Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

A review of Latin American studies on binge eating disorder

Abstracts

OBJECTIVE: To review the state of the art of the scientific literature on binge eating disorder in Latin America. METHOD: A literature search of studies conducted in Latin American countries using the term "binge eating" was performed in the following electronic databases: PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, and PsycINFO. Selected articles described studies developed with Latin American samples that met partial or complete DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder. RESULTS: 8,123 articles were screened and 30 studies met the inclusion criteria (18 cross-sectional studies, 5 clinical trials, 4 case reports, 2 validity studies, and 1 cohort study). Most of the studies were conducted in Brazil (27), one in Argentina, one in Colombia, and one in Venezuela. The prevalence of binge eating disorder among obese people attending weight loss programs ranged between 16% and 51.6%. The comparison between obese people with and without binge eating disorder showed a tendency of higher weight, longer history of weight fluctuation, more concern about shape and weight, and association with psychiatric comorbidity in those with binge eating disorder. CONCLUSION: Binge eating disorder is a detectable phenomenon in Latin America with clinical features similar to those found in the international literature. This review provides support for the consideration of binge eating disorder as a distinct eating disorder in the International Classification of Diseases - 11th edition.

Binge eating disorder; International Classification of Diseases; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Diagnosis; Classification


OBJETIVO: Revisar o estado de arte da literatura latino-americana sobre o transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica. MÉTODO: Foi feita uma busca sobre estudos realizados em países latino-americanos usando-se o termo "binge eating", nas seguintes bases eletrônicas: PubMed, LILACS, SciELO e PsycINFO. O critério de inclusão foi selecionar estudos desenvolvidos com amostras latino-americanas que preencheram critérios parciais ou completos do transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica pelo Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais-4ª Edição. RESULTADOS: Foram rastreados 8.123 artigos e 30 preencheram o critério de inclusão (18 estudos de corte transversal, cinco ensaios clínicos, quatro relatos de casos, dois estudos de validade, um estudo de coorte). A maioria dos estudos foi conduzida no Brasil (27), um na Argentina, um na Colômbia e um na Venezuela. A prevalência de transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica em obesos em programas para perda de peso esteve entre 16% e 51,6%. A comparação entre obesos com e sem transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica mostrou uma maior tendência para peso mais alto, oscilação ponderal, preocupação com peso e forma corporal e associação com comorbidades psiquiátricas naqueles com transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica. CONCLUSÃO: O transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica mostra-se um fenômeno verificável na América Latina com características clínicas semelhantes às encontradas na literatura internacional. Esta revisão fornece subsídios para que o transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica seja considerado uma categoria distinta de transtorno alimentar na Classificação Internacional de Doenças-11ª Edição.

Transtorno da compulsão alimentar; Classificação Internacional de Doenças; Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais; Diagnóstico; Classificação


ARTICLES

A review of Latin American studies on binge eating disorder

Marly Amorim PalavrasI; Glauber Higa KaioI; Jair de Jesus MariII, III; Angélica Medeiros ClaudinoI

IPrograma de Atenção aos Transtornos Alimentares (PROATA), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

IIDepartment of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

IIIPsychiatry Institute, Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

Correspondence Correspondência: Marly Amorim Palavras Departamento de Psiquiatria Programa de Atenção aos Transtornos Alimentares (PROATA) Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Rua Borges Lagoa, 570, 7º andar, conj.71 - Vila Clementino 04038-020 São Paulo, SP, Brasil Tel.: (+55 11) 5084-2187 Fax: (+55 11) 5182-1721 E-mail: mpalavras@ig.com.br

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To review the state of the art of the scientific literature on binge eating disorder in Latin America.

METHOD: A literature search of studies conducted in Latin American countries using the term "binge eating" was performed in the following electronic databases: PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, and PsycINFO. Selected articles described studies developed with Latin American samples that met partial or complete DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder.

RESULTS: 8,123 articles were screened and 30 studies met the inclusion criteria (18 cross-sectional studies, 5 clinical trials, 4 case reports, 2 validity studies, and 1 cohort study). Most of the studies were conducted in Brazil (27), one in Argentina, one in Colombia, and one in Venezuela. The prevalence of binge eating disorder among obese people attending weight loss programs ranged between 16% and 51.6%. The comparison between obese people with and without binge eating disorder showed a tendency of higher weight, longer history of weight fluctuation, more concern about shape and weight, and association with psychiatric comorbidity in those with binge eating disorder.

CONCLUSION: Binge eating disorder is a detectable phenomenon in Latin America with clinical features similar to those found in the international literature. This review provides support for the consideration of binge eating disorder as a distinct eating disorder in the International Classification of Diseases - 11th edition.

Descriptors: Binge eating disorder; International Classification of Diseases; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Diagnosis; Classification

Introduction

Two diagnostic classification systems guide the field of mental disorders. The first of them, the International Classification of Diseases, currently in its 10th edition (CID-10), is officially used in all countries.1 The other system is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, in its 4th revised edition (DSM-IV-TR),2 organized by the American Psychiatric Association, which is used in the United States and widely cited in international research.2 These two classification systems are currently under review for the publication of their new editions. The systems have two main diagnostic categories of eating disorders (ED) in common: anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), among other categories of ED that are not diagnostic entities in themselves but include partial features of AN and BN or consist of unspecific syndromes (see CID-10/WHO,19921 and DSM-IV-TR/APA, 20002).

The occurrence of binge eating episodes (BEE) in obese patients was first observed and described by Stunkard, in 1959.3 In 1977, Wermuth et al. proposed diagnostic criteria for the binge eating syndrome, describing the presence of overeating followed or not by induced vomiting.4 The DSM-III5 adopted these criteria in 1980 and named the disorder "bulimia". The DSM-III-R6 changed the name of this diagnostic category to "bulimia nervosa" in 1987, as well as changed the diagnostic criteria by requiring the presence of inappropriate compensatory methods of weight control (purging methods like induced vomiting, abuse of laxatives, enemas and/or diuretics, or engaging in excessive physical activity), thus restricting the coverage of this category and making it potentially more homogeneous.

