and valine. Besides the improvement of production, there are interests in the use of these amino acids as they are beneficial to the environment (i.e., nitrogen output from livestock and poultry are reduced) (Shivazad et al., 2002).

Therefore the balance of indispensable amino acids is important in diets for laying hens. It has been verified that the concentration of lysine in plasma can decrease with increase of dietary isoleucine concentration (Peganova & Eder, 2003). It is suggested that excess dietary isoleucine may affect fertility of broiler breeders (Ekmay et al., 2013) and that the digestible isoleucine: lysine ratio affects feed conversion and breast meat yield in broilers (Mejia et al., 2011). The studies on isoleucine requirement for broilers have been reviewed; however, there are limited recent studies assessing isoleucine requirements and isoleucine: lysine ratio for laying hens in the egg-laying phase.

It is supposed that the isoleucine requirement for laying hens has changed according to genetic changes and with the change of requirement of other essential amino acids, especially lysine. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate optimum digestible isoleucine:digestible lysine ratios for laying hens at 24-40 weeks of age.

Material and Methods

Two hundred and fifty-two Hy-Line W-36 laying hens from 24 to 40 weeks of age were allotted in a randomized block design with 6 treatments, 7 replicates and 6 hens per experimental unit. The cage was considered a block.

The laying hens were confined in compact-type wire cages (25 × 45 cm) in a bi-level system. Nipple drinkers were provided in each cage and hens had free access to water. Trough feeders were provided for each cage to house two hens per cage. Hens were fed the experimental diets from 24 to 40 weeks of age. Experimental diets were offered for 16 weeks, divided into four periods of 4 weeks.

The laying hens were handled from 17 weeks old until the beginning of the trial, following recommendations of the Hy-Line W36 Commercial Management Guide (Hy-Line of Brazil, 2009-2011), and they were fed according to Rostagno et al. (2005). In the period from 17 to 24 weeks of age, hens were fed a basal diet adjusted to meet their requirements as described by Rostagno et al. (2005). At the end of this period, they were individually weighed and allocated in the order of the same average live weight and egg production in each cage. At 24 weeks of age, hens started to receive the experimental diets.

Experimental diets contained different levels of digestible isoleucine, resulting in different digestible isoleucine: digestible lysine ratios, and were calculated for a feed intake of 90 g/hen day^-1. A basal diet with 5.92 g/kg of digestible isoleucine was formulated (Table 1). L-isoleucine was added to the basal diet at the expense of cornstarch and the nonessential amino acid L-glutamic acid, to provide 5.92, 6.33, 6.73, 7.14, 7.54 and 7.95 g/kg of digestible isoleucine, corresponding to 0.73:1, 0.78:1, 0.83:1, 0.88:1, 0.93:1 and 0.98:1 digestible isoleucine:digestible lysine ratios, respectively. All diets were isonitrogenous.

All experimental diets had the same ratio of essential amino acids in relation to lysine: digestible methionine + cystine, 100; digestible tryptophan, 25; digestible threonine, 78; digestible valine, 92; digestible arginine, 102; digestible leucine, 200; digestible histidine, 47; digestible phenylalanine, 93; and digestible phenylalanine + tyrosine, 162.

The digestible lysine level used was recommended by Rocha (2006). The digestible methionine + cystine: digestible lysine ratio used followed the recommendations of Brumano (2008), while digestible threonine: lysine ratio was according to the recommendations of Rocha et al. (2009), and digestible tryptophan: digestible lysine ratio was according to the recommendations of Calderano et al. (2010).

With exception of amino acids and crude protein, the other nutrients of the experimental diets were added at the levels recommended by Rostagno et al. (2005).

Fresh water was available ad libitum.

Laying hens received 17 h light and 7 h dark. Additional artificial light was provided by incandescent lighting.

The effects of dietary treatment on egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and albumen, yolk and eggshell contents were assessed. Eggs were collected every day in order to determine egg production per experiment unit. Egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, albumen, yolk and eggshell contents were recorded and compiled every 28 days. Hens were individually weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment to determine the body weight gain.

Eggs were cracked and separated into yolk, shell and albumen fractions. Net weights were recorded separately for all 3 components from each egg. The shells with membranes were washed to remove the adhering albumen. The weights of shells and yolks were recorded and albumen weight was calculated as the difference between the weight of egg and weight of the yolk and eggshell. These results were presented as g content/100 g of egg.

