Canola and coconut oils in the feed of European quails (Coturnix coturnix)

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of canola and coconut oils to diets of European quail (Coturnix coturnix) over performance and carcass yield. One hundred and ninety-two quail (eight-days old) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments with six replicates of eight birds each. The treatments were arranged in a factorial 2×2 scheme with two sources of dietary oil containing two levels of canola and coconut oils (1 and 2%). For performance variables, the final weight was evaluated, and the carcass variables were feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion. A significant difference was observed between treatments for feed intake, with the inclusion of 2% canola oil providing higher intake. There was also significant effect for carcass characteristics on weight at fasting, eviscerated carcass, liver and gizzard weights, as well as liver, heart, and gizzard yields. The inclusion of vegetable oil such as canola and coconut oils in diets for European quail at the levels of 1 and 2% can be performed with no negative effect on performance from 8 to 42 days of age.

Keywords:
carcass quality; feed additive; production cost; quail nutrition

Introduction

Brazilian quail breeding is becoming ever more prominent in the aspects of rearing and nutrition, transitioning from a family activity to a commercial-scale production. Advances in production technological innovations, especially in feeding programs, ensure that nutritional requirements are met, leading to good performance (Muniz et al., 2015).

Data from the IBGE (2017) indicated that Brazilian quail production presented an effective 15.5 million quail, an increase of 12.1%. The southeastern region is the most productive (62.5%), with the state of São Paulo leading the production with 28.5% of the national total. According to Silva et al. (2012), Brazil occupies the rank of fifth largest worldwide producer of quail meat and the second in egg production, with constant growth in the many regions of the country, with increasing automated production and new forms of commercializing the product, be it egg or carcass.

Concerning productive efficiency, there are many reasons for the use of lipid sources in animal feeds. Among these are the improvement of palatability, decrease in dustiness and waste of feed, decrease in feed passage rate through the gastrointestinal tract, and low caloric increment of this source of energy, in addition to providing essential fatty acids and liposoluble vitamins (NRC, 1994; Lara et al., 2005).

Mahgoub et al. (2019) mentioned that medicinal plants and their bioactive elements have been important for the growth of human, poultry, and livestock production related to human health care (Alagawany and Abd El-Hack, 2015; Abdelnour et al., 2018; Dhama et al., 2018). Several studies have reported beneficial antimicrobial effects with utilization of plants with biostimulating properties that act as growth promoters, which could be used as substitutes for antibiotics (Abd El-Hack et al., 2018; Tiwari et al., 2018).

The use of essential oils obtained by cold pressing, such as coconut oil and oils with functional activity such as canola oil, can provide enrichment of quail carcass, as they act as growth promoters (Dabbou et al., 2016).

Dietetic manipulations of bird feed have been used to improve the nutritional quality of the final product (meat and egg), since the availability of fatty acids is related to the reduction of blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, which are related to the predisposition of cardiovascular diseases in humans, thus promoting healthier food, acceptable to the palate and demands of the consumer market (Carvalho et al., 2009).

In this context, the objective was to evaluate the performance and carcass yield of European quail, from 8 to 42 days of age, fed diets enriched with canola and coconut oils.

Material and Methods

The experiment was conducted in the Municipality of Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (5°53' S, 35°23' W, and average altitude of 40 m). All experimental protocols and procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee in Animal Experimentation (CEUA), case no. 018.016/2017.

One hundred and ninety-two quails (eight-days old) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments with six replicates of eight birds each using a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial arrangement, with two sources of dietary oil containing two levels of canola and coconut oils (1 and 2%). The birds were distributed into 24 boxes with dimensions of 1.0×1.5 m, with floor covered with shavings, containing pendular drinker fountains and tubular feeding troughs. A continuous illumination program was adopted (natural + artificial light), and water and feed were provided ad libitum during the entire experimentation period (35 days).

