LIPID METABOLISM INDICES AND FATTY ACIDS PROFILE IN THE BLOOD SERUM OF BROILER CHICKENS FED A DIET WITH LIGNOCELLULOSE

ABSTRACT

The aim of the research was to determine lipid metabolism indices and fatty acid profile in the blood serum of Ross 308 chickens (n = 48), fed a finisher mixture supplemented with 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% of lignocellulose. The feeding trial lasted from 21 to 42 d of the birds' age. Blood samples were collected from each chicken at 42d of age from the pterygoid canal vein. In the blood serum the content of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TCHOL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction was determined by the spectrophotometric method. The fatty acids concentration was estimated with the use of the gas chromatography method. Lignocellulose in doses of 0.5 and 1.0% significantly reduced the concentration of triglycerides and low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) content was not affected by dietary treatments whereas lignocellulose significantly influenced the profile of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from n-3 and n-6 families. Insoluble fiber decreased (p< 0.05) serum concentration of a-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and increased share of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3), dihomogammalinolenic acid (C20:3n-6) and arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) in total PUFA, compared to the control birds. The results of the present study have shown that the incorporation of limited amounts of lignocellulose into the broiler diet can influence the lipid metabolism in the chickens.

Keywords:
Blood parameters; broiler; fatty acids; fiber

INTRODUCTION

It is widely accepted that dietary fiber affects gastrointestinal tract development, gut morphology and enzyme secretion, nutrient digestibility and absorption in poultry, and these effects depend on its physicochemical properties, dietary content, and bird age (Montagne et al., 2003; Sarikhan et al., 2010; Mateos et al., 2012). The trophic effect of fiber results from its impact on the bird's gut ecosystem, intensity of fermentation, and profile of short-chain fatty acids in the intestinal lumen (Montagne et al. , 2003).

Traditionally, insoluble dietary fiber, consisting mainly cellulose and lignin, is considered as an energy diluent in poultry diets; however, it is documented that moderate quantities are indispensable for ensuring proper development and function of the digestive tract of poultry (Klapáčová et al., 2011; Mateos et al., 2012). It was shown that minor amounts of cellulose from different sources positively affect nutrient retention, decrease serum cholesterol levels, and alter the lipid profile in the liver and adipose tissue of broilers (Akiba & Matsumoto, 1978,1982; Sarikhan et al., 2009; Jiménez-Moreno et al., 2010; Safaa et al., 2014).On the other hand, purified lignin inhibits animal pancreatic enzymes activities in vitro and has a strong ability to bind cholesterol and bile acids from a micellar solution (Jung & Fahey, 1983), which may affect lipid absorption and metabolism.

Lignocellulose is the most available raw material in the world, and it is mainly used for the production of biofuels. It is composed of carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose) and aromatic polymers (lignin), and lignocellulose composition and physical properties depend on its source (Harmsen et al., 2010).

To our knowledge, there are no comprehensive studies evaluating the effect of lignocellulose, which combines the properties of cellulose and lignin, on nutrient metabolism, health status and productivity of broilers. Preliminary research performed by Farran et al. (2013) demonstrated that lignocellulose at a dose of 0.8% increased protein digestibility and carcass yield, and significantly lowered abdominal fat pad in broiler chickens. Moreover, our preliminary studies also showed that, despite the lack of influence on broiler performance parameters, lignocellulose at a dose of 0.5-1.0% had beneficial effects on the intestinal microbiota and its fermentation activity (Bogusławska-Tryk et al. , 2015).

There is a growing interest in evaluating the impact of dietary insoluble fiber inclusion on lipid metabolism in poultry (Sarikhan et al., 2009; Jiménez-Moreno et al., 2010; Safaa et al., 2014). However, there is lack of information regarding the effect of lignocellulose on broiler serum lipid profile. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of increasing levels of lignocellulose in chicken diets on lipid metabolism indices and fatty acid profile in the blood serum of broilers.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Birds, housing and feeding

All animal care procedures were approved by the Local Ethical Committee on Animal Testing at the UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz.

A total of 48 21-d-old male Ross 308 chickens were obtained from a commercial farm. During the rearing period on the farm, up to 21 d of age, the chickens were fed a commercial starter (from 0 to 10 d of age) and grower diet (from 11 to 20 d of age). Upon arrival at the laboratory facilities, with automatically-controlled environmental conditions (temperature, humidity and air exchange), chickens were weighed and allocated to one of four treatment groups with a similar body weight distribution. Each group consisted of 12 birds kept in metabolic cages (n = 12). During the 21-day feeding trial (from 21 to 42 d of bird age), pelleted diets and water were supplied ad libitum. The chickens were reared according to the technological recommendations of the genetic company. The tem-perature in the laboratory was kept at 22 ºC over a 3-week experimental period. Continuous light was provided for 24 h per day.

