The use of guava byproduct in the production of feedlot sheep in Brazil: impacts on the productive and economic performance

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the effects of replacing ground corn with dehydrated guava (Psidium guajava L.) byproduct, at concentrations of 0.0, 8.2, 16.4, and 24.6% on the intake and digestibility of nutrients as well as on productive and economic performance of lambs. The study included 40 uncastrated feedlot Santa Inês sheep with an average age of 120 days and an average initial weight of 17.4±1.27 kg, distributed in individual stalls in a completely randomized design with four treatments and 10 replicates. Santa Inês sheep fed diets containing higher levels (16.4%) of guava byproduct showed lower weight gain and feed conversion and reached slaughter weight later. Replacing corn with guava byproduct at higher levels increased acid detergent fiber and reduced non-fiber carbohydrate intake and nutrient digestibility. The inclusion of up to 16.4% of guava byproduct in the diet of feedlot sheep is appropriate for maintaining good performance and economic viability of the system.

Keywords:
animal production; feeding; lamb; nutrition

Introduction

Due to the variation in forage supply, especially in the drier months of the year, the production of sheep meat is impaired. In this case, the feedlot appears as a strategy to intensify production (Medeiros et al., 2009). Such an approach satisfies both the producer and the consumer, since it enables the availability of young animals with better meat quality on the market (Urano et al., 2006). However, in feedlot systems, it is important that the animals receive diets that meet the nutrient requirements, resulting in a viable cost:benefit ratio for the producer (Medeiros et al., 2009). To amortize costs of the feedlot, the use of alternative feedstuff, such as agroindustry byproducts, has been suggested (Vieira et al., 2010; Lima Júnior et al., 2014; Nicory et al., 2015; Sá et al., 2015; Silva et al., 2016).

In Brazil, large amounts of byproducts from guava (Psidium guajava L.) accrue each year. They are composed of peel, seeds, and pulp, which, after dehydration, can potentially be used in diets for ruminants (Pereira et al., 2008). However, the presence of secondary compounds such as tannins can be a limiting factor for the use of these byproducts (Patra and Saxena, 2010). Brazil is the largest producer of red guavas and produces approximately 390,000 tons of guava annually. The byproduct contains significant amounts of unsaturated fatty acids and fiber (Uchôa-Thomaz et al., 2014). The protein content ranges from 7.9 to 9.6%, fat content from 10.5 to 16%, and crude fiber content from 53.6 to 67.7% (Chang et al., 2014).

When investigating and using agroindustrial byproducts as animal feedstuff, knowledge of productive and economic performance characteristics is crucial for evaluating diet efficiency (Alves et al., 2010; Azevedo et al., 2013; Silva et al., 2015; Silva et al., 2016). Some of the factors that influence animal performance include body weight gain, diet digestibility, feed conversion, and feedlot period (Pinheiro et al., 2009; Geron et al., 2015).

In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including increasing levels of dehydrated agroindustrial guava byproduct to replace corn in terms of intake and nutrient digestibility as well as productive and economic performance of Santa Inês sheep in feedlots.

Material and Methods

The procedures performed in this experiment were approved by the local Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation under case no. CETEA 2305/14. The experiment was conducted in Bananeiras, PB, Brazil (08°20 'S and 36°25' W, and average elevation of 608 m). Average annual temperature ranges from 22 to 24 °C, with an average annual rainfall of 800 mm.

We used 40 uncastrated feedlot Santa Inês lambs with an average age of 120 days, and their average weight at the beginning of the study was 17.4±1.27 kg. The adaptation period to the diet and installation was 15 days, and animals were weighed on a weekly basis until they reached slaughter weight. They were initially dewormed via subcutaneous administration of 1% Ivermectin and subsequently allocated to individual stalls with an area of 1.8 m², with free access to feed and water, where they received the experimental diets.

