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Effects of Dietary Energy Concentration on Reproductive Hormone Secretion and Gene Expression in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad Axis in Laying Geese

ABSTRACT

The objective of the study was to investigate the mechanism by which dietary energy concentration regulates laying performance in geese. Eighty 558-day-old female Sichuan White geese were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments, each treatment was fed 1 of 2 experimental diets containing 10.00 (deficient) or 11.80MJ/kg metabolizable energy (sufficient) for 30 days. Laying performance, hormone concentration and gene expressions in hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis were examined in geese. Birds fed the sufficient-energy diet had significantly higher average egg weight, daily laying rate, and lower feed to egg ratio than those fed the deficient-energy (p<0.05). The birds fed sufficient-energy diet had higher concentration of serum insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2) than those in deficient-energy diet (p<0.05). The mRNA expression levels of GnRH in the hypothalamus, FSH in the pituitary and E2 in the ovary of birds fed sufficient-energy diet were higher than the corresponding counterpart in deficient-energy diet (p<0.05), respectively. In conclusion, the study implied that dietary energy modifies laying possibly through regulating reproductive hormone secretion and gene expression in hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis in laying geese.

Keywords:
Energy concentration; laying geese; reproductive hormone; gene expression

INTRODUCTION

For poultry, dietary energy concentration is regarded as the most critical nutritive index and energy contributing ingredients are the major cost in feed formula. Many studies have been conducted to examine the effect of dietary energy on growth and egg laying in poultry. For commercial poultry, increasing dietary energy level improves weight gain, and feed utilization efficiency in chickens (Dozier et al. 2006; Ghaffari et al., 2007) and ducks (Fan et al.,2008Fan, HP, Xie M, Wang WW, Hou SS, Huang W. Effects of dietary energy on growth performance and carcass quality of white growing pekin ducks from two to six weeks of age. Poultry Science 2008;87(6):1162.; Zeng et al.,2015Zeng QF, Cherry P, Doster A, Murdoch R, Adeola O, Applegate TJ. Effect of dietary energy and protein content on growth and carcass traits of Pekin ducks. Poultry Science 2015;94(3):384-394.). In breeding poultry, the increase in dietary energy in laying hen improves egg production, egg mass, energy efficiency, yolk and albumen weigh, while it decreases feed intake and feed conversion ratio per kilogram of eggs (Grobas et al.,1999Grobas S, Mendez J, De Blas C, Mateos G. Laying hen productivity as affected by energy, supplemental fat, and linoleic acid concentration of the diet. Poultry Science 1999;78(11):1542-1551.; Pérez-Bonilla et al.,2012Pérez-Bonilla A, Novoa S, García J, Mohiti-Asli M, Frikha M, Mateos GG. Effects of energy concentration of the diet on productive performance and egg quality of brown egg-laying hens differing in initial body weight. Poultry Science 2012;91(12):3156-3166.). On the other hand, a low-energy diet consumed more feed and produced fewer eggs per day than the hens fed the high-energy diet (Valkonen et al.,2008Valkonen E, Venäläinen E, Rossow L, Valaja J. Effects of dietary energy content on the performance of Laying hens in furnished and conventional cages. Poultry Science 2008;87(5):844-852.). Our previous study has shown that low dietary energy decreases average egg weight (up to 7.4%), daily laying rate (up to 48.8%) when dietary energy decreases from 11.75 MJ/Kg to 10.01MJ/Kg, and excessive-low and high dietary energy concentration decreases hatchability of fertile eggs in geese (Luo et al.,2018Luo Y, Liu Z, Wang Q, Peng X , Wang Y , Xie M , et al. Effects of dietary energy concentration on growth performance, egg quality and hatching performance in primiparous laying Sichuan white geese. Acta Veterinaria et Zootech-nica Sinica 2018;49(2):439-448.). However, the mechanism by which dietary energy regulates egg production is poorly understood.

In birds, normal egg laying is dependent on stimulation of the gonadotropic hormones, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), as well as oestradiol (E2). Previous studies have confirmed that severely depriving hens of nutrients impairs egg production and the secretion of E2 (Tilbrook et al.,1992Tilbrook AJ, Johnson J, Eason PJ, Walsh JD, Trigg TE, Clarke IJ. Short-term reduction in egg production in laying hens treated with an agonist of GnRH. British Poultry Science 1992;33(3):621-638.), ad libitum feeding increased the number of large pre-ovulatory ovarian follicles, GnRH-I while plasma FSH reduced laying broiler breeder hens (Ciccone et al.,2007Ciccone NA, Dunn IC, Sharp PJ. Increased food intake stimulates GnRH-I, glycoprotein hormone ?-subunit and follistatin mRNAs, and ovarian follicular numbers in laying broiler breeder hens. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 2007;33(1):62-76.), indicating that nutrient provision can regulate egg production and reproductive hormone secretion in birds. Therefore, it was speculated that dietary energy possibly regulates egg production in geese through the manipulation of hormone secretion and relative gene expression. Therefore, the objective of the study was to estimate whether dietary energy manipulates laying performance via affecting hormone secretion and gene expression in laying geese.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ethics statement

The present research was approved by the animal care and welfare committee of Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, China.