The antibiotic and coccidiostat-free standard fini-sher diet was formulated to meet the minimum nutritional requirements of Ross 308 broilers (Nutrition Specification for Ross 308, 2007). The ingredients, analyzed chemical composition, fiber fractions, and fatty acid profile of the basal diet are shown in Table 1 and 2.The experimental diets varied in the amount of lignocellulose (Arbocel^(r) RC, J. Rettenmaier & Söhne GmbH + CO) incorporated into the basal diet at the expense of wheat: 0.0 (non-supplemented group), 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%. According to the manufacturer's data, the lignocellulose preparation contains about 91.5% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 70% acid detergent fiber (ADF), and 24% acid detergent lignin (ADL), the length of fiber fraction is 200-300µm, and water absorption is about 500-700%. The analyzed content of the fiber fractions in the experimental diets were as follows: neutral detergent fiber (NDF)- 81.1, 86.6, and 90.5 g kg^-1, ADF- 29.0, 32.8, and 36.6 g kg^-1, ADL - 4.9, 5.3 and 6.7 g kg^-1 in diets with 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% lignocellulose, respectively.

Table 2
Fatty acid profile (% of methyl esters) of the basal diet

Fatty acid	Diet
C14:0 Myristic	0.23
C16:0 Palmitic	32.71
C16:1 Palmitoleic	0.29
C18:0 Stearic	11.62
C18:1 Oleic	26.74
C18:2n-6 Linoleic	21.93
C18:3n-3 a-Linolenic	1.81
C20:0 Arachidic	1.49
C20:1 Eicosenoic	0.19
C20:2 Eicosadienoic	0.12
C20:4n-6 Arachidonic	0.36
C22:0 Behenic	1.29
C24:0 Lignoceric	0.54
Others	0.68
SFA	48.51
MUFA	27.27
PUFA	24.22

• SFA= saturated fatty acids, MUFA= monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA= polyunsaturated fatty acids

Table 1
Ingredient formulation and analyzed chemical composition of the basal diet^* (g/kg, as-fed basis)

Ingredients
Corn	241.4
Wheat	231.3
Triticale	236.0
Soybean meal 46%	238.0
Soybean oil	20.0
L-Lysine	1.0
DL-Methionine	1.0
Ca(H2PO4)2	10.0
CaCO3	15.0
NaCl	2.0
Na2CO3	2.0
Vitamin and mineral premix**	2.2
Ronozyme P5000***	0.1
Analyzed chemical composition
Metabolisable energy(MJ/kg)	12.8
Crude protein (N x 6.25)	195.7
Ether extract	41.4
N-free extractives****	587.1
Crude fiber	28.7
Fiber fractions:
Neutral detergent fiber	81.5
Acid detergent fiber	26.9
Acid detergent lignin	4.9

• ^*
  Basal diet: 0.0% of lignocellulose
• ^*
  ^*Provided the following (per kg of diet): vitamin A, 12 500 IU; vitamin D₃, 1250 IU; vitamin E, 37.5 mg; vitamin K, 1.25 mg; thiamin, 1.88 mg; riboflavin, 3.75 mg; pyridoxine, 2.5 mg; cyanocobalamine, 0.03 mg; biotin, 0.06 mg; folic acid, 0.38 mg; nicotinic acid, 18.75 mg; pantothenic acid, 0.75 mg; Zn, 120 mg; Fe, 120 mg; Cu, 20 mg; Co, 0.8 mg; Se, 0.40 mg, iodine, 1.6 mg
• ^*
  ^** Ronozyme P5000 Phytase (DSM Nutritional Products, Netherlands)
• ^*
  ^***From difference: dry matter - (crude protein + crude fat + crude fiber + ash)

Sampling procedures and chemical analysis

Dietary dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and fiber contents were determined according to standard methods (AOAC, 1990), and the concentrations of NDF, ADF and ADL were analyzed according to the Van Soest method (Van Soest, 1963). The density of ME kg^-1 of diets was calculated from the analyzed chemical composition according to the DLG standard (1999).

