The mirror neuron: thirty years since its discovery

It is of great importance that we do not let 2022 pass without remembering the 30th anniversary of the discovery of the mirror neuron. It was in 1992 that Giacomo Rizolatti¹ and his team discovered this special type of cell while studying neuronal activation in certain tasks, more specifically, while observing that some kind of neurons were activated when monkeys observed movement. Unfortunately, the study, rejected by Nature but published by Experimental Brain Research, did not provoke the excitement it warranted in the scientific community.

Fast forwarding 18 years, Mukamel et al.² published a study on electrophysiology in deep-brain epilepsy patients, the only one to successfully identify similar properties in those same neurons in human brains. Until then, other studies had focused only on behavioral associations, such as movement imitation, as had been done with animals.³ A survey of PubMed (Figure 1) shows that until Mukamel et al.,² few studies had been published on the same theme.

Figure 1
Number of articles on phenomena related to mirror neurons published in PubMed each year until 2022.

However, these specific neurons remained relatively unknown to the public. It was only Rizzolatti and Ramachandran (whose work praised the discovery in an Edge.org editorial years after Rizzolati’s publication⁴) who defended the crucial importance of mirror neurons in many human social skills. Certain theories were proposed, such as the “broken mirror” hypothesis, that ascribed the difficulty autistic patients have in understanding the thoughts of others to mirror neuron deficiency.⁴ Nevertheless, other studies only described behavioral associations, such as the imitation or observation of movement, or used indirect brain visualization techniques, which cannot conclusively demonstrate that mirror neurons exist in humans, which is why so many scientists contest these theories.⁴

However, recent technology has allowed for better visualization of the brain,⁵ leading to a shift in opinion among skeptics. Although older studies used electroencephalography to the identify activation of these neurons, with the advent of neuroimaging, specifically transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging,³,⁶ it is now possible to explore other means of visualizing mirror neurons in action. However, the new evidence is still insufficient to resolve dispute about the “broken mirror” hypothesis.⁴

Thus, although the importance of mirror neurons has been considered less than what was initially assumed, and despite recent criticism, they do play an important role in many behaviors. Due to their discovery, the day-to-day lives of many neurological and psychiatric patients have been affected, e.g., the use of virtual reality to activate the mirror neuron system, their use in post-stroke⁶ and aphasia treatment,⁷ as well as in hand laterality recognition.⁸

References

• ¹
  Di Pellegrino G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G. Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study. Exp Brain Res. 1992;91:176-80.
• ²
  Mukamel R, Ekstrom AD, Kaplan J, Iacoboni M, Fried I. Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions. Curr Biol. 2010;20:750-6.
• ³
  Felippe A, Caetano R, Rômulo F, Ferreira M. Neurônios espelho: reflexos de uma reflexão. Filos Hist Biol. 2018;13:147-68.
• ⁴
  Ramachandran V. Mirror neurons and imitation learning as the driving force behind the great leap forward in human evolution [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2022 July 3]. https://www.edge.org/conversation/mirror-neurons-and-imitation-learning-as-the-driving-force-behind-the-great-leap-forward-in-human-evolution
  » https://www.edge.org/conversation/mirror-neurons-and-imitation-learning-as-the-driving-force-behind-the-great-leap-forward-in-human-evolution
• ⁵
  Sale P, Franceschini M. Action observation and mirror neuron network: a tool for motor stroke rehabilitation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2012;48:313-8.
• ⁶
  Acharya S, Shukla S. Mirror neurons: enigma of the metaphysical modular brain. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2012;3:118-24.
• ⁷
  Chen W, Ye Q, Ji X, Zhang S, Yang X, Zhou Q, et al. Mirror neuron system based therapy for aphasia rehabilitation. Front Psychol. 2015;6:1665.
• ⁸
  Lameira AP, Gawryszewski LG, Pereira Jr A. Neurônios espelho. Psicol USP. 2006;17:123-33.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 June 2023
• Date of issue
  May-Jun 2023

History

• Received
  20 Sept 2022
• Accepted
  03 Feb 2023