The diets (Table 1) consisted of Tifton-85 hay (30%, Cynodon dactylon), soybean meal (22.0%), ground corn (41.0%), urea (0.5%), mineral supplement (1.5%), vegetable oil (5.0%), and guava agroindustrial byproduct at increasing levels of 0, 82, 164, and 246 g kg⁻¹ DM, replacing ground corn (0, 20, 40, and 60%, respectively; Table 2). The guava byproduct was collected from guava juice industries in the region, dried in the sun for ~24 h, and subsequently stored in nylon bags for later use. The diets were formulated to achieve a weight gain of 250 g day⁻¹, as recommended by NRC (2007), with a forage:concentrate ratio of 30:70. The experimental diets were offered ad libitum at 7.30 h and 16.30 h in the form of a complete diet. The leftovers from the ration were used to calculate voluntary intake and adjust the amount offered, considering 10% of leftovers.

Table 1
Chemical composition of diet ingredients

Ingredient (g kg−1)	DM	OM	MM	CP	EE	NDF1	ADF1	Lignin1
Guava byproduct	903.5	974.7	25.3	94.4	107.2	753.0	581.8	197.0
Tifton hay	807.3	926.1	73.9	79.8	17.4	786.4	390.4	55.0
Ground corn	875.1	969.9	30.1	85.6	57.1	135.2	38.3	11.9
Soybean meal	877.9	937.7	62.3	470.7	20.2	155.4	96.0	15.2
Vegetable oil1	1000.0	–	–	–	999.5	–	–	–
Urea1	1000	–	–	2810	–	–	–	–

• DM - dry matter; OM - organic matter; MM - mineral matter; CP - crude protein; NDF - neutral detergent fiber; ADF - acid detergent fiber.
• ¹
  Table values of composition of Valadares Filho et al. (2006).

Table 2
Chemical composition of experimental diets according to levels of guava agroindustrial byproduct in substitution of corn in the diet

Item		Guava byproduct level (%)
		0.0	8.2	16.4	24.6
Ingredient (g kg−1)
	Guava agroindustrial waste1	0.0	82.0	164.0	246.0
	Tifton hay	300.0	300.0	300.0	300.0
	Ground corn	410.0	328.0	246.0	164.0
	Soybean meal	220.0	220.0	220.0	220.0
	Urea	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0
	Mineral supplement2	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0
	Vegetable oil	50.0	50.0	50.0	50.0
Chemical composition
	Dry matter (DM; g kg−1 as fed)	843.9	846.2	848.5	850.9
	Crude protein (CP; g kg−1 DM)	176.7	177.4	178.1	178.8
	Ethereal extract (EE; g kg−1 DM)	82.9	86.9	91.0	94.2
	Mineral matter (MM; g kg−1 DM)	48.1	47.6	47.3	46.9
	Organic matter (OM; g kg−1 DM)	881.6	882.0	882.3	882.7
	Neutral detergent fiber (NDF; g kg−1 DM)	403.7	440.8	478.1	515.2
	Acid detergent fiber (ADF; g kg−1 DM)	216.2	262.5	308.7	355.1
	Non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC; g kg−1 DM)	288.6	247.3	205.5	164.9
	Total tannin (TT; g kg−1 DM)	0.00	5.00	24.0	48.0
	Total digestible nutrients (TDN; g kg−1 DM)	791.8	750.4	708.9	667.4
	Metabolizable energy (ME; Mcal kg−1 DM)	2.86	2.70	2.55	2.41

• ¹
  Composition of guava agroindustrial waste (in g kg⁻¹): DM, 903; OM, 974; MM, 25.3; CP, 94.4; NDF, 750; ADF, 683; TC, 773; NFC, 224.
• ²
  Composition of mineral supplement per kg: P, 70 g; Ca, 140 g; Na, 148 g; S, 12 g; Mg, 1320 mg; F, 700 mg; Zn, 4700 mg; Mn, 3690 mg; Fe, 2200 mg; Co, 140 mg; I, 61 mg; Se, 15 mg; sodium nonensin, 100 mg.