In the beginning of the 1990s, Spitzer et al. described individuals in treatment for weight loss presenting BEE not associated with compensatory mechanisms and with different features from BN.7 In that multicenter study, the same clinical picture occurred in 30.1% of a sample of 1,984 subjects. Based on these findings, the authors proposed the inclusion of diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder (BED) in appendix B of the DSM-IV as a new diagnostic category requiring further investigation. The criteria included: (1) presence of recurrent BEE characterized by overeating associated with feelings of loss of control; (2) presence of at least three indicators of loss of control (eating faster than usual, eating until feeling full, overeating without being hungry, eating alone due to embarrassment of overeating, and feeling embarrassed, sad or guilty after the episode); (3) feelings of distress related to BEE; (4) frequency and average duration of BEE of two days per week for six months; and (5) no association with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory mechanisms to control weight (e.g., purging) or with AN and BN. Currently, patients presenting symptoms similar to those of BED are classified in the category of "eating disorder not otherwise specified" (EDNOS) according to the DSM-IV-TR,2 which encompasses many conditions including partial presentations of AN and BN, but also presentations characterized mainly by recurrent BEE without the regular use of compensatory mechanisms.

Since the introduction of criteria for research on BED in the DSM-IV (1994),8 this diagnostic category has been widely investigated. Literature reviews suggest that BED has similarities with other ED that allow the distinction between affected and healthy individuals, but also highlight its differences in relation to other ED, strengthening its specificity as a distinct condition.9,10 Although a number of questions on the diagnosis of BED are still under discussion, there is enough support to consider its inclusion as a new diagnostic category in the DSM-V.9-12

In the ICD-10, however, no reference is made to any diagnostic category close to the one currently included in the DSM-IV. Patients with overeating associated to loss of control that do not resort to compensatory methods may be classified in three of the current ED categories in the ICD-10: "ED, unspecified", "atypical BN", and "overeating associated with other psychological disturbances". These are wide categories encompassing several conditions, especially the first one {an useful residual category to classify any condition that cannot be assigned to another category). In the ICD-10, the category "atypical BN" covers partial presentations of BN (those in which one or more BN criteria are not fulfilled), such that BEE (as those in BED) could be present but not necessarily in association with compensatory mechanisms. There is also mention to regular or excessive weight in atypical BN, an aspect that is also observed in BED. The third category above is intended to diagnose conditions in which overeating may lead to obesity and which result from distressing events (mourning, accidents, surgeries, etc.). Although no specific mention is made to BEE observed in BED in this category, these episodes involve overeating and potential weight gain, as well as emotionally distressing events. The distribution of individuals with similar behavioral manifestations in different categories of the ICD may hamper the study of their clinical features, etiological factors, and therapeutic strategies. It is important, therefore, that the revision of the ICD take into consideration studies on BED so as to enable the analysis of the validity and clinical utility of this disorder as a new diagnostic category, or, at least, to favor the classification of BED patients in a single category of ED.

Despite the significant contribution of the vast literature produced mainly in North America and Europe concerning this novel potential diagnostic category, little has been discussed about BED (or conditions alike) in Latin American populations, since the major reviews in this field tend to include few publications in Spanish and Portuguese.9,10 This circumstance has raised the interest of Latin American clinicians and researchers in investigating the extent to which BED can be considered a global syndrome, as well as how far it has been investigated and identified as distinct from other ED, obesity, and normality. This review examines studies conducted in Latin American countries involving ED patients fulfilling the criteria for BED according to the DSM-IV or with presentations resembling BED (subthreshold samples) in order to broaden the cross-cultural knowledge on BED and contribute for the discussion regarding its inclusion as a specific diagnostic category in classification systems.

Method

In this comprehensive literature review, we included Latin American articles published in indexed journals that used the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for the investigation of BED and its subthreshold form. Databases searched included PubMed (1950 to December 7, 2010), LILACS (1995 to December 7, 2010), SciELO (1998 to December 7, 2010), and PsycINFO (1965-2010). The search term used was "binge-eating" and studies in English, Spanish, and Portuguese were selected. Book chapters, theses, conference annals, and theoretical articles were not included in the review. Systematic reviews by Latin American authors were used to complement the screening for Latin American bibliographic references (cited in these publications); however, the reference lists of selected articles were not checked. The following criteria were defined for the inclusion of research articles: (1) studies conducted in Latin American countries (involving clinical and general population samples comprising mainly Latin American subjects); and (2) studies including at least one sample subgroup that fulfilled partial or complete DSM-IV2 criteria for the diagnosis of BED with no constraints related to gender, age, education, or body mass index (BMI). We excluded, however, studies whose findings referred to patients with BEE alone and where there were no other aspects associated with these episodes that were suggestive of BED and allowed its differentiation from others bulimic type diseases or other EDNOS, and also studies involving ED patients in which results for BED groups were not presented separately.

Two reviewers (M.A.P. and G.H.K.) independently examined the titles and abstracts of the references found and selected articles to be fully reviewed for subsequent decision concerning their adequacy to the purposes of this review. When there were doubts related to the fulfillment of the inclusion criteria, the second reviewer was asked to examine the articles in question and a third reviewer (A.M.C.) was consulted in the case of disagreement, until consensus was reached. The three reviewers are clinicians and researchers in the field of ED. The selected articles were classified according to the type of information provided in the following classes: (1) epidemiology; (2) clinical characteristics and diagnostic investigation; (3) comorbidity; and (4) intervention and prognosis.

Results

The searches yielded 8,122 articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese. One more article was selected from the reference lists of 16 systematic reviews identified in the searches, adding up to a total of 8,123 articles. The article selection flowchart is described in Figure 1.