The experimental treatments consisted of four different diets, with two levels (1 and 2%) of vegetable oils (canola and coconut), and formulated rations were isocaloric and isoproteic, according to the nutritional demands advocated by Silva and Costa (2009) for 8 to 21 (Table 1) and 22 to 42 days old (Table 2).

Table 1
Feed and nutritional composition of the experimental diets of quail in the phase of 8 to 21 days of age¹

Item		Canola		Coconut
		1%	2%	1%	2%
Ingredient (g kg−1 dry matter)
	Corn grain	537.20	491.31	557.62	495.10
	Soybean bran 45%	417.80	450.27	389.93	443.50
	Canola oil	10.00	20.00	–	–
	Coconut oil	–	–	10.00	20.00
	Dicalcium phosphate	10.70	13.79	14.12	13.80
	Limestone	11.00	11.30	15.71	16.00
	Common salt	3.20	3.13	3.18	3.12
	DL-methionine	2.50	2.08	2.35	2.10
	L-lysine HCL	3.00	1.69	0.349	2.70
	Vitamin premix2	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00
	Mineral premix3	0.60	0.60	0.60	0.60
	Total	1000	1000	1000	1000
Nutritional levels (g kg−1 dry matter)
	Crude protein	250.0	250.0	250.0	250.0
	Metabolizable energy (Mcal kg−1)	2.900	2.900	2.900	2.900
	Calcium	8.50	10.04	10.96	8.87
	Available phosphorus	3.20	3.80	3.80	3.80
	Potassium	9.29	9.75	8.84	9.75
	Sodium	1.70	1.70	1.70	1.70
	Chloride	2.18	2.15	2.21	2.15
	Digestible lysine	13.72	13.10	13.70	13.70
	Digestible methionine	5.58	5.50	5.50	5.50

• ¹
  Recommendations of Silva and Costa (2009).
• ²
  Vitamin A (min), 2,667,000 IU kg⁻¹; vitamin D3 (min), 667,000 IU kg⁻¹; vitamin E (min), 3,334 IU kg⁻¹; vitamin K3 (min), 667 mg kg⁻¹; vitamin B1 (min), 334 mg kg⁻¹; vitamin B2 (min), 1,334 mg kg⁻¹; vitamin B6 (min), 834 mg kg⁻¹; vitamin B12 (min), 3,667 μg kg⁻¹; niacin (min), 8,334 mg kg⁻¹; calcium pantothenate (min), 3,334 mg kg⁻¹; folic acid (min), 184 mg kg⁻¹; biotin (min), 20 mg kg⁻¹; colin chloride (min), 50 mg kg⁻¹; robenidine, 10.16 g kg⁻¹; colistin, 2,154 mg kg⁻¹.
• ³
  Iron (min), 60 g kg⁻¹; copper (min), 13 g kg⁻¹; manganese (min), 120 g kg⁻¹; zinc (min), 100 g kg⁻¹; iodine (min), 2,500 mg kg⁻¹; selenium (min), 500 mg kg⁻¹.

Table 2
Feed and nutritional composition of the experimental diets of quail in the phase of 22 to 42 day of age¹

Item		Canola		Coconut
		1%	2%	1%	2%
Ingredient (g kg−1 dry matter)
	Corn grain	565.00	541.76	568.70	541.76
	Soybean bran 45%	390.98	396.32	389.91	396.32
	Canola oil	10.00	20.00	–	–
	Coconut oil	–	–	10.00	20.00
	Dicalcium phosphate	12.22	9.26	9.28	9.26
	Limestone	9.64	21.11	9.93	21.11
	Common salt	2.88	2.93	2.95	2.93
	DL-methionine	1.90	2.00	1.90	2.00
	L-lysine HCL	2.50	2.00	2.80	2.00
	Vitamin premix2	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00
	Mineral premix3	0.60	0.60	0.60	0.60
	Total	1000	1000	1000	1000
Nutritional levels (g kg−1 dry matter)
	Crude protein	230.0	230.0	230.0	230.0
	Metabolizable energy (Mcal kg−1)	2.950	2.950	2.950	2.950
	Calcium	8.15	11.83	7.53	9.41
	Available phosphorus	29.0	29.0	29.0	29.0
	Potassium	8.87	8.91	8.88	9.03
	Sodium	1.58	1.60	1.60	1.60
	Chloride	2.04	2.06	2.08	2.05
	Digestible lysine	12.97	12.67	13.18	11.40
	Digestible methionine	5.07	5.17	5.07	5.25

