Increased depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazilian mothers: a longitudinal study

Data from around the world suggest that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its associated social distancing policies are linked to a worrying rise in depression and anxiety, especially in young adults, women, and parents.¹,² However, most empirical studies are cross-sectional, and few have followed a longitudinal design that includes pre-pandemic measures.

Given the impact of COVID-19 on the Brazilian economy and support systems, the number of cases and deaths, combined with the lockdown and a context in which women frequently have a higher household and childcare workload, the impact of this pandemic on maternal mental health could be especially severe.³ However, empirical data is still scarce.

We nested two online surveys into the 2019 Rio Grande birth cohort - located in a medium-sized southern Brazilian city. All 2019 hospital deliveries were identified, and the mothers were invited to answer a baseline questionnaire (n=2,314) including the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)⁴ and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale.⁵ In 2020, two web-based follow-ups investigated aspects related to COVID-19 and mental health, also using the EPDS and GAD-7. The first wave of data collection occurred between May and July, and the second started in July and will end in December. Thus, the results presented here are still preliminary. We used a cut-off ≥ 13 on the EPDS to define depression, and a cut-off ≥ 10 on the GAD-7 to define anxiety.

For the web-based follow-ups (first and second waves), mothers of liveborn singletons who lived in the urban area of Rio Grande, Brazil we considered eligible to participate (n=2,051). For our analysis we included only mothers with complete information for baseline and both follow-ups, representing 28.8% (n=591) of those eligible. The prevalence of depression rose from 3.1% (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.9%-4.8%) at the pre-pandemic assessment to 28.4% (95%CI 24.9%-32.2%) at the first wave of data collection, and then to 30.6% (95%CI 27.0%-34.5%) at the second wave. Anxiety increased from 9.6% (95%CI 7.5%-12.3%) to 26.7% (95%CI 23.3%-30.5%) and then to 28.8% (95%CI 25.3%-32.6%) (Figure 1). Comparing the pre-pandemic and the second wave of data collection, there was a 10-fold increase in the prevalence of depression (prevalence ratio [PR] = 10.1; 95%CI 6.3-16.1), and a 3-fold increase in anxiety (PR = 3.0; 95%CI 2.3-3.9).

Figure 1
Prevalence of depression and anxiety during and before the COVID-19 pandemic in the 2019 Rio Grande birth cohort, Brazil. EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item.

The results demonstrate a clear increase in both depression and anxiety in mothers. This scenario is likely to be the same in other similar Brazilian locations, which suggests a mental health crisis. A change of this magnitude in maternal mental health is of huge concern since it will impact not only one, but two generations (mother-child dyad), beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. During this extremely stressful period, access to diagnosis and treatment is more challenging, as are planning treatment alternatives and avoiding future adverse outcomes. Monitoring the mental health of mothers and children is essential, but it is also fundamental that policy makers have a more active response.

References

• ¹
  Kwong AS, Pearson RM, Adams MJ, Northstone K, Tilling K, Smith D, et al. Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in two longitudinal UK population cohorts. medRxiv. 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.06.16.20133116
  » 10.1101/2020.06.16.20133116
• ²
  Wright L, Steptoe A, Fancourt D. How are adversities during COVID-19 affecting mental health? Differential associations for worries and experiences and implications for policy. medRxiv. 2020:2020.05.14.20101717. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.14.20101717
  » 10.1101/2020.05.14.20101717
• ³
  Thapa SB, Mainali A, Schwank SE, Acharya G. Maternal mental health in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99:817-8.
• ⁴
  Santos IS, Matijasevich A, Tavares BF, Barros AJ, Botelho IP, Lapolli C, et al. Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in a sample of mothers from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study. Cad Saude Publica. 2007;23:2577-88.
• ⁵
  Sousa TV, Viveiros V, Chai MV, Vicente FL, Jesus G, Carnot MJ, et al. Reliability and validity of the Portuguese version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13:50.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 Jan 2021
• Date of issue
  May-Jun 2021

History

• Received
  9 Nov 2020
• Accepted
  19 Nov 2020