Ingredients of diet samples were collected before the preparation of the experimental diets. Diet samples, leftovers, and feces were pre-dried, homogenized, and frozen (−15 °C) for subsequent analyses. Pre-drying was performed in an air-circulation oven at 65 °C for 72 h. Samples were then crushed in a mill with a 1-mm mesh, labeled, and stored in airtight flasks for determination of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), and organic matter (OM); all methods were performed according to the methodology described by Silva and Queiroz (2002). Measurements of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were performed according to the methodology proposed by Van Soest et al. (1991). Alpha-amylase was used to obtain NDF. To estimate non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), the equation recommended by Mertens (1997) was used: $\text{NFC}=100-(\%\text{CP}+\%\text{EE}+\%\text{MM}+\%\text{NDF)}$. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) were estimated based on the composition table recommended by Valadares Filho et al. (2006). Digestible energy (DE) was calculated as the product between the TDN content, factor 4.409, and the concentration of metabolizable energy (ME), considered as 82% of DE (Silva and Leão, 1979). To determine the concentration of total tannins (TT), we used the butanol-HCl method, described by Terrill et al. (1992). Tannin concentration was converted into % of tannin from Mimosa hostilis, based on standard curve regression, according to Guimarães-Beelen et al. (2006).

After 28 days (four periods of seven days) of the experimental period, the digestibility trial was conducted over in, approximately, 105 days in feedlot. During this period, samples of diets, leftovers, and feces were collected, weighed, and stored at −15 °C for further analysis. Fecal samples were directly collected from a rectal swab twice daily (7.30 and 16.00 h). At the end of the collection period, these samples were also homogenized and pre-dried in a forced-ventilation oven at 65 °C for 72 h. All diets, leftovers, and fecal samples were ground in a Willey-type mill with a 2.0-mm sieve for subsequent laboratory analysis.

To determine indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDFi) concentrations in diets, leftovers, and feces, 1.0 gram of each concentrated ingredient and 0.5 g of leftovers and feces were incubated in the rumen of an adult cow for a period of 240 h in TNT bags, according to Casali et al. (2008). The remaining material was extracted with acid detergent, and the resulting residue was considered as the NDFi. Fecal dry matter production (FDMP) was determined via the following formula: FDMP = indicator consumption (kg)/indicator concentration in feces (%). To calculate the apparent digestibility of nutrients, the equation proposed by Silva and Leão (1979) was used: $\text{coefficient of digestibility (CD)}=[\text{nutrient intake (kg)}-\text{nutrients in feces (kg)}/\text{consumption of nutrients (kg)}]\times 100$.

Animals that reached 32.0 kg body weight were slaughtered, and at 105 days of confinement, the remainder was slaughtered, regardless of weight. The animals were subjected to fasting of solids and water diet for 18 h and slaughtered according to the norms in force in the Regulation of Industrial and Sanitary Inspection of Products of Animal Origin (Brasil, 2000). The animals were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and before slaughter to measure the initial (IW) and final (FW) weights, respectively. Slaughter was performed with stunning by cerebral concussion, followed by bleeding through an incision in the jugular vein and carotid artery, later skinned, and eviscerated. The carcasses were taken to a cold chamber with an average temperature of 4 °C, where they remained for 24 h suspended from hooks by the tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle.

To calculate the diet costs, ingredients were evaluated based on prices of December 2010, considering the average price in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, Brazil, with an exchange rate of US$ 1.00 = R$ 1.76. Thus, the final costs of diets were R$ 0.55, 0.53, 0.52, and 0.50 for 0, 20, 40, and 60% inclusion of guava byproduct, respectively. It is important to state that the economic analysis included lamb production and feeding costs. Costs of facilities and labor were considered fixed. The economic analysis considered that all animals were purchased for R$ 4.50/kg live weight (LW).

Variables used for the economic analysis were recommended by Lana et al. (1999), as follows: average gross income, obtained by multiplying LW by the price per kg of LW (R$ 4.50/kg); feeding costs, obtained by multiplying the total amount of feed intake by its respective price; and net income, obtained by the difference between the average gross income and feeding cost.

A completely randomized experimental design with four treatments and 10 replicates was used. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis. The model used was:

$${\mathrm{y}}_{\text{ij}}=\text{μ}+{\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{i}}+{\text{ε}}_{\text{ij}},$$

in which y_ij is the observed value of each trait, t_i is the treatment effect, and ε_ij is the random error with zero mean and variance δ². The treatment effect was adjusted in a linear regression model.