• ¹
  Recommendations of Silva and Costa (2009).
• ²
  Vitamin A (min), 2,667,000 IU kg⁻¹; vitamin D3 (min), 667,000 IU kg⁻¹; vitamin E (min), 3,334 IU kg⁻¹; vitamin K3 (min), 667 mg kg⁻¹; vitamin B1 (min), 334 mg kg⁻¹; vitamin B2 (min), 1,334 mg kg⁻¹; vitamin B6 (min), 834 mg kg⁻¹; vitamin B12 (min), 3,667 μg kg⁻¹; niacin (min), 8,334 mg kg⁻¹; calcium pantothenate (min), 3,334 mg kg⁻¹; folic acid (min), 184 mg kg⁻¹; biotin (min), 20 mg kg⁻¹; colin chloride (min), 50 mg kg⁻¹; robenidine, 10.16 g kg⁻¹; colistin, 2,154 mg kg⁻¹.
• ³
  Iron (min), 60 g kg⁻¹; copper (min), 13 g kg⁻¹; manganese (min), 120 g kg⁻¹; zinc (min), 100 g kg⁻¹; iodine (min), 2,500 mg kg⁻¹; selenium (min), 500 mg kg⁻¹.

The following parameters were evaluated: final weight (g), weight gain (g), feed intake (g), and feed conversion (g g⁻¹). Feed intake was calculated using the difference between the amount of feed offered and leftovers. Weight gain was determined by the relation of the weights of birds from each plot divided by the number of birds of each experimental unit. With the data of feed intake and weight gain, it was possible to calculate feed conversion using the relation of these values. All weightings were performed weekly using a digital scale.

For carcass evaluation, the absolute (g) and relative (%) carcass weights, and the weights of the noble cuts (chest and leg quarter) and edible viscera (liver, gizzard, and heart) were evaluated. At the end of the experimental period, two birds per plot were selected according to their average weight (265.6 g), being separately weighted and subjected to feed fasting for 8 h before slaughter.

Slaughter was conducted by cervical dislocation with subsequent sangria, scalding, defeathering, and evisceration. Posteriorly, the carcasses were weighted to obtain carcass weight and calculate carcass yield. The edible viscera (liver, heart, and gizzard) and cuts (chest and leg quarter) were separated and weighted on a digital scale.

After weighing the carcasses, the relative weight (%) was calculated in relation to live weight after fasting, using the following formula: $\text{Carcass yield (\%)}=\text{(eviscerated carcass}\times \text{100/live weight)}$.

The percentage yield of cuts and edible viscera was performed in function of the weight of the eviscerated carcass, using the formula: $\text{cut or viscera yield (\%)}=\text{(cut or viscera weight/carcass weight}\times \text{100)}$ (Carolino et al., 2014).

The economic feasibility of using oil in the feed of meat quail was determined according to Bellaver et al. (1985), in which:

$$\text{Feed cost (kg)}=\frac{\text{(Feed consumption}\times \text{Price per kg of feed)}}{\text{Weight gain}}$$

The calculations of Economic Efficiency Index (EEI) and average cost index (CI) were performed according to Barbosa et al. (1992), using the following equations:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\text{EEI}=\frac{\text{MC}e}{\text{CT}ei}\times 100& \text{CI}=\frac{\text{CT}ei}{\text{MC}e}\times 100\end{array}$$

in which MCe is the lowest average cost of feed per kilogram of gained live weight, observed between treatments; and CTei is the average cost of treatment i.

