Substitution of blood plasma with soy protein concentrate in piglet diet

ABSTRACT

In this study, we evaluated the effects of substitution of partial and total spray-dried blood plasma (BP) with soy protein concentrate (SPC) in the diet of post-weaning piglets on their performance, intestinal histomorphometry, and blood parameters. Fifty-four castrated male piglets, weaned at an average age of 21 days and an initial average weight of 7.01±0.294 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized block design, with three diets (0%SPC-5%BP, 2.5%SPC-2.5%BP, and 5%SPC-0%BP), six replicates, and three piglets per experimental unit. The experimental feeds were formulated to meet the requirements of the piglets at 21-32 and 33-42 days of age (pre-starter diet) and 43-66 days of age (starter diet). From 21 to 32 and 21 to 42 days of age, daily feed intake, daily weight gain, and final weight of the animals were higher in the group fed 2.5%SPC-2.5%BP and 0%SPC-5%BP. From 21 to 66 days of age, daily weight gain and daily feed intake were higher in the animals fed 2.5%SPC-2.5%BP. No effect was observed on the histomorphometry variables. The total leukocyte count was higher in animals fed 2.5%SPC-2.5%BP and 5%SPC-0%BP and the lymphocyte count was lower in the piglets that received 0%SPC-5%BP. The combined use of soy protein concentrate and spray-dried blood plasma in the feeds of piglets between 21 and 42 days of age improves their productive performance.

Key Words:
feed; performance; leukocytes; swine; villus

Introduction

Early weaning is a critical period in piglets because of the stress associated with the change in diet and environment and the immaturity of the digestive and immune systems. As a result, decreased feed ingestion and rate of weight gain are observed, resulting in reduced post-weaning performance. Changes in the intestinal mucous are also associated with this process, along with predisposition to disease (Pluske et al., 1997).

The plasma produced by “spray dry”, known as spray-dried plasma (BP), is used widely in post-weaning diets and has demonstrated efficiency in the improvement of piglet performance during this period. Spray-dried plasma is considered a high-quality supplement of pleasant taste and is an alternative method to stimulate increased absorption of nutrients and the intake of young animals (Bikker et al., 2004). According to Torrallardona, (2010), its use improves the feed intake and weight gain in piglets compared with other protein sources, whether of animal or vegetable origin.

The palatability of blood plasma is responsible for the initial increase in feed intake and, consequently, an improvement in post-weaning weight gain (Ermer et al., 1994). In addition, other mechanisms responsible for the improved performance of piglets have been suggested. For example, according to Bosi et al. (2004), blood plasma is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucous and for reducing the inflammatory response in the intestine, which assists the piglets to overcome sanitary challenges. It has been suggested that plasma decreases the adherence and proliferation of pathogens in the intestinal mucous, which decreases the stimulation of the local and systemic immune systems, resulting in increased nutrient availability for growth (Campbell et al., 2008).

The use of spray-dried plasma in feeds is beneficial, mainly in terms of the performance of post-weaning piglets; however, its price is high (Pettigrew, 2006). Soy protein concentrate (SPC), which does not contain antinutritional factors, such as allergenic proteins and oligosaccharides that are present in soybean meal, is effective in improving the performance of post-weaning piglets (Lenehan et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2007).

Thus, the present study sought to assess the effects of substitution of spray-dried plasma with soy protein concentrate in the diet of weaned piglets at 21 days of age on performance, intestinal histomorphometry, and some blood parameters.

Material and Methods

The experiment was conducted in Goiânia, Brazil. The project was submitted for evaluation to the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA) and approved under case number 062/12.

Fifty-four barrows, weaned at 21 days of age, were housed in suspended cages located in a nursery shed. The cages had a perforated plastic floor, with nipple water fountains, shell and PVC gutter feeders with four holes, and a linear area of 0.90 m. The cages were equipped with 100-W incandescent lamps for heating. Temperature and humidity were monitored daily using a thermometer and a hygrometer installed in an empty cage in the center of the room, at the same height as the animals.

The piglets were evaluated for umbilical and scrotum healing, hydration, and behavior. Then, they were weighed and distributed in pens with animals of uniform weight.