The criteria used to choose the equations were curved behavior, coefficient of determination (R²), and significance; for the regression parameters obtained by student's t test, a probability level of 5% was adopted.

Results

Dry matter intake (DMI; 1.27 kg day⁻¹), DMI% of LW (5.28%), and DMI in g kg⁻¹ LW^0.75 (117.0 g) were not affected by the inclusion of guava byproduct (P>0.05, at all concentrations) (Table 3).

Table 3
Nutrient intake according to levels of guava agroindustrial byproduct in substitution of corn in the diet

Item	Guava byproduct level (%)				SE	P-value
	0.0	8.2	16.4	24.6
Dry matter intake (kg day−1)	1.35	1.29	1.25	1.18	0.28	0.189
Dry matter intake (%LW)	5.43	5.21	5.13	5.35	1.45	0.944
Dry matter intake (g DM kg−1 LW0.75 day−1)	121.51	116.37	114.22	115.89	30.02	0.724
Crude protein intake (g day−1)	239.78	229.44	224.16	211.24	62.21	0.235
Neutral detergent fiber intake (g day−1)	547.82	570.11	601.76	608.67	133.69	0.135
Acid detergent fiber intake (g day−1)	293.38	339.50	388.55	419.52	98.12	0.0011
Non-fiber carbohydrates intake (g day−1)	391.63	319.85	258.65	194.81	97.80	0.0012
Total digestible nutrients intake (g day−1)	1010.80	917.00	841.15	692.45	134.34	0.0233

• LW - live weight; SE - standard error.
• ¹
  Y=296.12+2.13x(r2=0.99).
• ²
  Y=388.98−3.25x (r2=0.99).
• ³
  Y=1019.99−5.15x (r2=0.97).

The use of levels of the research byproduct negatively influenced (P<0.01) the TDN, ADF, and NFC intake. The TDN intake decreased linearly (P<0.01) with each percentage unit of dietary byproduct inclusion; a reduction in intake of the order of 5.15 g TDN was observed (Table 3). This behavior of TDN intake can be explained by the absence of an effect on DMI and by the TDN content in the experimental diets (Table 1), which is directly related to the lower energy content of the guava byproduct compared with corn.

Acid detergent fiber intake decreased linearly (P<0.01); about 2.13 g of ADF were consumed per day for each percentage unit of guava byproduct included in the diet. Importantly, besides the 13.9% increase in ADF contents (between the lowest and highest substitution levels), there was also a reduction of 15.7% in TDN levels. The diet significantly influenced NFC intake (P<0.01); the addition of guava byproduct resulted in a linear reduction of 18.3, 33.9, and 50.2% at inclusion levels of 8.2, 16.4, and 24.6%, respectively.

Increasing levels of guava byproduct in the diet had a decreasing linear effect (P<0.01) on digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, and ADF (Table 4).

Table 4
Apparent digestibility of nutrients according to levels of guava agroindustrial byproduct in substitution of corn in the diet of sheep

Apparent digestibility (%)	Guava byproduct level (%)				SE	P-value
	0.0	8.2	16.4	24.6
Dry matter	83.47	68.20	67.16	61.06	9.26	<0.0011
Organic matter	82.84	66.66	65.70	59.53	9.64	<0.0012
Crude protein	90.82	76.91	75.82	69.57	8.63	<0.0013
Ether extract	90.75	82.62	83.38	80.71	4.96	<0.0014
Neutral detergent fiber	84.52	64.24	56.14	47.67	15.07	<0.0015
Acid detergent fiber	80.22	56.09	48.72	40.41	16.87	<0.0016
Non-fiber carbohydrates	77.52	62.44	78.21	91.58	10.95	<0.0017

• SE - standard error.
• ¹
  Y=83.47−1.44x (r2=0.99).
• ²
  Y=82.84−1.53x (r2=0.99).
• ³
  Y=90.82−1.31x (r2=0.99).
• ⁴
  Y=88.77−0.14x (r2=0.74).
• ⁵
  Y=83.89−1.03x (r2=0.98).
• ⁶
  Y=79.34−1.22x (r2=0.98).
• ⁷
  Y=77.52−2.07x (r2=0.99).