Together, the selected studies included a total of 7,514 patients, of which 1,025 were diagnosed with BED. The articles included in this review were published between 1995 and 2010 and their characteristics are outlined in Tables 1-4. Most studies were performed in Brazil (n = 27), and Argentina,13 Venezuela,14 and Colombia15 contributed with only one article each. The articles were classified in the categories "epidemiology" (11 studies summarized in Table 1), "clinical characteristics" (9 articles summarized in Table 2), "comorbidity" (11 articles detailed in Table 3), and "intervention and prognosis" (10 studies in Table 4). Information from a same study may be described in more than one table. Excluded articles and reasons for exclusion are presented in Table 5 (available at www.scielo.br/rbp).

The number of participants in each study ranged from 1 (case report) to 1,971. Clinical samples were enrolled in most investigations (n = 28) and only two studies included specific samples (students). The age range of participants (not only with BED) was 11-65 years (n = 26 articles), and age means ranged between 14.1 and 52.9 years (n = 13). In respect to gender, 16 studies included men and women and 10 enrolled women only, excluding the case reports studies (n = 4). The mean BMI of participants was in the obesity range, between 30.1 and 52.2kg/m2 (n = 10). Fourteen studies included only obese subjects.

The prevalence of BED was informed in 11 studies. Nine of these investigations, which included clinical samples of obese patients13,15-22 seeking treatment, described prevalence rates between 16% and 51.6%. Only 2 investigations assessed the frequency of BED in student samples.14,23 There were no studies concerning the prevalence of BED in the general population (Table 1).

Seven studies examined the clinical features of participants with BED symptoms. Women with BED had higher weight, more weight fluctuations, and were more concerned about body weight and shape as compared to women without BED.17,24 The study by Fontenelle and colleagues, the only one to use both classificatory systems (DSM-IV and ICD-10), described a subgroup of patients with BED symptoms (DSM-IV), also classified as atypical BN according to the ICD-10, in which the severity of BE assessed with the Binge Eating Scale (BES) was higher compared to obese participants without BED (30.05 vs. 18.32; p < 0.000) (Table 2).25

BED patients had more comorbid psychiatric symptoms or diagnoses, especially mood17,22,25,26 and anxiety26,27 disorders. Women with BED had higher scores than women without BED in several psychopathological domains assessed with the Symptom Checklist - 90 (SCL-90)22,25 and lower scores compared to a group with symptoms indicative of partial BN.25 BED was associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in two studies28,29 (Table 3).

Although eight studies dealt with pharmacological or psychotherapeutic interventions for BED,27,30-36 only two performed randomized controlled clinical trials34,36 (Table 4).

Discussion

The findings of this review contribute to the current discussion in the literature regarding the status of BED as a distinct pathology in relation to other ED. The prevalence of BED in obese Latin American populations in treatment for weight loss ranged between 16% and 51.6%, and between 0.66% and 1.8% among youth. Evidence17,24 shows that BED patients have higher weight, greater weight oscillation, and higher concerns about body weight and shape compared to those without BED. An important association of BED with other psychiatric conditions was found, especially mood17,22,25,26 and anxiety26,27 disorders. Obese individuals with BED were responsive to pharmacological (sibutramine and topiramate) and psychological (cognitive behavioral therapy - CBT) interventions.34-36 In general, our results were similar to those already reported in the literature, suggesting that BED is a global phenomenon also observed in Latin America.

BED has drawn increasing attention from clinicians and researchers, what is demonstrated by the fact that 26 out of the 30 Latin American publications selected for this review consisted of empirical studies. The frequency with which the syndrome is manifested justifies the research on BED. Epidemiological studies report BED prevalence rates around 0.7% and 3% in the general population, which makes BED more frequent than classical AN and BN.37,38 Although no Latin American epidemiological studies in the general population were found, our results point to the prevalence of BED in clinical populations of obese individuals seeking treatment as ranging between 16% and 51.6%, equivalent to the frequencies between 7.5% and 30% reported by international services39,40 and 11% and 49% among obese patients awaiting bariatric surgery.41,42 Some of our findings refer to the manifestation of BED in adolescence: in a non-clinical population of youth (12-18 years) from Venezuela,14 the prevalence of BED was 0.66% (0.51% in girls and 0.14% in boys), and a Brazilian study23 reported that 1.8% of a sample of young students (15-17 years) had BED. In countries outside Latin America, studies with samples of adolescents have shown similar rates. A Norwegian investigation involving participants aged 14-15 described a prevalence of 0.4% for each gender,43 and a North American study found BED rates of 1.9% among girls and 0.34% among boys with a mean age of 14 years.44

The identification of clinical and demographic aspects capable of distinguishing BED from other diagnostic categories of ED is crucial for its validation as a distinct category. It cannot be inferred from our data, however, that the incidence of BED is higher among adult obese women, as reported in most of the studies included in this review, since 10 of them included only female samples and 14 included only obese patients. Nonetheless, one of the articles reviewed17 that compared groups of women with BED and BN found that the former comprised older people. The findings that BED affects mainly older people and women (although the proportion across genders is similar: three women for every two men45) and that it is frequently connected with obesity support its differentiation from AN and BN, both conditions affecting mostly adolescent and young women and commonly associated with lower BMI over life.10,46,47

Little has been done in the sense of evaluating the diagnostic validity of BED through instruments in Spanish or Portuguese. Two self-rating scales in Portuguese have been validated, and only one of them, the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns - Revised (QEWP-R7) assesses the diagnosis of BED according to the DSM-IV. The other instrument, the Binge Eating Scale (BES48) has been mainly designed to evaluate the severity of binge eating symptoms, and not to diagnose BED. The Portuguese versions of these instruments have adequate psychometric qualities, with good positive predictive value and specificity in the case of the QEWP-R (79.3% chance to identify BED cases). The BES proved highly sensitive for the presence of binge eating symptoms, although diagnoses must be confirmed through clinical interview. Only one study from Argentina13 used the Spanish version of the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE - version 12),49 the gold standard for the diagnostic evaluation of ED. Therefore, the scarcity of valid and easily applied instruments for Latin American populations is an obstacle to further investigations in this field in Latin America.