The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, with three treatments, six replicates, and three animals per experimental unit, for a total of 18 experimental units. The criteria adopted to form the blocks were the body weight of piglets at weaning. The pen was considered an experimental unit.

Water and feed were provided ad libitum for the piglets during the whole experimental period, which lasted 45 days (21 to 66 days of age).

The pre-starter diets provided from 21 to 32 and from 33 to 42 days of age contained 0.0/5.0, 2.5/2.5, and 5.0/0.0% SPC/BP (Table 1). From 43 to 66 days of age, all piglets received the same starter diet, based on corn-soybean meal, to evaluate the residual effect of the treatments applied in the pre-starter phase (Table 2). The diets conformed to the nutritional requirements for each stage as recommended by Rostagno et al. (2011).

Table 1
Nutritional and centesimal composition of experimental diets offered to piglets from 21 to 32 and of 32 to 42 days of age

		21 to 32 days			32 to 42 days
Item		SPC/BP (%)			SPC/BP (%)
		0/5	2.5/2.5	5/0	0/5	2.5/2.5	5/0
Ingredient (kg/100 kg)
	Corn	56.133	54.846	53.529	53.480	52.091	50.786
	Soybean meal 45%	20.643	21.795	23.124	24.249	25.510	26.756
	Dried whey	10.000	10.000	10.000	10.000	10.000	10.000
	Soy protein concentrate	0.000	2.500	5.000	0.000	2.500	5.000
	Blood plasma	5.000	2.500	0.000	5.000	2.500	0.000
	Soybean oil	3.615	3.834	4.000	3.486	3.707	3.900
	Dicalcium phosphate	1.985	2.005	2.024	1.678	1.697	1.717
	Limestone	0.513	0.485	0.457	0.619	0.591	0.563
	L-lysine HCL	0.950	0.793	0.634	0.683	0.523	0.363
	DL-methionine	0.113	0.089	0.064	0.066	0.041	0.017
	L-threonine	0.441	0.362	0.279	0.305	0.224	0.142
	L-tryptophan	0.107	0.142	0.093	0.062	0.055	0.048
	Vitamin premix1	0.300	0.300	0.300	0.300	0.300	0.300
	Mineral premix2	0.050	0.050	0.050	0.050	0.050	0.050
	Salt	0.145	0.293	0.441	0.018	0.207	0.355
	Total	100	100	100	100	100	100
Calculated values3
	Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg)	3.375	3.375	3.375	3.375	3.375	3.375
	Crude protein (%)	20.00	20.00	20.00	21.00	21.00	21.00
	Digestible lysine (%)	1.450	1.450	1.450	1.330	1.330	1.330
	Digestible methionine (%)	0.406	0.406	0.406	0.372	0.372	0.372
	Digestible threonine (%)	0.914	0.914	0.914	0.838	0.838	0.838
	Digestible tryptophan (%)	0.261	0.261	0.261	0.239	0.239	0.239
	Calcium (%)	0.850	0.850	0.850	0.825	0.825	0.825
	Available phosphorous (%)	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.450	0.450	0.450
	Sodium (%)	0.280	0.280	0.280	0.230	0.246	0.246

• SPC/BP (%) - amounts of soy protein concentrate e amount of blood plasma in diets.
• ¹
  Amount per kg of diet: 0.25 mg folic acid; 9.33 mg pantothenic acid; 7.98 mg Cu; 0.05 g Fe; 0.30 mg I; 14.90 mg Mn; 15.99 mg niacin; 0.36 mg Se; 22.00 mg tylosin; 3.19 IU vitamin A; 0.50 mg vitamin B1; 10.49 μg vitamin B12; 2.80 mg vitamin B2; 0.60 mg vitamin B6; 649 IU vitamin D3; 8.49 IU vitamin E; 0.99 mg vitamin K3; 0.08 g Zn.
• ²
  Amount per kg of diet: 0.05 g Cu; 0.29 g Fe; 1.80 mg I; 0.08 g Mn; 0.48 g Zn.
• ³
  According to Rostagno et al (2011).