The blood for analysis was collected from each bird at 42 d of age from the pterygoid canal vein. After coagulation, the blood samples were centrifuged at 3,000 g for 10 min, and the serum was stored in a freezer at -20°C until analyses. Blood serum triglyceride content (TG), total cholesterol (TCHOL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction were determined by the spectrophotometric method, using OLYMPUS AU 400 analyzer (Beckman Coulter Inc., US). The contents of low density (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fractions in the serum were calculated based on Friedewald equation (Friedewald et al., 1972).

Lipids were extracted from blood serum by the chloroform-methanol (2:1), as described by Folch et al. (1957). The extracted fatty acids were esterified, and methyl esters were analyzed by CLARUS 600 GC/MS PerkinElmer equipped with an Elite-5MS (PerkinElmer, US) column (30m, 0.25mm, 0.5µm film thickness). The analyses were carried out at the pre-programmed temperature of 140 ºC (4min) - 4 ºC/min - 270 ºC (5min). The other parameters were: carrier gas He 6.0 at a flow of 1mL/min, splitless, feeder 250 ºC, transfer line 150 ºC, ion source 200 ºC, mass scan (m/z) 35-400. Fatty acid (FA) profile in the basal diet was determined according to the method described above. Based on the performed analyses, the contents of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) were determined.

Statistical analysis

The results are expressed as the mean and standard error of the mean (SEM). The data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA using the Statistica 8.0 PL software. The post-hoc Duncan test was applied and the significance level was set at p< 0.05.

RESULTS

Significant (p< 0.05) dose-dependent differences were found in the concentration of lipid metabolites in the blood serum of 6-week-old birds (Table 3). Lignocellulose at the dose of 1.0% significantly reduced (p< 0.05) the concentration of TG, and at 0.5 and 1.0% significantly lowered (p< 0.05) LDL cholesterol in the supplemented birds compared with the non-supplemented group. Moreover, inclusion of fiber in broiler diets from 21 to 42 d of rearing tended to decrease total cholesterol and enhance HDL cholesterol in the serum; however, this effect was not statistically significant.

Table 3
Lipid metabolism indices (mmol/l) in the blood serum of broiler chickens at 42 days of age fed diets without and with lignocellulose at a dose of 0.25, 0.5 and 1% (mean ± SEM).

Parameter	Lignocellulose in the diet (%)				P value
	0.0	0.25	0.5	1.0
Triglyceride	1.26a±0.12	1.18ab±0.08	1.20ab±0.11	1.13b±0.10	0.039
Total cholesterol	3.56±0.10	3.53±0.11	3.31±0.09	3.32±0.10	0.159
HDL	1.99±0.06	2.13±0.03	2.07±0.07	2.17±0.06	0.356
LDL	1.32a±0.04	1.16ab±0.06	1.00b±0.05	0.92b±0.05	0.031
VLDL	0.25±0.02	0.24±0.02	0.24±0.02	0.23±0.03	0.389

• SEM=standard error of the mean; a,b - means in a row with different letters differ significantly (p< 0.05); HDL=high density lipoprotein, LDL=low density lipoprotein, VLDL=very low density lipoprotein

Fatty acid profile in the blood serum of chickens (Table 4) takes into account only those FA, which percentage share in total fatty acid pool exceeded 0.05%. The sum of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and their individual concentrations were not significantly influenced by the different levels of lignocellulose in the diet. In the blood of all broilers, the main saturated FA was palmitic acid (C16:0), which accounted for 63.3% to 64.5% of SFA, whereas oleic acid (C18:1n-9 cis) was predominant among monounsaturated FA, and its share in total MUFA was 86.7-88.2%. Among polyunsaturated FA, linoleic acid (LA) (C18:2n-6 cis) was definitely predominated and accounted for more than 85% of the PUFA in the blood. Despite the lack of differences in total polyunsaturated FA concentrations among the treatment groups, insoluble fiber influenced the serum PUFA profile. Lignocellulose at 1.0% significantly reduced (p< 0.05) α-linolenic acid (ALA) levels (C18:3n-3), and increased (p< 0.05) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6n-3 cis) and dihomogammalinolenic acid (DHgL) (C20:3n-6 cis) levels. Also, higher (p< 0.05) serum concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA) (C20:4n-6) and DHA were observed in broilers fed the diet with 0.5% lignocellulose, compared to the non-supplemented group. However, these significant differences in the profile of PUFA were not reflected in the n-3:n-6 ratios, or in SFA:UFA and MUFA:PUFA ratios in the blood serum of chickens fed the diets supplemented with lignocellulose (Table 4).