One study assessed the presence of DSM-IV criteria for the diagnosis of BED: B (presence of behavioral indicators associated with loss of control during BEE), C (presence of distress), and D (frequency of BEE).14 This is an interesting study because it investigated the frequency with which these criteria were fulfilled by people with symptoms suggestive of BED, contributing for the characterization of symptoms that are relevant for the diagnosis. The study found that 100% of patients with a partial diagnosis of BED fulfilled a subthreshold criterion related to the frequency of BEE in BED: two episodes in one week over three months. Wilson and Sisko suggest that the duration of three months be maintained for both the diagnosis of BN (as it is already in the DSM) and BED (currently requiring a period of six months in the DSM) in the new edition of the DSM.50 The ICD-10 describes no specific duration of symptoms for ED diagnoses. Quintero-Párraga et al.14 reported a frequency of 33-55% for the occurrence of behavioral indicators of loss of control (see Table 2) related to BEE (described in criterion B).2 This is a relevant finding because few studies refer to the frequency and importance of such indicators for the diagnosis of BED. Some authors state that existing evidence concerning these indicators provide moderate support for the diagnosis of BED,12 although further studies are necessary to validate BED indicators.

In respect to clinical features, obese female patients with BED had higher weight, greater weight oscillation, and greater concern about body weight and shape (or body image) as compared to obese women without BED.17,24 Similar data have been described in the literature, where dissatisfaction with weight, past and current presence of excessive body weight, and weight fluctuations distinguished between obese subjects with BED and obese individuals without the syndrome.51-53

Three studies comparing samples with and without BED22,26,54 and one comparing full and partial BED, BN, and healthy volunteers17 showed an important association between BED and psychiatric comorbidities, especially mood and anxiety disorders. Additional findings concerning comorbidity describe the association of BED with other psychopathological conditions or symptoms, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,55 alexithymia, impulsivity (e.g., self-harm), somatization, psychoticism, and others.15,17,22,24,25 Our findings corroborate the observations of two recent literature reviews10,11 summarizing research results on BED that showed a higher frequency of associated psychiatric conditions in obese BED patients compared to obese individuals without BED. According to Wonderlich et al., the presence of psychiatric comorbidity in BED is not related to the presence of obesity in itself, since it is also observed in non-obese BED patients, but it is associated with the occurrence of BEE.10 Likewise, Latner and Clyne state that the harm caused by BED seems to be independent of the presence of obesity.12 Therefore, patients with BED, regardless of being obese, evolve differently from healthy individuals, that is, with more associated psychiatric symptoms and potential quality of life impairment.56

Although the literature on BED has plenty of evidence supporting its distinction in relation to people without ED, and especially obese individuals without BED, few classificatory studies (involving taxometric and latent class analyses) including obese people with and without BED support this discrimination so far,10 and no such studies have been performed in Latin America.

There are also few studies published to date dealing with the atypical forms of AN and BN. Only one article included in this review compared a group that completed the required criteria for atypical BN in the ICD-10, but not for BED in the DSM-IV, and a group completing diagnostic criteria for both diagnoses.25 The two groups presented more severe symptoms of binge eating and major depressive episode as compared to a control group without ED. When these two groups were compared amongst themselves, the one with atypical BN had higher scores of psychiatric symptoms including somatization, obsessive-compulsive traits, and anxiety. This study contributed to the distinction between patients with ED (both atypical BN and BED) and obese controls without ED from the psychopathological viewpoint. However, the higher frequency of comorbid psychiatric conditions in the atypical BN group (potentially including subjects with partial BN) is suggestive of the differentiation between atypical BN and BED. The lack of accuracy of the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria does not allow for a clear distinction between partial BN (syndromes with characteristics that are closer to those of BN) and BED, which may favor the inclusion of patients in the atypical BN category who actually have less severe psychiatric comorbidity and associated psychopathological symptoms, and that may thus have different clinical evolutions.25 There are two different categories in the ICD-10 to diagnose partial and full presentations of BN (BN and atypical BN). Greater coherence is likely to be achieved if the BN category is expanded so as to include atypical BN and a distinct category is created to classify BED.

In respect to physical comorbidity, two studies indicated an association between BED and type 2 diabetes mellitus, with prevalence rates of 10%28 and 28.6%29 in clinical populations with diabetes. The second study highlighted the negative impact of BED on weight and the impairment of the metabolic control in diabetic patients. A North American study57 described an association of BED and type 2 diabetes mellitus of 25.6%, and a higher frequency of obesity, consonant with our findings. The identification of BED in populations with diabetes may help improve the clinical management and evolution of this condition.28,29

Randomized, placebo-controlled trials assessed pharmacological interventions (sibutramine)34 alone or in association with CBT (topiramate)36 to treat obese patients with BED. Both treatments were efficient, especially in respect to the decrease or remission of BEE and weight loss. A non-controlled clinical trial with CBT also reported positive effects on BED symptoms.35 Meta-analyses on the efficacy of treatments for BED showed a moderate effect of medications on BEE,58,59 as well as supported CBT as the technique of choice to treat BED,58,60 although expressive results in terms of weight loss are not commonly observed with psychotherapy.37 Our finding that BED responds to pharmacological and psychological interventions demonstrates the clinical usefulness of this diagnosis; however, limitations in the design of the studies reviewed hamper the examination of the specificity of these interventions for the treatment of BED in relation to other ED, since no study compared more than one intervention or diagnostic group.

A study with obese patients who underwent gastric bypass surgery identified a frequency of 20% of BED after six months of follow-up.61 Two years later, these patients had lost less weight than the group without BEE. The authors support, therefore, a worse prognosis for those with a history of binge eating after gastric bypass surgery and raise the hypothesis that the early identification of BED followed by adequate treatment would favor a better post-surgical evolution.61 Although these findings were confirmed by a North American study with 2-7 years of post-surgical follow-up,62 other investigations do not support the impact of BEE or BED in the post-surgical evolution of obese patients63,64 and therefore further investigation is warranted to clarify this prognostic aspect. The identification of BED or BEE in candidates for bariatric surgery and after operation, however, may contribute for the control of their potential implications.