An increasing linear relationship (P<0.01) was observed with NFC digestibility, which may be related to digestion of corn.

Diet had an effect (P<0.01) on final LW, feedlot days, ADG, carcass weight, carcass dressing, and feed conversion (Table 5). The final weight of lambs decreased linearly as the levels of guava byproduct in the diet increased (P<0.01), indicating that for each unit of guava byproduct added, the animals lost on average 16 g. This fact may be related to the reduction in TDN levels and the increase in lignin contents. In addition, the influence of dietary tannins (Table 3) increased as the levels of guava byproduct increased. There was a linear decrease (P<0.01) in ADG with increasing levels of guava byproduct.

Table 5
Performance of Santa Inês lambs according to increasing levels of guava agroindustrial byproduct in the diet

Characteristic	Guava byproduct level (%)				SE	P-value
	0.0	8.2	16.4	24.6
Initial weight (kg)	17.45	17.34	17.11	17.74	1.56	0.643
Final live weight (kg)	32.47	32.13	31.94	25.30	1.29	<0.0011
Average daily gain (kg)	0.26	0.22	0.22	0.12	0.05	<0.0012
Carcass weight (kg)	15.09	13.95	13.37	11.91	1.35	<0.0013
Carcass dressing (%)	48.93	46.31	44.85	42.08	3.34	<0.0014
FC (kg DM/kg ADG)	5.23	5.71	5.62	7.91	1.56	<0.0015

• FC - feed conversion; ADG - average daily gain; SE - standard error.
• ¹
  Y=32.39−0.016x (r2=0.95).
• ²
  Y=0.26−0.004x (r2=0.99).
• ³
  Y=15.10−0.050x (r2=0.97).
• ⁴
  Y=48.84−0.109x (r2=0.98).
• ⁵
  Y=5.37+0.028x (r2=0.90).

While there was no effect of the diet on DMI, lower levels of guava byproduct were more efficient (P<0.01), defined by the lowest feed conversion values of 5.23, 5.71, and 5.62 kg DM kg⁻¹ ADG for 0, 8.2, and 16.4%, respectively.

The intake and cost of diets increased (P<0.01) as the levels of guava byproduct in the diet increased (Table 6). Mean gross income was not affected by the inclusion of the guava byproduct (P>0.01), reflecting the influence of weight at slaughter on this variable, given that all animals were slaughtered and sold with similar weights and for similar prices. Moreover, net income (gross income/feeding costs) decreased significantly, which corresponds to losses of R$ 4.03, R$ 3.91, and R$ 14.58 between diets without and those with 8.2, 16.4, and 24.6% of guava byproduct, respectively.

Table 6
Mean and regression equation of variables used in the economic analysis of Santa Inês sheep fed different levels of guava byproduct

Characteristic	Guava byproduct level (%)				SE	P-value
	0.0	8.2	16.4	24.6
Intake (kg)	82.50	93.31	90.14	113.53	17.57	<0.0012
Cost of diets (R$)1	46.05	50.32	46.91	56.82	8.21	0.0043
Mean gross income (R$)	66.57	66.81	63.51	62.76	11.54	0.300
Net income (R$)	20.51	16.48	16.60	5.93	16.03	0.0064

• SE - standard error.
• ¹
  US$ 1.00=R$1.76.
• ²
  Y=82.50+1.56x (r2=0.99).
• ³
  Y=46.05+0.75x (r2=0.99).
• ⁴
  Y=21.42−0.21x (r2=0.81).