The prices of ingredients (expressed in R$/kilogram) used to calculate feed costs were collected in the region of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

The model used for this project was:

$$\text{yijk}=\text{μ}+\text{Ai}+\text{Bj}+\text{(AB)ij}+\text{yk}+\text{eijk},$$

in which Yijk is the observed value of treatment with canola oil (A), coconut oil treatment (B), within block (k); μ is the population mean for the variable; Ai is the effect of the input level of canola oil; Bj is the effect of the input level of coconut oil; (AB) is the effect of the interaction between oil type and inclusion levels; yk is the block effect k; and eijk is the random error associated with ijk treatments.

The analysis of variance was performed using GLM software of SAS software (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.0), considered significant at 5% (F test) (P<0.05), and means were compared by the Tukey test at the 5% probability level.

Results

Among the evaluated performance parameters, there were no significant effects for final weight (P>0.05) and weight gain (P>0.05); however, there was interaction (P<0.05) of weight gain with the use of 2% canola oil in the diet (Table 3).

Table 3
Performance parameters of European quail fed diets supplemented with canola and coconut oil

Variable	Oil		Level		Probability
	Canola	Coconut	1%	2%	Oil	Level	Oil × level
Final weight (g)	298.41	256.45	288.11	266.75	0.144	0.448	0.7687
Feed intake (g)	769.85b	832.90a	769.85b	920.60a	0.087	0.025	0.0001
Weight gain (g)	215.10	228.57	241.75a	227.25b	0.916	0.016	0.0086
Feed conversion (g g−1)	3.70	3.46	3.62	3.54	0.165	0.629	0.0703

• Means followed by different letters in the same row differ by Tukey's test at 5% probability.

There was no significant difference (P>0.05) for feed conversion, and there was also no interaction (P>0.05) between treatments. Regarding feed intake, a significant effect (P<0.05) was observed among the diets, in which the inclusion of 2% canola oil provided higher feed intake compared with the other treatments, differing from the inclusion of 1% canola oil and 2% coconut oil; furthermore, there was interaction (P<0.05) between the sources of oil within the tested levels, in which birds that received treatment with canola oil consumed more feed than those that received coconut oil.

The evaluations conducted regarding chest, leg quarter, and heart weight presented no significant difference (P>0.05) among the evaluated treatments, as occurred for carcass, chest, and leg quarter yield (Table 4).

Table 4
Means of carcass weight and yield of European quail fed diets supplemented with canola and coconut oil

Variable		Oil		Level		Probability
		Canola	Coconut	1%	2%	Oil	Level	Oil × level
Weight (g)
	Fasting	262.000	253.750	247.917b	267.833a	0.146	0.002	0.579
	Carcass	180.583a	171.583b	173.750	178.417	0.027	0.230	0.896
	Chest	72.662	68.992	70.342	71.312	0.124	0.676	0.237
	Leg quarter	42.617	40.996	41.346	42.267	0.161	0.418	0.479
	Heart	2.158	1.958	2.075	2.042	0.051	0.732	0.396
	Liver	4.375	4.379	3.933b	4.821a	0.992	0.033	0.431
	Gizzard	3.479	3.454	3.325b	3.608a	0.842	0.033	0.108
Yield (%)
	Carcass	66.28	69.09	66.36	69.01	0.581	0.601	0.217
	Chest	40.20	40.22	40.53	39.89	0.976	0.445	0.055
	Leg quarter	23.61	23.90	23.80	23.71	0.583	0.867	0.513
	Heart	1.28b	2.22a	1.78	1.73	<0.001	0.614	0.190
	Liver	2.42	2.55	2.27	2.70	0.553	0.055	0.388
	Gizzard	1.60b	2.43a	1.86b	2.17a	<0.001	0.027	0.360

• Means followed by different letters in the same row differ by Tukey's test at 5% probability.

Regarding carcass characteristics, a significant effect (P<0.05) was observed with the addition of two sources of oil in the diet of quail on weight in fasting and weight of eviscerated carcass. Birds fed diets with a higher level of oil inclusion (2%) presented greater weight in fasting and greater eviscerated carcass weight (Table 4).