The similarities between Latin American and international studies lend support to the consistency and specificity of the manifestation of BED. Nonetheless, the literature recognizes limitations to this diagnosis related to the criteria proposed in DSM,12 as well as to other factors concerning its construct validity, such as the paucity of investigations on etiological factors (e.g., neurobiological findings) and clinical course in representative population samples.10

The diagnostic differences that emerge with the application and comparison of ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria are currently under discussion, as well as their implications for research and communication between clinicians. According to a survey by Nicholls and Arcellus that examined the number of studies published between 2005 and 2009 which used the ICD-10 or DSM-IV to classify patients with ED, only 4 (out of 236) used only the ICD-10.65 This finding demonstrates the limitations of the use of ICD-10 for research in the field. Despite the large number of categories in the ICD-10, the authors stated that many of these categories are not easily differentiated and that the inter-rater reliability for atypical presentations of ED is low. It has been recommended65,66 that atypical presentations be described in a more specific and consistent way so as to allow their diagnosis, although they do not support BED as a distinct category but as a presentation of the category "overeating associated with other psychological disturbances". Although major changes in classification systems are not convenient due to their implications (related to existing diagnostic instruments and research findings), we consider that there is enough information to support the characterization of BED as a distinct entity and acknowledge that the diagnosis of BED is already in use by specialists in the field in clinical practice.

This review has limitations that deserve mention: some of the studies reviewed involved small samples; there are no epidemiological investigations in general Latin American populations, nor studies dealing with other strategies of validation (e.g., laboratory findings, genetics or family history); in general, the studies examined used a cross-sectional design; the screening instruments used were mostly self-rated; few studies provided comparative data between subjects with BED and other ED, restricting the differentiation of BED from other eating pathologies; and no studies used the ICD-10 alone as classification system to identify patients with symptoms suggestive of BED.

Despite these limitations, studies involving Latin American populations suggest that the characteristics of the presentation of BED in Latin America are similar to those reported in the international literature. BED is distinct from normality due to its clinical aspects, and its presence in obese patients allows the differentiation between affected and non-affected obese individuals, which supports the consideration of BED as a distinct eating disorder in the ICD-11.

Acknowledgements

We thank Professor Denise Razzouk (Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo) for her contributions to the elaboration of the manuscript. J.J.M. is an I-A CNPq researcher. G.H.K. was granted a Master's Fellowship by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) during the conduction of this study.