Data were subjected to ANOVA using the statistical analysis system SAEG (Sistema para Análises Estatísticas e Genéticas, version 9.1). Significance of difference was based on the probability of a type I error set at P<0.05.

Results and Discussion

Feed intake, egg production, egg mass and feed conversion ratio were quadratically affected by digestible isoleucine: digestible lysine ratios (P<0.05). The egg weight was unaffected by digestible isoleucine: digestible lysine ratio (P>0.05; Table 2).

The feed intake was maximized at an isoleucine: lysine ratio of 0.86:1. The excess dietary isoleucine has been associated with a reduction in feed intake in laying hens (Peganova & Eder, 2002). The obvious assumption was that effects of excess dietary isoleucine might also be due to a secondary tryptophan deficiency in the brain (Peganova&Eder, 2002). Peganova et al. (2003) reported the existence of interaction between dietary neutral amino acids (isoleucine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine) and tryptophan in laying hens. According to the same authors, laying hens responded to low dietary tryptophan concentrations with markedly lower feed intake. In pigs it has been shown that high dietary neutral amino acids concentrations reduce feed intake due to a suppression of the transfer of tryptophan to the brain across the blood-brain barrier and subsequent formation of serotonin in the brain (Henry et al., 1992).

Egg mass increased quadratically with supplementation of isoleucine and the response was maximized at an isoleucine: lysine ratio of 0.84:1.

The reduction of egg production end egg mass with higher isoleucine: lysine ratios might be explained by lower feed intake at this ratios and consequently lower nutrient intakes, impairing the egg formation.

The different digestible isoleucine: digestible lysine ratios resulted in quadratic effect on feed conversion ratio, either per dozen or per egg mass. The feed conversion ratio per dozen was minimal at a 0.83:1 isoleucine: lysine ratio. On the other hand, the feed conversion ratio by mass was minimal at a 0.82:1 isoleucine: lysine ratio.

Similarly to the present experiment, Shivazad et al. (2002), working with Hy-Line W36 hens, re-evaluated their isoleucine requirements from a corn-soybean meal diet and suggested daily isoleucine requirements of 449.8, 497.0, and 469.0 mg/day for egg production, egg weight and egg mass, respectively. These levels are lower than the levels found in present experiment, which demonstrates the importance of re-evaluated requirements of laying hens, since in 10 years these birds have undergone genetics changes.

Peganova & Eder (2002) verified that a dietary isoleucine concentration higher than 8 g/kg caused a reduction in body weight of hens and dietary isoleucine concentrations higher than 10 g/kg caused a reduction in the daily egg mass. This effect might be explained by the antagonism between isoleucine, leucine and valine in relation to absorption in the intestine.

The ratio between branched-chain amino acids is as important as the ratio of these amino acids to lysine. In the present experiment, the proportion of these amino acids was different among treatments. Further studies should be conducted regarding the ratio between these amino acids. It has been verified that excessive concentration of isoleucine in diets of laying hens leads to decrease in animal performance, which can be significantly alleviated by increasing the concentrations of the two other branched-chain amino acids leucine and valine (Peganova & Eder, 2003).

The increased body weight observed indicates appropriate growth and development of laying hens in this study.

No differences were observed for albumen, yolk and eggshell contents among the treatments (Table 3). The lowest isoleucine: lysine ratio (0.73:1), which corresponded to a consumption of 486 mg of isoleucine and 666 mg of lysine/day, can provide a satisfactory egg quality for laying hens. However, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production and egg mass were increased with higher isoleucine: lysine ratios.

The data suggest that isoleucine does not affect egg quality, since neither egg weight nor egg contents (albumen, yolk, eggshell) were improved with supplemental isoleucine.

The optimum isoleucine: lysine ratios ranged from 0.73:1 to 0.86:1 (Table 4). In the case of branched-chain amino acids, in addition to the requirement, tolerance for an excessive supply of aminoacid must be considered in order to optimize the animal performance (Peganova & Eder, 2002).

Considering that egg mass is an important production parameter because it associates egg production (%) and egg weight (g), the optimum isoleucine: lysine ratio for laying hens aged 24-40 weeks of 0.84:1 is recommended. This ratio is lower than the 0.79:1 suggested by Bregendahl et al. (2008) for laying hens at 26 to 34 weeks of age. The requirements of isoleucine seem to be affected by the age, being lower in older animals.