Table 2
Nutritional and centesimal composition of experimental feeds offered to piglets from 43 to 66 days of age

		Experimental diet
Ingredient (kg/100 kg)
	Corn	68.614
	Soybean meal 45%	27.170
	Soybean oil	0.949
	Dicalcium phosphate	1.386
	Limestone	0.733
	L-lysine HCL	0.299
	DL-methionine	0.019
	L-threonine	0.070
	Vitamin premix1	0.300
	Mineral premix2	0.050
	Salt	0.405
	Total	100
Calculated values3
	Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg)	3.230
	Crude protein (%)	18.13
	Digestible lysine (%)	1.037
	Digestible methionine (%)	0.290
	Digestible threonine (%)	0.653
	Digestible tryptophan (%)	0.190
	Calcium (%)	0.733
	Available phosphorous (%)	0.360
	Sodium (%)	0.200

• ¹
  Content per kg of product: 83.33 mg folic acid; 3111.04 mg pantothenic acid; 2660.88 mg copper; 17.96 g iron; 100.03 mg iodine; 4977.91 mg manganese; 5333.12 mg niacin; 120.00 mg selenium; 7333.34 mg tylosin; 1066.624 IU vitamin A; 166.66 mg vitamin B1; 3499.86 μg vitamin B12; 933.30 mg vitamin B2; 199.99 mg vitamin B6; 216.650 IU vitamin D3; 2833 IU vitamin E; 333.32 mg vitamin K3; 26.67 g zinc.
• ²
  Content per kg of product: 15.97 g copper; 99.00 g iron; 600.16 mg iodine; 29.87 g manganese; 160.00 g zinc.
• ³
  According to Rostagno et al. (2011).

A commercial source of soy protein concentrate containing 60% crude protein, 5% fiber, 5% mineral matter, 2% crude fat, 10% moisture, 18% nitrogen free extract, and 3 mg/g trypsin inhibitor activity was used.

To evaluate the performance, the piglets were weighed at 21, 32, and 43 days of age and at the end of the experimental period (66 days of age). Feed waste was collected daily and weighed at the end of each period, when piglets were 32, 42, and 66 days of age, to determine daily feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion. The performance data were analyzed independently for each evaluation period at 21 to 32, 21 to 42, and 21 to 66 days of age.

Blood was collected at 32 days of age (5 mL) from 18 animals (one per experimental unit) via puncture of the jugular vein. The blood was transferred to a tube containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid anticoagulant and then homogenized and stored in a cooler box with recyclable ice until analysis. Total erythrocyte, platelet, and leukocyte counts were obtained using a compact automatic hematology analyzer (Mindray^® equipment model BC 2800 VET).

For the differential leukocyte counts, a blood film was prepared for each sample. In a small beaker, 100 drops of Giempa (Doles^®) were diluted in 100 mL distilled water. This solution was distributed across the slides to stain them. After 25 min, the slides were washed under running water and air-dried. After preparation, the blood films were placed under a light microscope at 1000X magnification (optical of 100X) and 100 leukocytes were counted, 50 in the inferior border and 50 in the superior border of the film. The absolute values were obtained by multiplying the relative value by the total number of leukocytes in the sample.

After blood collection, the 18 piglets were euthanized in accordance with the principles of animal welfare and humanitarian slaughter to minimize any stress during the procedure. The piglets were desensitized by electronarcosis, followed by bloodletting through incision of the blood vessels in the neck.

To evaluate the histomorphometry, three intestinal segments, each approximately 2.0 cm long, were collected from the duodenum (at 20 cm from the pylorus), from the jejunum (from the median portion of the small intestine), and from the ileum (at 20 cm from the ileocecal junction). After collection, the mesenteric border was opened and fixed in a 10% formalin solution, tamponed in pH 7.2 for 24 h. After fixation, samples were transferred to a histological cassette and stored in 70% alcohol until processing.

In the laboratory, samples were soaked for 1 h in increasing concentrations of alcohol (70%, 85%, 95%, and absolute PA). The cassettes were then placed in three solutions of xylol for 30 min each, followed by three soakings in liquid paraffin before being embedded in a block of paraffin wax. The blocks were then frozen before being sectioned by a microtome at an approximate thickness of 5 μm, semi-seriated with a minimum interval of 50 μm.

The slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Luna, 1968) and evaluated under a light microscope (Leica DM2500) with 50X magnification (objective of 5X) and images were captured. From the images, 25 intact villi were measured in each segment with the help of ImageJ software and its respective crypts, well oriented and sectioned longitudinally.

Performance, mucosa, and blood data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared using Tukey's test at 5% probability. The statistical analyses were performed using software R (R Development Core Team, 2011).

Results and Discussion

The average minimum and maximum temperatures registered during the experiment were 21.2 and 33.8°C, respectively.

Between 21 and 32 days of age (Table 3), daily weight gain improved (P = 0.031) with the use of 0 and 2.5% SPC in the diets. When 5% SPC was added to the diets to substitute plasma, the piglets exhibited reduced weight gain. The use of 2.5% SPC associated with 2.5% plasma resulted in a higher daily feed intake (P = 0.004). The final weight of piglets in this period was also statistically different (P = 0.025), with higher weight at 32 days of age with the use of 2.5% SPC. There was no significant difference (P = 0.287) between the feed:gain ratio of the fed piglets with different levels of soy protein concentrate in the diets. Similar results were obtained by Pierce et al. (2005), with piglets between 21 and 28 days of age, when compared with a diet containing 10% SPC and another with 8% BP. These authors observed higher weight gain and feed intake in piglets fed diets containing plasma, with no difference in feed:gain ratio. The results obtained by Abreu et al. (2010) are consistent with those obtained in the present study. These authors observed that the presence of 2 or 4% BP promoted increased feed intake and weight gain, with no difference observed in the feed conversion of piglets between 21 and 35 days of age. These results are consistent with those reported by Hu et al. (2014), such that diets containing both soy protein concentrate and plasma had a greater beneficial effect on daily weight gain and average daily intake during the first post-weaning week.

Table 3
Effect of different amounts of soy protein concentrate (SPC) and spray-dried blood plasma (BP) in diets on performance of piglets in the periods of 21-32, 21-42, and 21-66 days of age

Variable	SPC/BP (%)			P-value	CV (%)
	0/5	2.5/2.5	5/0
	21 to 32 days of age
Initial weight (kg)	7.343	7.334	7.295	0.434	0.89
Final weight (kg)	9.235ab	9.673a	8.649b	0.025	5.36
Weight gain (kg/d)	0.173ab	0.213a	0.125b	0.031	25.02
Feed intake (kg/d)	0.268b	0.325a	0.253b	0.004	8.49
Feed:gain (g/g)	1.626	1.645	2.032	0.287	19.11
	21 to 42 days of age
Initial weight (kg)	7.343	7.334	7.295	0.434	0.89
Final weight (kg)	14.682ab	15.436a	13.231b	0.013	6.22
Weight gain (kg/d)	0.377a	0.406a	0.281b	0.004	11.95
Feed intake (kg/d)	0.471ab	0.533a	0.411b	0.001	7.19
Feed:gain (g/g)	1.235b	1.317ab	1.475a	0.026	7.29
	21 to 66 days of age
Initial weight (kg)	7.343	7.334	7.295	0.434	0.89
Final weight (kg)	31.164	32.951	31.99	0.367	5.64
Weight gain (kg/d)	0.541ab	0.573a	0.507b	0.026	5.49
Feed intake (kg/d)	0.888ab	0.944a	0.85b	0.044	5.55
Feed:gain (g/g)	1.641	1.648	1.679	0.735	3.98

• CV - coefficient of variation.
• Averages followed by different letters on the row differ among themselves by the Tukey test (P<0.05).

Ermer et al. (1994) and Van Dijk et al. (2001) suggested that the optimal performance during this period is related to the increased palatability of the feed with the inclusion of plasma and its health-promoting effects. However, in the present study, the use of feed with 2.5% SPC and 2.5% SPC promoted higher feed intake than that with 5% BP; yet, no significant difference in weight gain was observed. Thus, the synergistic effect of these two feeds was observed only on feed intake, while the use of plasma at 5%, as well as 2.5% level, had no effect on weight gain. This can be explained by the increased palatability of feed and the decreased stimulation of the immune system in animals fed plasma.