Disclosures - Click to enlarge

References

Tabela 5 - Clique para ampliar

Referências

  • 1
    1. World Health Organization - WHO. The ICD-10 Classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneval: World Health Organization; 1992.
  • 2
    2. American Psychiatric Association - APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., text revised. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
  • 3. Stunkard AJ. Eating patterns and obesity. Psychiatr Q 1959;33:284-95.
  • 4. Wermuth BM, Davis KL, Hollister LE, Stunkard AJ. Phenytoin treatment of the binge eating syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1977;134(11):1249-53.
  • 5
    5. American Psychiatric Association - APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association; 1980.
  • 6
    6. American Psychiatric Association - APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed., revised. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association; 1987.
  • 7. Spitzer RL, Devlin M, Walsh BT, Hasin D, Wing R, Marcus M, Stunkard A, Wadden T, Yanovski S, Agras S, Mitchell J, Nonas C. Binge eating disorder: a multisite field trial of the diagnostic criteria. Int J Eat Disorder 1992;11(3):191-203.
  • 8
    8 American Psychiatric Association - APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4rd ed. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
  • 9 Striegel-Moore RH, Franko DL. Should binge eating disorder be included in the DSM-V? A critical review of the state of the evidence. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2008;4:305-24.
  • 10. Wonderlich SA, Gordon KH, Mitchell JE, Crosby RD, Engel SG. The validity and clinical utility of binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2009;42(8):687-705.
  • 11. Wilfley DE, Bishop ME, Wilson GT, Agras WS. Classification of eating disorders: toward DSM-V. Int J Eat Disord 2007;40(Suppl):S123-9.
  • 12. Latner JD, Clyne C. The diagnostic validity of the criteria for binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2008;41(1):1-14.
  • 13. Bay LB, Herscovici CR, Kovalskys I, Berner E, Orellana L, Bergesio A. Alteraciones alimentarias en niños y adolescents argentinos que concurren al consultorio del pediatra. Arch Argent Pediatr 2005;103(4):305-16.
  • 14 Quintero-Párraga E, Pérez-Montiel AC, Montiel-Nava C, Pirela D, Acosta MF, Pineda N. Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Prevalência y características clínicas em adolescentes de la ciudad de Maracaíbo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Invest Clin 2003;44(3):179-93.
  • 15. Rodriguez GM, Guerrero S. Frecuencia y fenomenologia de lesiones autoinfligidas em mujeres colombianas com trastornos del comportamiento alimentario. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr 2005;34(3):343-54.
  • 16. Appolinário JC, Coutinho W, Povoa LC. O transtorno do comer compulsivo no consultório endocrinológico: comunicação preliminar. J Bras Psiq 1995;44(supl 1):S46-9.
  • 17. Borges MB, Jorge MR, Morgan CM, da Silveira DX, Custódio O. Binge-eating disorder in Brazilian women on a weight-loss program. Obes Res 2002;10(11):1127-34.
  • 18. Matos MIR, Aranha LS, Faria AN, Ferreira SRG, Bacaltchuck J, Zanella MT. Binge eating disorder, anxiety, depression and body image in grade III obesity patients. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2002;24(4):165-9.
  • 19 Borges MB, Morgan CM, Claudino AM, da Silveira DX. Validation of the Portuguese version of the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised (QEWP-R) for the screening of binge eating disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2005;27(4):319-22.
  • 20. Freitas SR, Lopes CS, Appolinario JC, Coutinho W. The assessment of binge eating disorder in obese women: a comparison of the binge eating scale with the structured clinical interview for the DSM-IV. Eat Behav 2006;7(3):282-9.
  • 21. Moreira RO, Batista APC. Insatisfação com a imagem corporal em mulheres obesas: a importância do transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica. Rev Psiquiatr Rio Gd Sul 2007;29(1):130-1.
  • 22 Fandiño J, Moreira RO, Preissler C, Gaya CW, Papelbaum M, Coutinho WF, Appolinario JC. Impact of binge eating disorder in the psychopathological profile of obese women. Compr Psychiatry 2010;51(2):110-4.
  • 23. Pivetta LA, Gonçalves-Silva RMV. Compulsão alimentar e fatores associados em adolescentes de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública 2010;26(2):337-46.
  • 24 Costa RF, Machado SC, Cordás TA. Imagem corporal e comportamento sexual de mulheres obesas com e sem transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica. Rev Psiq Clin 2010;37(1):27-31.
  • 25. Fontenelle LF, Mendlowicz MV, Moreira RO, Appolinario JC. An empirical comparison of atypical bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005;38(11):1663-7.
  • 26 Fontenelle LF, Mendlowicz MV, de Menezes GB, Papelbaum M, Freitas SR, Godoy-Matos A, Coutinho W, Appolinario JC. Psychiatric comorbidity in a Brazilian sample of patients with binge-eating disorder. Psychiatry Res 2003;119(1-2):189-94.
  • 27 Papelbaum M, Appolinario JC. Transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica e transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo: partes de um mesmo espectro? Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2001;23(1):38-40.
  • 28. Papelbaum M, Appolinario JC, Moreira Rde O, Ellinger VCM, Kupfer R, Coutinho WF. Prevalence of eating disorders and psychiatric comorbidity in a clinical sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2005;27(2):135-8.
  • 29 Melo SS, Odorizzi CMC. Presumptive binge eating disorder in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and its effect in metabolic control. Einstein (São Paulo). 2009;7(3):302-7.
  • 30 Appolinario JC, Coutinho W, Fontenelle L. Topiramate for binge-eating disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(6):967-8.
  • 31 Appolinario JC, Godoy-Mato A, Fontenelle LF, Carraro L, Cabral M, Vieira A, Coutinho W. An open-label trial of sibutramine in obese patients with binge-eating disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63(1):28-30.
  • 32. Appolinario JC, Fontenelle LF, Papelbaum M, Bueno JR, Coutinho W. Topiramate use in obese patients with binge eating disorder: an open study. Can J Psychiatry 2002;47(3):271-3.
  • 33. Schmidt do Prado-Lima PA, Bacaltchuck J. Topiramate in treatment-resistant depression and binge-eating disorder. Bipolar Disord 2002;4(4):271-3.
  • 34 Appolinario JC, Bacaltchuk J, Sichieri R, Claudino AM, Godoy-Matos A, Morgan C, Zanella MT, Coutinho W. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sibutramine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60(11):1109-16.
  • 35 Duchesne M, Appolinario JC, Rangé BP, Fandiño J, Moya T, Freitas SR. The use of a manual-driven group cognitive behavior therapy in a Brazilian sample of obese individuals with binge-eating disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2007;29(1):23-5.