Higher weight (P<0.05) of liver and gizzard were found in birds fed diets with 2% canola oil. This also occurred for the yield of heart and gizzard, for birds provided with feed containing 1% coconut oil, and liver, for birds receiving feed with 2% canola oil, all presenting greater yields. There was no interaction between the sources of oil used within the studied levels (P>0.05) for any of the analyzed variables.

For gizzard yield, there was difference (P<0.05) among treatments, with lower values observed for treatments with canola oil, with decrease in gizzard yield insofar as the level of oil inclusion increased.

The analysis of the economic feasibility demonstrated a difference (P<0.05) among all analyzed variables of the treatments (Table 5).

Table 5
Economic evaluation of European quail feeds enriched with canola and coconut oils

Variable	Treatment				CV (%)
	1% Canola	2% Canola	1% Coconut	2% Coconut
Feed cost (R$/kg)	5.38ab	6.17a	4.96b	5.23ab	10.74
Cost index (%)	108.50ab	124.43a	100.00b	105.36ab	10.75
Economic efficiency index (%)	91.11ab	81.44b	100.58a	95.46ab	9.23

• CV - coefficient of variation.
• Means followed by different letters in the same row statistically differ by Tukey's test at the 5% significance level.

Discussion

The interaction between type and levels of oil on weight gain is related to the significant increase in feed intake due to the increase of oil levels included in the rations. This result is related to the improvement in the quality of rations, since the energy level does not vary between the rations, or to the palatability of the ration that may have interfered in the intake and influenced the weight gain. Corroborating these results, Raber et al. (2008) also observed an increase in the weight gain of broilers fed diets with degummed soybean oil compared with refined soybean oil, which should be an indication that the refined soybean oil has a lower energy value than the degummed soybean oil.

Abd El-Hack et al. (2015) performed an experiment using coconut and rosemary oils and the mixture between them and observed that supplementing meat quail diets with 0.75 g kg⁻¹ of the oil mixture slightly decreased daily weight gain and that the 1.5 g kg⁻¹ level improved weight gain by 5.27 and 3.85% in the period from three to six weeks of age and in the total period (one to six weeks of age), respectively, when compared with the control group.

Mahgoub et al. (2019) observed that birds fed diets supplemented with rosemary oil consumed more feed than those fed the control diet and justified that herb and rosemary extracts have an attractive odor that makes the feed tastier, which may have influenced the increase of feed intake. In addition, Abd El-Hack et al. (2015) reported that feed intake was directly correlated with the oil level in the diet and can be attributed to the increased palatability of these medicinal herbs.

The results of feed conversion in the present study corroborate the findings of Pita et al. (2006), who also found nonsignificant difference in feed conversion when layers were fed diets containing two levels (3 and 4%) of canola oil.

Pinto et al. (2014), evaluating oil sources (soybean, flaxseed, and sardine) and their importance in the performance and immunity of broiler chickens from 1 to 21, 1 to 35, and 1 to 42 days of age, reported that the type of oil added to feed had no influence on performance variables such as weight gain and final weight for any of the tested periods. For feed conversion until 21 and 42 days of age, the authors indicated an increase of this variable when birds were fed diets supplemented with 4% more of soybean oil. The authors reported that this may have occurred due to the increase in the energy of the feed, influencing a direct response to its conversion for performance.

The increased intake in function of oil levels was possibly related to the increase in palatability of the feed due to the higher oil level, since the amount of energy offered was the same for all treatments. Distinctly from the results of this work, Costa et al. (2008), when evaluating the performance and quality of eggs of semi-heavy hens fed diets containing soybean and canola oils in the levels of 0, 1, 2, and 3%, verified no significant effect of the type of oil on feed intake.