Discussion

In this experimental trial, DMI was determined in the confinement period, which differed across diets, thus enabling animals fed higher concentrations of guava byproduct to consume more feed to reach the final live weight. The results obtained were within the standards recommended by the NRC (2007) for sheep in this category, ranging from 1.0 to 1.3 kg day⁻¹, assuming an ADG between 220 and 260 g day⁻¹, except for animals fed 60% of guava byproduct, for which the ADG was 120 g. Average DMI based on LW percentage was slightly higher than values recommended by the NRC (2007), which are 4.3 at 5.0% of LW for lambs weighing from 20 to 30 kg. However, using guava byproduct in the diet for sheep, Lousada Junior et al. (2005) reported an average DMI of 4.4% of LW.

The DMI in relation to metabolic weight (117.00 g kg⁻¹ LW^0.75/day) at all inclusion levels was above the values recommended by the NRC (2007), which is 100 g kg⁻¹ LW^0.75/day, and corroborates the results obtained by Lousada Junior et al. (2005), who observed an intake of 106.8 g kg⁻¹ LW^0.75/day in total DM, indicating a good palatability of this byproduct.

All diets (except for the 60% inclusion) met the requirements of 0.84 kg/day for sheep, recommended by the NRC (2007). The inclusion of 60% guava byproduct led to a decrease in animal performance (Table 4). According to the NRC (2007), the nutritional requirements during this phase are around 14-16% CP and 70-78% TDN of total DM, whilst consuming around 4.5-5.0% of LW in the DM providing at least 60% of concentrate, based on corn and oil bran in diets. This may have stimulated the intake of dietary fiber by the animals to compensate for dietary deficiency (Van Soest, 1994).

This reduction is related to lower NFC dietary levels as well as the increase in NDF and ADF contents due to the addition of guava byproduct. Therefore, diets with lower levels of guava byproduct and, consequently, higher NFC concentrations showed higher solubility, a higher fermentation rate, and a shorter residence time in the rumen, according to Regadas Filho et al. (2011).

This may be a consequence of the high percentage of seeds in the guava byproduct, which has a high specific density, thus increasing digestion time and reducing digestibility (Azevedo et al., 2011). The apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, and ADF decreased by 1.44, 1.53, 1.31, 0.14, 1.03, and 1.22% per unit of guava inclusion, respectively. The decrease in digestibility coefficients of DM and OM may have been due to the greater concentration of NFC present in corn (65.4%) compared with the guava byproduct (12.7%). Regarding the biological value of CP, which is different between guava byproduct and corn, it promotes a reduction in digestible protein absorption, as reported by Silva et al. (2011).

Organic matter intake was 1,196.3, 1,140.7, 1,110.5, and 1,042.8 g day⁻¹. The apparent digestibility coefficients of OM were 82.84, 66.66, 65.70, and 59.53 for the different levels of dietary guava byproduct. Therefore, it could be inferred that the sheep consumed 991.0, 760.4, 729.6, and 620.8 g of digestible organic matter, according to the levels of guava byproduct, i.e., guava byproduct promoted a reduction in the availability of this nutrient. A high correlation between OM digestibility and energy content of the diets was reported by AFRC (1993). However, in our study, the energy content decreased with increasing levels of guava byproduct to replace corn.

Regarding digestibility of DM, OM, and NDF, Azevedo et al. (2011) used levels of 10 and 30% of guava byproduct in diets for heifers and observed digestibility coefficients of 57.2 and 50.5% for DM, 60.2 and 52.7% for OM, and 58.2 and 48.7% for NDF, which were lower than those observed in this study. However, higher levels of guava byproduct in the diet causes a reduction in the digestibility of these constituents, supporting the results of the present study.

The reduction in NDF and ADF digestibility was 1.03 and 1.22% per unit of guava byproduct included in the diet. The NDF digestibility may have been influenced by the contents of the cell wall, in addition to its own structure and organization. The high lignin content (22.1%) of the guava byproduct, as reported by Azevedo et al. (2011), may have contributed to the lower digestibility of ADF and nutrients. In this context, Costa et al. (2010) reported that lignin participates in ADF composition and reduces nutrient digestibility and availability of CP. Another hypothesis is related to the presence of tannins, which form complexes with carbohydrates and minerals (Guimarães-Beelen et al., 2006). Importantly, the intake of tannins by ruminants has also been linked to positive effects on nutrition, at average concentrations of 3-4% of DM. Factors include protection of dietary protein against excessive rumen degradation, reduced ammonia waste, increased absorption of amino acids, tympanite prevention, and, more recently, reduced rumen methane production (Animut et al., 2008; Patra and Saxena, 2010). The present study also found tanning levels in the DM above 4% with the inclusion of 24.6% guava byproduct.