Table 4
Fatty acids profile (%) in the blood serum of broiler chickens at 42 days of age fed diets without and with lignocellulose at a dose of 0.25, 0.5 and 1% (mean ± SEM)

Fatty acid	Lignocellulose in the diet (%)				P value
	0.0	0.25	0.5	1.0
C14:0	0.13±0.01	0.13±0.01	0.13±0.01	0.14±0.01	0.511
C16:0	26.74±0.58	26.73±0.49	26.15±0.68	27.15±0.62	0.702
C16:1	1.18±0.13	1.25±0.11	1.07±0.12	1.04±0.12	0.052
C18:0	14.79±0.44	15.28±0.20	15.05±0.44	14.82±0.51	0.875
C18:1n-9 cis	15.51±0.74	15.71±1.02	15.24±0.77	16.10±1.03	0.421
C18:1n-9 trans	1.10±0.06	1.12±0.08	1.10±0.05	1.06±0.05	0.672
C18:2n-6 cis	35.02±0.72	34.92±1.06	34.89±0.68	33.69±0.57	0.125
C18:3n-3	1.36a±0.03	1.18ab±0.07	1.19ab±0.04	1.04b±0.03	<0.001
C20:3n-3	0.50±0.02	0.48±0.02	0.53±0.03	0.54±0.06	0.725
C20:3n-6 cis	0.13b±0.00	0.15b±0.02	0.14b±0.01	0.19a±0.01	0.001
C20:4n-6	2.64b±0.48	2.11b±0.24	3.42a±0.43	3.16ab±0.63	0.026
C20:5n-3 cis	0.33±0.03	0.37±0.07	0.36±0.04	0.35±0.04	0.421
C22:1n-9	0.07±0.01	0.04±0.00	0.06±0.01	0.06±0.01	0.274
C22:6n-3 cis	0.21b±0.03	0.26ab±0.04	0.31a±0.03	0.34a±0.07	0.008
Others	0.30±0.02	0.28±0.01	0.36±0.06	0.33±0.02	0.278
SFA	41.66±0.48	42.14±0.38	41.33±0.30	42.11±0.31	0.348
MUFA	17.86±0.84	18.12±1.69	17.47±0.88	18.26±1.13	0.423
PUFA	40.19±1.07	39.47±1.80	40.84±0.82	39.31±1.16	0.126
SFA:UFA	0.72±0.01	0.73±0.01	0.71±0.01	0.73±0.01	0.298
MUFA:PUFA	0.44±0.02	0.46±0.04	0.43±0.03	0.46±0.04	0.369
n-3:n-6	0.06±0.00	0.06±0.00	0.06±0.00	0.06±0.00	0.741

• SEM=standard error of the mean; a,b - means in a row with different letters differ significantly (p< 0.05); SFA=saturated fatty acids, UFA=unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA+PUFA), MUFA=monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA=polyunsaturated fatty acids

DISCUSSION

Lipid metabolites in the chicken blood, including the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, lipoprotein fractions, as well as the fatty acids profile, are sensitive indicators of fat metabolism intensity in the organism. Also, it is widely accepted that the values of these parameters in broiler chickens depend on several factors, such as age, sex, genetic type, and environmental and feeding conditions (Meluzzi et al. 1992; Krasnodębska-Depta & Koncicki, 2000). It is documented that moderate amounts of cellulose or oat hulls fiber positively affect the total tract ether extract retention (Jiménez-Moreno et al., 2010), liver lipid metabolism and, consequently, the levels of serum lipid metabolites in broilers (Akiba & Matsumoto, 1982; Safaa et al., 2014).

In the present study, the serum content of triglyceride and total cholesterol in all experimental birds were within the physiological ranges determined for 6-week-old chicks (Krasnodębska-Depta & Koncicki, 2000; Silva et al., 2007; Mazurkiewicz, 2011). However, lignocellulose at 0.5-1.0% significantly lowered serum TG level, revealing a desirable effect on the lipoprotein profile of chickens. The observed TG concentration reduction and slight TCHOL content decrease resulted in a slight HDL increase and significant LDL decrease in the broilers serum.