From 21 to 42 days of age, the complete substitution of plasma with soy protein concentrate was unfavorable for piglet performance (Table 3), but the association of the two supplements was positive. Daily weight gain increased (P = 0.004) with the use of 5% and 2.5% BP associated with 2.5% SPC compared with the use of 5% SPC. Higher daily feed intake (P = 0.001) and higher weight of the piglets at 42 days of age (P = 0.013) occurred with the utilization of 2.5% SPC. The feed:gain ratio was lower (P = 0.026) with the inclusion of 5% BP compared with the inclusion of 5% SPC. These results corroborate those reported by Abreu et al. (2010) in the same evaluation period. Conversely, Hernandez et al. (2010) showed that the most marked effect of plasma is observed in the first week following weaning and, from the second week, this effect is not observed.

The difference in the live weight of piglets at 42 days of age was 2.205 kg between those fed the diet containing 2.5% SPC with 2.5% BP and those fed the diet with 5% SPC. This difference was due to the performance variables, which demonstrates synergy between plasma and soy protein concentrate. These results are consistent with those reported by Hu et al. (2014), who obtained higher final weight in the animals receiving a diet containing both soy protein concentrate and plasma. According to Coffey and Cromwell (1995), the best performance results are obtained with the use of plasma when the swine are raised in environments with a high pathogenic load. This result, together with the high digestibility of the soy protein concentrate and the high palatability of the plasma, may explain the results obtained in the present study. Although the experimental shed was disinfected at the beginning of the experiment, during the first 21 days, the floor under the cages was cleaned every two days; but the floor was not washed using water to avoid more stress in the animals. Therefore, increased contamination of the environment throughout the experiment may have influenced performance in response to diets containing plasma.

In relation to the total period of the experiment (Table 3), from 21 to 66 days of age, the utilization of 2.5% SPC promoted higher daily weight gain (P = 0.026) and daily feed intake (P = 0.044). However, utilization of soy protein concentrate in the diets had no effect on the feed:gain ratio (P = 0.735) or the final weight of the animals at 66 days of age (P = 0.367). Between 43 and 66 days of age, all the animals were fed a single feed. Thus, it is possible to infer that there was a residual effect of plasma following its removal from the diet based on the results observed for weight gain and feed intake, an effect that was not observed by Formigoni (2012).

The weight of piglets at the end of the pre-starter phase (42 days of age) may have been involved in performance maintenance once a single initial feed was supplied. When evaluating the levels of plasma in the feed of weaned piglets at 21 days of age, Barbosa et al. (2007) observed that after being supplied with a single diet without plasma in the initial phase (43 to 56 days of age), the animals that presented the best final weight at 42 days of age and had received a feed with 2% BP between 36 and 42 days of age also presented the best final weight at 56 days of age. This demonstrated the tendency of the animals with better post weaning performance, influenced by the intake of plasma, maintaining themselves heavier after the removal of this supplement from the feed.

Soy protein concentrate, which is a product obtained from soybean and known for the absence of allergenic proteins (Glycinine and B-conglycinine) (Leneham et al., 2007) and oligosaccharides (Dersjant-Li and Peisker, 2010), resulted in the worst performance results in the three periods analyzed, with 100% substitution of sray-dried plasma with soy protein concentrate in the diet of piglets. However, the substitution of 50% BP with soy protein concentrate showed the best performance results in all periods studied. It is suggested, therefore, that the association of these two supplements in post weaning diets exerts a positive influence on the performance of the piglets.

In the intestinal histomorphometry (Table 4), no influence of the treatments was found on the variables studied. The results obtained by Abreu et al. (2010), in relation to the presence of plasma in the diets, were similar to those found in the present study, although the material used for this analysis was collected from 42-day-old piglets. Conversely, Yi et al. (2005) affirmed that the performance of the piglets following intake of plasma can be explained, in part, by the capacity of this supplement to avoid intense retraction in the height of the villus, even when challenged with pathogenic bacteria, after the weaning process. This improves the digestion process in level of intestinal mucous and increases the surface area of this mucous, increasing the absorption of the nutrients.