  • 36 Claudino AM, de Oliveira IR, Appolinario JC, Cordas TA, Duchesne M, Sichieri R, Bacaltchuk J. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate plus cognitive-behavior therapy in binge-eating disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68(9):1324-32.
  • 37 Brownley KA, Berkman ND, Sedway JA, Lohr KN, Bulik CM. Binge eating disorder treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord 2007;40(4):337-48.
  • 38 Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Pope HG, Kessler RC. The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61(3):348-58.
  • 39 Ricca V, Mannucci E, Moretti S, Di Bernardo M, Zucchi T, Cabras PL, Rotella CM. Screening for binge eating disorder in obese outpatients. Compr Psychiatry 2000;41(2):111-5.
  • 40 de Zwaan M. Binge eating disorder and obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metabol Disord 2001;25(Suppl 1):S51-5.
  • 41 Hsu LK, Mulliken B, McDonagh B, Krupa Das S,Rand W, Fairburn CG, Rolls B, McCrory MA, Saltzman E, Shikora S, Dwyer J, Robert S. Binge eating disorder in extreme obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metabol Disord. 2002;26(10):1398-403.
  • 42 Mitchell JE, Lancaster KL, Burgard MA, Howell LM, Krahn DD, Crosby RD, Wonderlich SA, Gosnell BA. Long-term follow-up of patients' status after gastric bypass. Obes Surg 2001;11(4):464-8.
  • 43 Kjelsas E, Bjornstrom C, Götestam KG. Prevalence of eating disorders in female and male adolescents (14-15 years). Eat Behav 2004;5(1):13-25.
  • 44. Ackard DM, Fulkerson JA, Neumark-Sztainer D. Prevalence and utility of DSM-IV eating disorder diagnostic criteria among youth. Int J Eat Disord 2007;40(5):409-17.
  • 45 Spitzer RL, Yanovski S, Wadden T, Wing R, Marcus MD, Stunkard A, Devlin M, Mitchell J, Hasin D, Horne RL. Binge eating disorder: its further validation in a multisite study. Int J Eat Disord. 1993;13(2):137-53.
  • 46 Wilfley DE, Wilson GT, Agras WS. The clinical significance of binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2003;34(Suppl):S96-106.
  • 47 Fichter MM, Quadflieg N. Long-term stability of eating disorder diagnoses. Int J Eat Disord 2007;40(Suppl):S61-6.
  • 48. Gormally J, Black S, Daston S, Rardin D. The assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons. Addict Behav 1982;7(1):47-55.
  • 49. Fairburn CG, CooperZ. The eating disorder examination. In: Fairburn CG, Wilson GT, editors. Binge eating: nature, assessment and treatment New York: Guilford Press; 1993. p.317-60.
  • 50. Wilson GT, Sysko R. Frequency of binge eating episode in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: diagnostic considerations. Int J Eat Disord 2009;42(7):603-10.
  • 51 de Zwaan M, Mitchell JE, Seim HC, Specker SM, Pyle RL, Raymond NC, Crosby RB. Eating related and general psychopathology in obese females with binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 1994;15(1):43-52.
  • 52 Mussel MP, Mitchell JE, Weller CL, Raymond NC, Crow SJ, Crosby RD. Onset of binge eating, dieting, obesity, and mood disorders among subjects seeking treatment for binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 1995;17(4):395-401.
  • 53. Grilo CM, Hrabosky JI, White MA, Allison KC, Stunkard AJ. Overvaluation of shape and weight in binge eating disorder and overweight controls: refinement of a diagnostic construct. J Abnor Psych 2008;117(2):414-9.
  • 54. Sallet PC, de Alvarenga PG, Ferrão Y, de Mathis MA, Torres AR, Marques A, Hounie AG, Fossaluza V, do Rosário MC, Fontenelle LF, Petribu K, Fleitlich-Bilyk B. Eating disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence and clinical correlates. Int J Eat Disord. 2010;43(4):315-25.
  • 55. Mattos P, Saboya E, Ayrão V, Segenreich D, Duchesne M, Coutinho G. Transtornos alimentares comórbidos em uma amostra clínica de adultos com transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2004;26(4):248-50.
  • 56. Gruzca RA, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR. Prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorders in a community sample. Compr Psychiatry 2007;48(2):124-31.
  • 57. Crow S, Kendall D, Praus B, Thuras P. Binge eating and other psychopathology in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Int J Eat Disord. 2001:30(2):222-6.
  • 58. Vocks S, Tuschen-Caffier B, Pietrowsky R, Rustenbach SJ, Kersting A, Herpertz S. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2010;43(3):205-17.
  • 59. Reas DL, Grilo CM. Review and meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy for binge-eating disorder. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(9):2024-38.
  • 60
    60. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, National Clinical Practice Guideline: eating disorder core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders. National Institute for Clinical Excellence - NICE; 2004. [cited 2010 dez. 22]. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/search/guidancesearchresults
  • 61 Sallet PC, Sallet JA, Dixon JB, Collis E, Pisani CE, Levy A, Bonaldi FL, Cordás TA. Eating behavior as a prognostic factor for weight loss after gastric bypass. Obes Surg 2007;17(4):445-51.
  • 62. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Wilson T, Labouvie EW, Brolin RE, LaMarca LB. Binge eating among gastric bypass patients at long-term follow-up. Obes Surg. 2002;12(2):270-5.
  • 63. Burgmer R, Grigutsch K, Zipfel S, Wolf AM, de Zwaan M, Husemann B, Albus C, Senf W, Herperts S. The influence of eating behavior and eating pathology on weight loss after gastric restriction operations. Obes Surg 2005;15(5):684-91.
  • 64. Busseto L, Segato G, De Luca M, De Marchi F, Foletto M, Vianello M, Valeri M, Favretti F, Enzi G. Weight loss and posoperative complications in morbidly obese patients with binge eating disorder treated by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg 2005;15(2):195-201.
  • 65. Nicholls D, Arcelus J. Making Eating Disorders Classification Work in ICD-11. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. 2010;18(4):247-50.
  • 66. Kingdon D, Afghan S, Arnold R, Faruqui R, Friedman T, Jones I, Jones P, Lloyd K, Nicholls D, O'Neill T, Qurashi I, Ramzam A, Series H, Staufenberg E, Brugha T. A diagnostic system using broad categories with clinically relevant specifiers: lessons for ICD-11. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2010;56(4):326-35.
  • 67. Fontenelle LF, Mendlowicz MV, de Menezes GB, Appolinario JC, Marques C, Coutinho W. Comparison of symptom profiles of obese binge eaters, obese non-binge eaters, and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002;19(9):643-6.
  • 68. Coutinho WF, Moreira RO, Spagnol C, Appolinario JC. Does binge eating disorder alter cortisol secretion in obese women? Eat Behav. 2007;8(1):59-64.
  • 69. Papelbaum M, Appolinario JC, Moreira RO, Duchesne M, Kupfer R, Coutinho W. Distribuição de transtornos alimentares em indivíduos com diabetes melito do tipo 1 e do tipo 2: descrição de dois casos. Rev Psiquiatr Rio Gd Sul 2007;29(1):93-6.
  • 1 Unikel-Santocini C, Velázquez JAV, Icaza MEMM, Bautista CF, Molinar ENA, Rosário SAH. Conductas alimentarias de riesgo em adolescentes mexicanos. Datos en poblacíon estudantil del Distrito Federal. Rev Invest Clin 2000;52(2):140-7.