The results of our study confirm the hypothesis of non-fermentable fiber incorporated into broiler diets has hypolipidemic effects. Safaa et al. (2014) observed that increasing inclusion levels of oat hulls in broiler diets (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5%) caused a linear reduction in liver lipid components, namely triglycerides and total cholesterol, in 21-d-old broilers. The authors detected a simultaneously decrease in total cholesterol content and a linear increase in HDL level in the serum with increasing levels of insoluble fiber in the diets. According to those authors, the detected hypolipidemic effect of dietary fiber results mainly from its impact on liver lipid metabolism. The same trend was observed by Sarikhan et al. (2009) in broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with low levels (up to 0.75%) of insoluble raw fiber concentrate (IRFC) during the entire rearing period. Those researchers found reduced levels of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol and increased levels of HDL cholesterol in response to increasing dietary IRFC levels when broilers were 42 days old. According to Sarikhan et al. (2009), the reduction of serum lipid metabolite levels promoted by dietary effect of insoluble fiber may be explained by the ability of fiber to bind the bile lipids in the gut. The hypolipidemic effect of lignocellulose observed in our study may be also attributed to capacity of lignin to bind bile acids in the intestinal lumen (Jung & Fahey, 1983), which may increase the fecal excretion of cholesterol and lower serum lipids.

The changes in serum lipid profile may also partially the result of the prebiotic effect of lignocellulose on the broiler intestinal microflora population. Our previous studies demonstrated that the inclusion of low amounts (0.25-1.0%) of lignocellulose to a broiler diet reduced the number of potential pathogens and promoted the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in the ileal and cecal digesta (Bogusławska-Tryk et al. , 2015). Gilliland et al. (1985) demonstrated that certain strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus, under specific in-vitro conditions, are able to assimilate cholesterol from the medium. Panda et al. (2006) reported that serum concentration of TG, TCHOL, LDL and VLDL cholesterol fractions were significantly reduced when broilers were fed diets supplemented with a probiotic containing Lactobacillus sporogenes, which may be associated with utilization of cholesterol by the probiotic bacteria for their own metabolism.

It is obvious that the blood level and profile of fatty acids are indicators of their dietary intake as well as of their absorption and metabolism in animal tissues. There is no information in current literature on the influence of insoluble dietary fiber (i.e., cellulose and lignin) on fatty acid absorption and profile in the chicken serum, and therefore, it is difficult to compare the results of the present study. Hence, our research should be considered as a precursory study in this area.

Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6 cis) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) are essential fatty acids for vertebrates as these do not have endogenous enzymatic systems for the de-novo synthesis of those fatty acids. When supplied in the diet, they can be bioconverted in animal tissues by elongation and desaturation into physiologically essential long-chain PUFA of the n-3 and n-6 families (Pfeuffer, 2001; Poureslami at al., 2010). The results of the present study showed that lignocellulose significantly influenced the profile of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the blood serum of broilers. We observed a significant decrease in a-linolenic acid (ALA) and increase in concentration of its derivative (DHA) when lignocellulose was fed. We also noted a substantial increase in serum dihomo-gamma-linolenic and arachidonic acids concentrations, with a simultaneous tendency of reduction of LA (parent form of PUFA from n-3 family) levels with increasing level of lignocellulose in the diet. The observed changes in the serum fatty acid profile may be attributed to the action of insoluble fibers on lipid metabolism in the body. Some studies showed that enrichment of broiler diet with pure cellulose or oat hulls reduced abdominal fat content and liver weight, as well as hepatic lipid accumulation (Akiba & Matsumoto, 1982; Mohiti-Asli et al., 2012; Safaa et al., 2014). Akiba & Matsumoto (1978) observed that feeding cellulose resulted in a reduction of hepatic de-novo fatty acids synthesis and triglyceride concentration, as well as in changes in the TG profile of the lipid content of the liver in force-fed broilers. Those authors noted an increase in oleic acid content and a decrease in palmitic and stearic acid concentration, as well as a slight increase in unsaturated to saturated FA ratio of liver triglycerides. It may be assumed that, under the influence of dietary fiber, changes in hepatic lipid metabolism are reflected in the values of biochemical parameters, including blood fatty acid profile.

In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the incorporation of limited amounts of lignocellulose into the diet lowered triglyceride concentration and had a desirable effect on serum lipoprotein profile of broilers. Lignocellulose significantly influenced the n-3 and n-6 PUFA profile. These results suggest that lignocellulose can affect the lipid metabolism of broilers. Since there are no previous reports on the effects of lignocellulose on lipid metabolism indices of chickens, the obtained results need be confirmed in further studies investigating its impact on fat deposition and tissue fatty acid profile in broilers.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jul-Sep 2016

History

• Received
  Dec 2015
• Accepted
  Apr 2016