According to Hoover (1986), there is a superposition of aminolytic bacteria in relation to those which digest fibers in the competition for the same substrate or for fiber-degrading enzymes, which may be inhibited by NFC or byproducts of its digestion.

The reduction in the TDN concentration in experimental diets as well as the increased indigestibility of nutrients were considered major factors for the slower weight gain. The presence of anti-nutritional factors, such as tannins and lignin, could lead to a strategic behavior in animals, both at a cellular and behavioral levels, to prevent intoxication or mitigate adverse effects (Lima Júnior et al., 2010). This may have influenced the total weight gain of animals in the present study, since guava byproduct contains these compounds.

Weight gain ranged from 260 to 120 g day⁻¹, suggesting that higher levels of guava lead to lower ADG. The ADG of 260 g, observed in animals fed diet without guava byproduct, was higher than the 250 g recommended by the NRC (2007) (for lambs with 20 kg moderate potential for weight gain, receiving diets with energy and protein levels of 81.8% of TDN and 16.8% of CP, respectively). In contrast, ADG observed in animals fed 24.6% guava byproduct (120 g day⁻¹) were well below the recommended values. This fact can be explained by the reduction in the energy fraction of diets (TDN) and by the increase in the fibrous constituents NDF and ADF. Alternatively, this could be explained by the competition between degradation and passage rates (Van Soest, 1994) and the low digestibility of guava byproduct (Azevedo et al., 2011), which directly reflects the amount of feed that passes through the rumen.

Levels of guava byproduct increased the confinement time of animals. Due to the decrease of levels (P<0.01) in the final weight, mean daily gain, carcass weight and yield, and feed efficiency of animals. Shorter confinement periods reduce age at slaughter and production costs and improve carcass quality and quantity (Medeiros et al., 2009). Guava byproduct levels of 8.2 and 16.4% could increase confinement by 9.1 days (relative to the control diet), which is relevant for this feedlot sheep breeding system. Comparing the data with previous studies from the literature, it is obvious that animals showed a satisfactory confinement period for the inclusion of up to 16.4% guava byproduct.

However, the inclusion of 24.6% guava byproduct showed the lowest feed conversion rate, with an average of 7.91 kg DM kg⁻¹ ADG. Considering that animal performance can be expressed in terms of feed intake and use, the inclusion of high level of guava byproduct (60%) clearly reflects the low availability and digestibility of nutrients (Medeiros et al., 2009).

The fact that increasing the level of guava byproduct reduces total cost of diets (R$ 0.55, 0.53, 0.52, and 0.50 for 0.0, 8.2, 16.4, and 24.6% of guava byproduct, respectively) shows some economic viability in relation to the results obtained. Animals fed 24.6% guava byproduct consumed 31.03 kg more feed, which corresponds to an increase of 37.56% relative to control animals (without guava byproduct). This could be expected, since animals fed high amounts of guava byproduct (24.6%) stayed in confinement for 46.20 days longer before reaching slaughter weight (29.79 kg). Medeiros et al. (2009) reported that the use of concentrate in the diet raises weights and yields of cold carcass, but the increase in concentrate levels does not increase the weights and yields of cuts of the carcass of Morada Nova sheep.

Conclusions

The substitution of corn by guava byproduct promotes a reduction in the intake of total digestible nutrients (energy), average daily gain, final weight, carcass weight and yield, and feed efficiency of animals. The inclusion of up to 16.4% of guava byproduct in the diet of feedlot sheep is appropriate for maintaining good performance and economic viability of the system.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), for financial support of this project. We also thank the personnel from the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco (IFPE) and the Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL): P. M. G. Beelen, F. Chagas, and G. V. Costa.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  01 Aug 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  02 May 2018
• Accepted
  19 May 2019