Table 4
Effect of different amounts of soy protein concentrate (SPC) e spray-dried blood plasma (BP) in diets on intestinal histomorphometry of piglets at 32 days of age

Variable	SPC/BP (%)			P-value	CV (%)
	0/5	2.5/2.5	5/0
		Duodenum
Villus height (μm)	317	295	292	0.738	18.97
Crypt depth (μm)	445	474	444	0.621	11.99
Villus height:crypt depth	0.713	0.634	0.659	0.626	21.96
	Jejunum
Villus height (μm)	276	261	279	0.813	19.73
Crypt depth (μm)	289	326	321	0.298	12.59
Villus height:crypt depth	0.962	0.823	0.867	0.374	19.98
	Ileum
Villus height (μm)	277	302	316	0.421	17.72
Crypt depth (μm)	255	246	269	0.375	11.15
Villus height:crypt depth	1.095	1.24	1.178	0.392	15.79

• CV - coefficient of variation.

At 32 days of age, blood samples were collected for analysis; the substitution of plasma with soy protein concentrate (Table 5) showed no effect on the relative lymphocyte (P = 0.276) and eosinophil (P = 0.353) counts, or on the absolute eosinophil counts (P = 0.225). In relation to the blood leukocyte (P = 0.043) and lymphocyte (P = 0.024) count, significant differences were observed between the diets; the presence of 5% BP in the diet led to lower values of leukocyte and lymphocyte count compared to 5% of SPC. As described by Meyer and Harvey (2004), the cell counts in the present study are within standard counts for swine. Furthermore, plasma can relieve the activation of the lymphatic tissue system associated with the intestine and cells from the systemic immune system, allowing more energy for growth (Demas et al., 1997; Perez-Bosque et al., 2004).

Table 5
Effect of different amounts of soy protein concentrate (SPC) e spray-dried blood plasma (BP) in diets on blood cells of piglets at 32 days of age

Variable	SPC/BP (%)			P-value	CV (%)
	0/5	2.5/2.5	5/0
Leukocytes (×103/mm3)	13.502b	15.35ab	19.639a	0.043	18.17
Lymphocytes (×103/mm3)	6.214b	9.25a	9.815a	0.024	18.03
Lymphocytes (%)	52.02	59.89	50.65	0.276	17.6
Eosinophils (×103/mm3)	379	258	438	0.225	45.29
Eosinophils (%)	2.14	1.47	2.19	0.353	39.05

• CV - coefficient of variation.
• Averages followed by different letters on the row differ among themselves by the Tukey test (P<0.05).

The weaning process, along with its challenges and changes, is associated with a greater activation of the immune system in piglets, which is generally associated with intestinal inflammation and a systemic proinflammatory response with increased production of defense cells and cytokines (Moretó and Pérez-Bosque, 2009). These changes are associated with the diversion of nutrients required for animal growth for use in the immune response, resulting in a reduction in weight gain. Nevertheless, Jiang et al. (2000) observed that addition of spray-dried plasma in the diet of post-weaning piglets increased their efficiency in utilizing the dietary protein, consequently improving the performance of piglets. These results are consistent with the results of the present study and may be explained by the results of the study by Nofrarías et al. (2006), who demonstrated that spray-dried plasma reduces immune system stimulation, which decreases the production of defense cells, thereby increasing the availability of nutrients for tissue deposition.

The leukocyte count was lowest in the diet with 100% substitution of spray-dried plasma with soy protein concentrate, which highlights the effect of plasma described by Nofrarías et al. (2006). Nevertheless, despite the positive influence of spray-dried plasma on piglet performance in the present study, the diet containing 5% BP did not lead to the best performance; however, the diet containing 2.5% BP and 2.5% SPC led to the best performance. This can be explained by the reduced stimulation of the immune system caused by the presence of spray-dried plasma and by the protein quality of the soy protein concentrate, together with its high digestibility, as described by Yang et al. (2007).

Conclusions

The combined use of soy protein concentrate and spray-dried blood plasma in the feeds of piglets between 21 and 42 days of age improves their performance.

Acknowledgments

We thank the company Sementes Selecta S/A for the support in the execution of this work.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Apr 2017

History

• Received
  09 Aug 2016
• Accepted
  10 Jan 2017