  • 2 Freitas S, Lopes CS, Coutinho W, Appolinário JC. Tradução e adaptação para o português da Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2001;23(4):215-20.
  • 3. Nunes MA, Olinto MTA, Barros FC, Camey S. Influência da percepção do peso e do índice de massa corporal nos comportamentos alimentares anormais. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2001;23(1):21-7.
  • 4. Segal A, Libanori HT, Azevedo A. Bariatric surgery in a patient with possible psychiatric contraindications. Obes Surg 2002;12(4):598-661.
  • 5. Bottino SMB, Junqueira C, Bairrão JFMH, Hanns LA, Rosa MD, de Andrade LHSG. Transtornos da compulsão alimentar periódica e psicoterapia: é possível sistematizar a formulação psicodinâmica de caso? Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2003;25(3):166-70.
  • 6. Villagómez L, Cortés J, Barrera E, Saucedo D, Alcocer L. Comorbilidad de la obesidad con los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Rev Invest Clin 2003;55(5):535-45.
  • 7. Siqueira KS, Appolinário JC, Sichieri R. Overweight, obesity, and binge eating in a non-clinical sample of five Brazilian cities. Obes Res 2004;12(12):1921-4.
  • 8. Zilberstein B, Pajecki D, de Brito ACG, Gallafrio ST, Eshkenazy R, Andrade CG. Topiramate after adjustable gastric banding in patients with binge eating and difficulty losing weight. Obes Surg 2004;14(6):802-5.
  • 9. Nunes MA, Camey S, Olinto MTA, Mari JJ. The validity and 4-year test-retest reliability of the Brazilian version of the Eating Attitudes Test-26. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2005;38(11):1655-62.
  • 10. Moya T, Fleitlich-Bilyk B, Goodman R, Nogueira FC, Focchi PS, Nicoletti M, Pinzon V, Cordás TA. The Eating Disorders Section of the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA): development and validation. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2005;27(1):25-31.
  • 11. Rodríguez M, Pérez V, García Y. Impact of traumatic experiences and violent acts upon response to treatment of a sample of Colombian women with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;37(4):299-306.
  • 12. Petribu K, Ribeiro ES, Braz CIA, Gomes MLM, de Araujo DE, de Almeida NCN, de Albuquerque PC, Ferreira MNL. Transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica em uma população de obesos mórbidos candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, em Recife-PE. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2006;50(5):901-8.
  • 13. Unikel-Santoncini C, Bojórquez-Chapela I, Villator-Velázquez J, Fleiz-Bautista C, Icaza MEMM. Conductas alimentarias de riesgo en poblacíon estudantil del Distrito Federal: tendências 1997-2003. Rev Invest Clin 2006;58(1):15-27.
  • 14. Vitolo MR, Bortolini GA, Horta RL. Prevalência de compulsão alimentar entre universitárias de diferentes áreas de estudo. Rev Psiquiatr RS. 2006;28(1):20-6.
  • 15. Mancilla-Diaz JM, Franco-Paredes K, Vazquez-Arevalo R, Lopez-Aguilar X, Alvarez-Rayon GL, Tellez-Giron MTO. A two-stage epidemiologic study on prevalence of eating disorders in female university students in Mexico. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. 2007;15(6):463-70.
  • 16. Rodriguez MG, Gempeler JR, Pérez V, Solano SS, Meluk A, Guerrero E, Liemann E. Entre el sufrimiento interno y las palabras silenciadas: análisis de narrativas de pacientes com trastornos del comportamiento alimentario, trauma y automutilaciones. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2007;36(2):237-54.
  • 17. Carnier J, Lofrano MC, Prado WL, Caranti DA, de Piano A, Tock L, do Nascimento CM, Oyama LM, Mello MT, Tufik S, Dâmaso AR. Hormonal alteration in obese adolescents with eating disorder: effects of multidisciplinary therapy. Horm Res. 2008;70(2):79-84.
  • 18. Ferreira JES, da Veiga GV. Eating disorder risk behavior in Brazilian adolescents from low socio-economic level. Appetite 2008;51(2):249-55.
  • 19. de Freitas SR, Appolinário JC, Souza AdeM, Sichieri R. Prevalence of binge eating and associated factors in a Brazilian probability sample of midlife women. Int J Eat Disord. 2008;41(5):471-8.
  • 20. Kakeshita IS, Almeida SdeS. Estudo da relação entre o índice de massa corporal e o comportamento alimentar de adultos. Nutrire Rev Soc Bras Aliment Nutr 2008;33(1):21-30.
  • 21. Lourenço BH, Arthur T, Rodrigues MD, Guazzelli I, Frazzatto E, Deram S, Nicolau CY, Halpern A, Villares SM. Binge eating symptoms, diet composition and metabolic characteristics of obese children and adolescents. Appetite 2008;50(2-3):223-30.
  • 22. Machado CE, Zilberstein B, Cecconello I, Monteiro M. Compulsão alimentar antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. ABCD Arq Bras Cir Dig 2008;21(4):185-91.
  • 23. Passos TCBM, Yazigi L, Claudino AM. Aspectos ideativos no transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica: estudo com o Rorschach. Psico USF. 2008;13(1):69-74.
  • 24. Zanatta BM, de Souza NPP, de Oliveira MRM, Leandro-Merhi VA. Consumo alimentar de pessoas obesas com ou sem transtorno de compulsão alimentar periódica, em acompanhamento nutricional ou não. Rev Bras Nutr Clin 2008;23(4):275-81.
  • 25. Cenci M, Peres KG, de Vasconcelos FdeAG. Prevalência de comportamento bulímico e fatores associados em universitárias. Rev Psiquiatr Clin (São Paulo). 2009;36(3):83-8.
  • 26. Lofrano-Prado MC, Antunes HK, do Prado WL, de Piano A, Caranti DA, Tock L, Carnier J, Tufik S, de Mello MT, Dâmaso AR. Quality of life in Brazilian obese adolescents: effects of a long-term multidisciplinary lifestyle therapy. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009;3;7:61.
  • 27. Soares RM, Nunes MA, Schmidt MI, Giacomello A, Manzolli P, Camey S, Buss C, Drehmer M, Melere C, Hoffman J, Ozcariz S, Manenti CN, Pinheiro AP, Duncan BB. Innapropriate eating behaviors during pregnancy: prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women attending primary care in southern Brazil. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42(5):387-93.
  • 28. Brandão PP, Garcia-Souza EP, Neves FA, Pereira MJ, Sichieri R, Moura EG, Silva PC, Moura AS. Leptin/adiponectin ratio in obese women with and without binge eating disorder. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2010;31(3):353-8.
  • Correspondência:
    Marly Amorim Palavras
    Departamento de Psiquiatria
    Programa de Atenção aos Transtornos Alimentares (PROATA)
    Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)
    Rua Borges Lagoa, 570, 7º andar, conj.71 - Vila Clementino
    04038-020 São Paulo, SP, Brasil
    Tel.: (+55 11) 5084-2187 Fax: (+55 11) 5182-1721
    E-mail:
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      08 Aug 2011
    • Date of issue
      May 2011
    Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria Rua Pedro de Toledo, 967 - casa 1, 04039-032 São Paulo SP Brazil, Tel.: +55 11 5081-6799, Fax: +55 11 3384-6799, Fax: +55 11 5579-6210 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
    E-mail: editorial@abp.org.br