The average crude protein intake in the experimental period (13.45 g) was lower than the 16.00 g recommended by the Hy-Line W36 Commercial Management Guide (Hy-Line International, 2009-2011). However, the egg mass was similar to that recommended by the guide, indicating that reduction of crude protein in diets and supplementation of amino acids provides satisfactory egg production.

Conclusions

The results indicate that the optimum digestible isoleucine: digestible lysine ratio for Hy-Line W36 laying hens at 24-40 weeks of age is 0.84:1, corresponding to an intake of 681 mg of isoleucine and 811 mg of lysine/hen day^-1.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científicoe Tecnológico) and Ajinomoto do Brasil Ind. e Com. de Alimentos Ltda.

Received August 28, 2012 and accepted June 7, 2013.

• BREGENDAHL, K.; ROBERTS, S.A.; KERR, B. et al. Ideal ratios of isoleucine, methionine, methionine plus cystine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine relative to lysine for white leghorn type laying hens of twenty-eight to thirty-four weeks of age. Poultry Science, v.87, p.744-758, 2008.
• BRUMANO, G. Níveis de metionina + cistina digestíveis em rações para poedeiras leves, nos períodos de 24 a 40 e de 42 a 58 semanas de idade2008. 103f. Tese (Doutorado em Zootecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG.
• CALDERANO, A.A.; GOMES, P.C.; DONZELE, J.L. et al. Níveis de triptofano digestível para poedeiras leves, nos períodos de 24 a 40 semanas de idade. In: REUNIÃO ANUAL DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ZOOTECNIA, 47., 2010, Salvador. Anais... Salvador: Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2010 (CD-ROM).
• EKMAY, R.D.; DE BEER, M.; MEI, S.J. et al. Amino acid requirements of broiler breeders at peak production for egg mass, body weight, and fertility. Poultry Science, v.92, p.992-1006, 2013.
• HENRY, Y.; SEVE, B.; COLLEAUX, Y. et al. Interactive effects of dietary levels of tryptophan and protein on feed intake and growth performance in pigs, in relation to plasma free amino acids and hypothalamic serotonin. Journal Animal Science, v.70, p.1873-1887, 1992.
• HY-LINE W36 COMMERCIAL MANAGEMENT GUIDE. [2009-2011]. Available at: <http://www.hylinedobrasil.com.br/website/production/htms_pt/page_3.asp> Accessed on: Dec.21, 2010.
• MEJIA, L.; ZUMWALT, C.D.; KIM, E.J. et al. Digestible isoleucine-to-lysine ratio effects in diets for broilers from 4 to 6 weeks posthatch. The Journal Applied Poultry Research, v.20, p.485-490, 2011.
• PEGANOVA, S.; EDER, K. Studies on requirement and excess of isoleucine in laying hens. Poultry Science, v.81, p.1714-1721, 2002.
• PEGANOVA, S.; EDER, K. Interactions of various supplies of isoleucine, valine, leucine and tryptophan on the performance of laying hens. Poultry Science, v.82, p.100-105, 2003.
• PEGANOVA, S.; HIRCHE, F.; EDER, K.F. Requirement of tryptophan in relation to the supply of large neutral amino acids in laying hens. Poultry Science, v.82, p.815-822, 2003.
• ROCHA, T.C. Níveis de lisina digestível em rações para poedeiras leves no período de produção 2006. 73f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG.
• ROCHA, T.C.; GOMES, P.C.; DONZELE, J.L. et al. Níveis de treonina digestível para poedeiras leves no período de 42 a 58 semanas de idade. In: REUNIÃO ANUAL DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ZOOTECNIA, 46., 2009. Maringá. Anais... Maringá: Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2009 (CD-ROM).
• ROSTAGNO, H.S.; ALBINO, L.F.T.; DONZELE, J.L. et al. Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos: composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais 2.ed. Viçosa, MG: UFV, Departamento de Zootecnia, 2005. 186p.
• SHIVAZAD, M.; HARMS, R.H.; RUSSELL, G.B. et al. Re-evaluation of the isoleucine requirement of the commercial laying. Poultry Science, v.81, p.1869-1872, 2002.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  31 Oct 2013
• Date of issue
  Nov 2013

History

• Received
  28 Aug 2012
• Accepted
  07 June 2013