Animal and feeding

Eighty 558-day-old female Sichuan White geese, obtained from the geese breeding centre in Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, were randomly allocated to 2 dietary energy treatments with 8 replicate pens of 5 birds per pen. Each treatment was fed 1 of 2 experimental diets containing 10.00MJ metabolizable energy(ME)/kg (deficient) or 11.80MJ ME/kg (sufficient) for 30 days, respectively. Ingredients and nutritional compositions of the deficient-energy diet are shown in Table 1. The sufficient-energy diet was prepared by adding 5% of soybean oil to deficient-energy diet. 200g of experimental feed was provided for each bird per day, and feed given at 8:00 and 15:00, respectively. Experimental birds were kept in plastic-wire-floor pens with dimensions of 250 × 200 × 60 cm in an environmentally controlled geese house, all birds had free access to drinking water, and the light program was 12 h of light per day.

Table 1
Ingredients and chemical compositions of the basal diet (%, as-fed basis).

Sampling and analysis

Average egg weight, daily laying rate, and feed to egg ratio were calculated throughout the experimental period. At 588 days of age, 2 birds per pen were selected, and blood was collected from the wing vein into tube containing 1% heparin, centrifuged at 1,520 × g for 10 min at 4°C; then the supernatant was collected for determination of GnRH, FSH, E2 and IGF-1. The hormone was determined using the radio-immunoassay method (Zhao et al.,2017Zhao X, Gao G, Wang H , Li Q, Zhang K, Zhong H, et al. Effect of photoperiod on serum hormone concentrations during the annual reproductive cycle in geese. Genetics and Molecular Research 2017;16(1):1-8.). One bird per pen was slaughtered by manual exsanguination, the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary were immediately removed, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at -80°C for gene expression analysis. Total RNA was isolated using Trizol reagent (QIAGEN, German). Isolated RNA was quantified by spectrophotometry and its integrity checked using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The expression of three genes (GnRHin hypothalamus, FSH in pituitary, E2 in ovary) was measured by quantitative real-time PCR using the ROX Reference Dye II kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China, Optimal primers for the amplification of these genes (Table 2) were designed using the NCBI website and synthesized by GENEWIZ Biotechnology company.Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was selected as an internal control.

Table 2
Primer sequences used for qRT-PCR.

Statistical analyses

The expression of each gene relative to GAPDH was calculated by the 2-∆∆Ct method. Data on laying performance, plasma hormone and gene expression were analysed using T-test in SAS software (SAS Institute, 2003).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Laying performance

For laying Sichuan geese, the optimum energy concentration is 11.83MJ/Kg ME with 200g of average daily feed intake (Luo et al., 2018Luo Y, Liu Z, Wang Q, Peng X , Wang Y , Xie M , et al. Effects of dietary energy concentration on growth performance, egg quality and hatching performance in primiparous laying Sichuan white geese. Acta Veterinaria et Zootech-nica Sinica 2018;49(2):439-448.), thus 10.00MJ/Kg ME was considered energy-deficient treatment in the present study. Compared to birds fed with energy-deficient diet, the birds fed with energy-sufficient diet had a higher average egg weight and daily laying rate and a lower feed to egg ratio (p<0.05)(Table 3), indicating that dietary energy sufficiency contributed to a significant improvement of egg laying performance. The result was consistent with previous studies in hen and geese. An decrease in dietary energy in laying hen impairs egg production, egg mass, energy efficiency, and results in a higher feed consumption and decreased feed conversion ratio per kilogram of eggs (Grobas et al., 1999Grobas S, Mendez J, De Blas C, Mateos G. Laying hen productivity as affected by energy, supplemental fat, and linoleic acid concentration of the diet. Poultry Science 1999;78(11):1542-1551.; Valkonen et al., 2008Valkonen E, Venäläinen E, Rossow L, Valaja J. Effects of dietary energy content on the performance of Laying hens in furnished and conventional cages. Poultry Science 2008;87(5):844-852.; Pérez-Bonilla et al., 2012Pérez-Bonilla A, Novoa S, García J, Mohiti-Asli M, Frikha M, Mateos GG. Effects of energy concentration of the diet on productive performance and egg quality of brown egg-laying hens differing in initial body weight. Poultry Science 2012;91(12):3156-3166.). In early laying geese, an impaired average egg weight, daily laying rate and feed to egg ratio are observed when lower dietary energy is provided (Luo et al., 2018). Furthermore, for beginning to entry into laying period, the experimental birds in the current trail had lower average laying rate compared to egg laying rate in all laying season (Wu et al., 1996Wu KL, Zhang YM, Tian YQ, Fu J. Mathematical models for egg production curve of the Sichuan White geese. Acta Veterinaria et Zootech-nica Sinica 1996;27(1):51-54.).