Mahgoub et al. (2019), evaluating the use of rosemary oil on intestinal health and performance of Japanese quail, observed improvement in feed conversion of animals fed rosemary oil and reported that extracts derived from medicinal plants tend to increase the secretion of digestive enzymes and, consequently, improve the digestibility of different nutrients, which justifies the improvement observed in feed conversion of growing quail fed diets supplemented with rosemary oil. According to reports in the literature (Jang et al., 2004; Jamroz et al., 2006), essential oils can improve the secretion of amylase and trypsin and can decrease the binding of pathogens such as E. coli to the intestinal wall.

The lack of difference among treatments for carcass, chest, and leg quarter yield may be due to the relation of these variables to genetic factors and, probably, due to the proximity of the oil level used.

The organs evaluated participate, direct or indirectly, in lipid metabolism, and are required in function of the type of oil used and level of inclusion in the feed, presenting increase in weight and yield, which is interesting from the economic perspective, given the possibility for commercialization.

These results related to weight and yield of the liver may be attributed to the size of the lipid chain, since long-chain fatty acids require a longer time for digestion than short-chain fatty acids, which are more susceptible to absorption, as unsaturated fatty acids are better absorbed than saturated fatty acids, justifying the increase in liver weight and yield (Gonzáles and Silva, 1999).

For the diets with coconut oil, the animals presented higher gizzard yield, even with the tendency to decreasing the yield with the increase in oil inclusion levels. The reduction in gizzard yield that occurred with the increase in oil inclusion level is probably directly related to the increase in liver yield, since for participating in the metabolic process of lipid digestion, the liver is more required than the gizzard.

Bavaresco et al. (2014) evaluated the effect of the inclusion of canola bran and oil in the diet of double aptitude quail on weight of cuts and edible viscera, observing a significant difference for the variables heart weight and yield for the feed presenting canola and soybean oil. For the remaining variables, such as carcass weight, chest weight, liver weight and yield, and gizzard weight and yield, the use of canola bran (25%) and canola oil presented no effect.

Mahgoub et al. (2019) observed a significant difference in all carcass characteristics of the animals fed diet with rosemary oil. The authors observed an increase in the percentage of gizzard fat and better carcass and liver weight with the use of 1 and 2 mL/kg of rosemary oil treatment compared with the control diet. Abd El-Hack et al. (2015) reported that supplementing quail diet with 1.5 g oil/kg diet mixture, including rosemary oil, represented a 3.72% increase in carcass yield compared with the control diet.

Regarding the economic viability of the feed used in this experiment, the lowest cost, the best cost index, and the highest economic efficiency were obtained using the treatment with 1% coconut oil, which, despite having a relatively high price and being superior to the canola oil, provided better performance to the animals, thus presenting better efficiency in feed usage.

The average cost of feed with the other treatments (1 and 2% canola and 2% coconut oils) had a negative impact on the economic efficiency index, both due to the percentage of ingredients included in the feed (mainly corn and soybean) and the animal performance parameters, mainly weight gain, which were lower than those of animals fed feed containing 1% coconut oil.

When evaluating the use of organic acid, essential oils, and symbiotic in the feeding of semidried hens, Vasconcelos et al. (2016) also reported differences in the cost of the rations used, in which the lowest cost was obtained with the control treatment and the highest with the treatment that used organic acids (sorbic, fumaric, malic, citric acid) associated with the essential oils (eugenol, thyme, and vanillin). The authors justified the differences found as a result of the variation in feed intake of the animals.

In a study using crude glycerin for meat quails of 1 to 14 and 15 to 35 days of age, Pasquetti et al. (2014) observed that the feed without crude glycerin had the worst cost indices and economic efficiency indices in both periods. The authors reported that these data are important, since by also considering the animal growth, the use of crude glycerin proved to be a good source of energy, besides being economically viable.

Conclusions

The addition of canola and coconut oils at 1% to diets of European quail can be used without negative effects on performance or carcass parameters to promote improvements in weight gain of 8 to 42-day-old quail and present better economic indexes in production.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Brazilian governmental research support institution Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the master's degree scholarship granted to the first author.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  28 Nov 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  12 July 2018
• Accepted
  27 Feb 2019