Table 3
Effect of dietary energy concentration on the laying performance in geese during the laying period.

Hormone and gene expression

As shown in Table 4, the serum concentration of IGF-1, GnRH, FSH and E2 in birds fed sufficiency-energy diet was higher than those in deficient-energy treatment (p<0.05). The GnRH mRNA expression in the hypothalamus (Fig. 1), FSH mRNA expression in the pituitary (Fig. 2) and E2 mRNA expression in the ovary (Fig. 3) in birds fed sufficient-energy diet were up-regulated compared to their counterparts in birds fed the deficient-energy diet, respectively (p<0.05).

Table 4
Effect of dietary energy concentration on serum hormone in geese during the laying period.

Figure 1
Effect of dietary energy concentration on GnRH gene mRNA level in the hypothalamus of geese during the laying period.

Figure 2
Effect of dietary energy concentration on FSH gene mRNA level in the pituitary of geese during the laying period.

Figure 3
Effect of dietary energy concentration on E2 gene mRNA levels in the ovary of geese during the laying period.

In avian ovary, IGF-1 is expressed by granulosa and theca cells, stimulatory effect of IGF-1 has been reported on chicken granulosa and the caell proliferation (Roberts et al., 1994Roberts R, Sharp P, Burt D, Goddard C. Insulin-like growth factor-I in the ovary of the laying hen: gene expression and biological actions on granulosa and thecal cells. General and comparative endocrinology 1994;93(3):327-336.; Onagbesan & Peddie, 1995Onagbesan O, Peddie M. Effects of insulin-like growth factor I and interactions with transforming growth factor alpha and LH on proliferation of chicken granulosa cells and production of progesterone in culture. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 1995;104(2):259-265.). A variation of energy metabolism through adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinas activation could modulate differently IGF-1-induced progesterone production in F1 and F3/4 granulosa cells (Tosca et al., 2008Tosca L, ChabrolleC, Crochet S, Tesseraud S, Dupont J.2008. IGF-1 receptor signaling pathways and effects of AMPK activation on IGF-1-induced progesterone secretion in hen granulosa cells. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 2008;34(2):204-216.). In the present study, the increase in the energy concentration resulted in a surge in serum IGF-1 concentration, indicating IGF-1 participated in possibly regulating the dietary energy on egg laying in geese.

GnRH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released into the hypophyseal portal circulation in a pulsatile fashion , which is a releasing hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary (Bruni et al., 1977Bruni JF, Huang HH, Marshall S, Meites J. Effects of single and multiple injections of synthetic GnRH on serum LH, FSH and testosterone in young and old male rats. Biology of Reproduction 1977;17(3):309.; Rozenboim et al., 1993Rozenboim I, Silsby JL, Tabibzadeh C, Pitts GR, Youngren OM, Halawani ME. Hypothalamic and posterior pituitary content of vasoactive intestinal peptide and gonadotropin-releasing hormones I and II in the turkey hen. Biology of Reproduction 1993;49(3):622-626.). Depressed GnRH secretion is the leading cause for the inhibition of gonadal function and reproductive failure in nutrient-restricted animals (Armstrong & Britt, 1987Armstrong JD, Britt JH. Nutritionally-induced anestrus in gilts: metabolic and endocrine changes associated with cessation and resumption of estrous cycles. Journal of Animal Science 1987;65(2):508-523.; Zhou et al., 2014Zhou, D, ZhuoY, Che L, LinY , Fang Z, Wu D. Nutrient restriction induces failure of reproductive function and molecular changes in hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis in postpubertal gilts. Molecular Biology Reports 2014;41(7):4733-4742.). In birds, changes in GnRH content and release are correlated with reproductive stages. Hypothalamic GnRH content in the laying period is significantly higher than in other periods in turkey hen (Rozenboim et al., 1993) and domestic chickens (Dunn et al., 1996Dunn IC, Beattie KK, Maney D, Sang HM, Talbot RT, Wilson PW. Regulation of chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone-I mRNA in incubating, nest-deprived and laying bantam hens. Neuroendocrinology 1996;63(6):504-513.). In geese, the concentration of serum GnRH in laying period was higher than that at the nest period (Huang, 2015Huang F. The Related research of hainan dingan goose egg laying, broody law and hormone regulation [dissertation]. Haikou (CH): Hainan University; 2015.). GnRH-I mRNA abundance within nucleus commissurae pallii, organum vasculosum lamina terminalis, and nucleus septalis lateralis is greater in egg-laying hens than those in non-photo stimulated and incubating hens (Kang et al., 2006Kang SW, Thayananuphat A, Rozenboim I, Millam JR, Proudman JA, El Halawani ME. Expression of hypothalamic GnRH-I mRNA in the female turkey at different reproductive states and following photostimulation. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2006;146(2):91-99.), and a decrease in the expression of the GnRH-I gene is a major factor in maintaining depressed LH secretion in incubating domestic chickens (Dunn et al., 1996). In the present study, a higher serum concentration of GnRH and its mRNA expression in the hypothalamus was observed in high laying-rate geese caused by sufficiency-energy treatment, proving that energy stimulates GnRH secretion and thus improves egg laying.

FSH releases are necessary to induce follicular maturation and ovulation in the hen (Imai & Nalbandov, 1971Imai K, Nalbandov A. Changes in GSH activity of anterior pituitary glands and of blood plasma during the laying cycle of the hen. Endocrinology 1971;88(6):1465-1470.), which can facilitate follicle selection and increase the number of follicles (Palmer & Bahr, 1992Palmer SS, Bahr JM. Follicle stimulating hormone increases serum oestradiol-17 beta concentrations, number of growing follicles and yolk deposition in aging hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) with decreased egg production. British Poultry Science 1992;33(2):403-414.). In geese, serum FSH concentrations increased steadily in the pre-laying period, increased rapidly in the laying period, then decreased rapidly in the ceased-laying period (Huang, 2015Huang F. The Related research of hainan dingan goose egg laying, broody law and hormone regulation [dissertation]. Haikou (CH): Hainan University; 2015.; Zhao et al., 2017Zhao X, Gao G, Wang H , Li Q, Zhang K, Zhong H, et al. Effect of photoperiod on serum hormone concentrations during the annual reproductive cycle in geese. Genetics and Molecular Research 2017;16(1):1-8.). In the present study, the serum concentration of FSH and its mRNA expression in the pituitary decreased in energetic-restricted birds, implying that deficient energy inhibited FSH secretion and possibly impaired follicle development.

E2 plays an important role in follicle development and thus affects egg laying. In hen, E2 secretion is enhanced 2-3 weeks before laying and reached its peak in serum in 4-6 hours before ovulation, and E2 can promote follicle cells proliferation and inhibited apoptosis (Zhao, 2018). In duck, E2 is involved in the regulation of prepubertal follicular development in the ovary of ducks (Ni et al., 2007Ni Y, ZhouY, Lu L, Grossmann R, Zhao R. Developmental changes of FSH-R, LH-R, ER-? and GnRH-I expression in the ovary of prepubertal ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos ). Animal Reproduction Science 2007;100(3):318-328.). A higher concentration of E2 was determined in the hypothalamus (Huang, 2015Huang F. The Related research of hainan dingan goose egg laying, broody law and hormone regulation [dissertation]. Haikou (CH): Hainan University; 2015.) and serum (Zhao et al., 2017) of the geese in the laying period. In the present study, sufficient energy enhanced serum E2 concentration and its mRNA expressions in the ovary, implying that energy regulates laying possibly through manipulating E2 secretion.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, dietary energy provision could be a critical factor for stimulating laying in geese, dietary energy improves laying performance in geese through a mechanism that promotes reproductive hormone (GnRH, FSH, and E2) secretion and regulates corresponding gene expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The findings described here provides valuable insights into the interactions of energy with laying in birds.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Funding for this study was provided by Fundamental Research Project of Chongqing (Cstc2015jcyjA80034) and China Agriculture Research System (CARS-42-22) and the National Key Research and Development Program (2018YFD0501505).

REFERENCE

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    11 Nov 2019
  • Date of issue
    2019

History

  • Received
    12 Feb 2019
  • Accepted
    14 June 2019
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