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New agents in relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma See paper by Rocha et al. on pages 216-22.

Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is a B-cell malignancy that affects 9000 new patients annually in the USA, representing approximately 11% of all lymphomas.11 Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(1):5-29. In the last decades, randomized clinical trials conducted by cooperative groups in North America and Europe have identified treatment schedules that provide higher efficacy and lower toxicity with current treatment being expected to cure over 80% of patients.22 Ansell SM. Hodgkin lymphoma: 2016 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2016;91(4):434-42. The three- and five-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates range from 82% to 94%33 Engert A, Plütschow A, Eich HT, Lohri A, Dörken B, Borchmann P, et al. Reduced treatment intensity in patients with early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(7):640-52.

4 Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, Pearcey RG, Bezjak A, Wells WA, et al. Randomized comparison of ABVD chemotherapy with a strategy that includes radiation therapy in patients with limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(21):4634-42.
-55 Radford J, Illidge T, Counsell N, Hancock B, Pettengell R, Johnson P, et al. Results of a trial of PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(17):1598-607. in patients with localized disease and from 71% to 86% in patients with advanced disease.66 Alinari L, How Blum KA. I treat relapsed classical Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous stem cell transplant. Blood. 2016;127(3):287-95.

7 Viviani S, Zinzani PL, Rambaldi A, Brusamolino E, Levis A, Bonfante V, et al. ABVD versus BEACOPP for Hodgkin's lymphoma when high-dose salvage is planned. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(3):203-12.

8 Mounier N, Brice P, Bologna S, Briere J, Gaillard I, Heczko M, et al. ABVD (8 cycles) versus BEACOPP (4 escalated cycles ≥ 4 baseline): final results in stage III-IV low-risk Hodgkin lymphoma (IPS 0-2) of the LYSA H34 randomized trial. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(8):1622-8.

9 Moccia AA, Donaldson J, Chhanabhai M, Hoskins PJ, Klasa RJ, Savage KJ, et al. International Prognostic Score in advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: altered utility in the modern era. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(27):3383-8.

10 Hoskin PJ, Lowry L, Horwich A, Jack A, Mead B, Hancock BW, et al. Randomized comparison of the Stanford V regimen and ABVD in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's Lymphoma: United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute Lymphoma Group Study ISRCTN 64141244. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(32):5390-6.

11 Gobbi PG, Levis A, Chisesi T, Broglia C, Vitolo U, Stelitano C, et al. ABVD versus modified Stanford V versus MOPPEBVCAD with optional and limited radiotherapy in intermediate- and advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: final results of a multicenter randomized trial by the Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(36):9198-207.

12 Johnson PW, Radford JA, Cullen MH, Sydes MR, Walewski J, Jack AS, et al. Comparison of ABVD and alternating or hybrid multidrug regimens for the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma: results of the United Kingdom Lymphoma Group LY09 Trial (ISRCTN97144519). J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(36):9208-18.

13 Gordon LI, Hong F, Fisher RI, Bartlett NL, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD, et al. Randomized phase III trial of ABVD versus Stanford V with or without radiation therapy in locally extensive and advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma: an intergroup study coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E2496). J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(6):684-91.
-1414 Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, Fosså A, Berkahn L, Carella A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT Scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(25):2419-29.

Autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) has become the standard of care for relapsed or refractory HL.1515 Linch DC, Winfield D, Goldstone AH, Moir D, Hancock B, McMillan A, et al. Dose intensification with autologous bone-marrow transplantation in relapsed and resistant Hodgkin's disease: results of a BNLI randomised trial. Lancet. 1993;341(8852):1051-4.,1616 Smith SD, Moskowitz CH, Dean R, Pohlman B, Sobecks R, Copelan E, et al. Autologous stem cell transplant for early relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: results from two transplant centres. Br J Haematol. 2011;153(3):358-63. It leads to long-term PFS rates of approximately 50% in relapsed patients and of 30-40% in patients with primary refractory HL.66 Alinari L, How Blum KA. I treat relapsed classical Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous stem cell transplant. Blood. 2016;127(3):287-95.,1515 Linch DC, Winfield D, Goldstone AH, Moir D, Hancock B, McMillan A, et al. Dose intensification with autologous bone-marrow transplantation in relapsed and resistant Hodgkin's disease: results of a BNLI randomised trial. Lancet. 1993;341(8852):1051-4.

16 Smith SD, Moskowitz CH, Dean R, Pohlman B, Sobecks R, Copelan E, et al. Autologous stem cell transplant for early relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: results from two transplant centres. Br J Haematol. 2011;153(3):358-63.

17 Schmitz N, Pfistner B, Sextro M, Sieber M, Carella AM, Haenel M, et al. Aggressive conventional chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy with autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for relapsed chemosensitive Hodgkin's disease: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9323):2065-71.

18 Tarella C, Cuttica A, Vitolo U, Liberati M, Di Nicola M, Cortelazzo S, et al. High-dose sequential chemotherapy and peripheral blood progenitor cell autografting in patients with refractory and/or recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma: a multicenter study of the intergruppo Italiano Linfomi showing prolonged disease free survival in patients treated at first recurrence. Cancer. 2003;97(11):2748-59.

19 Fermé C, Mounier N, Diviné M, Brice P, Stamatoullas A, Reman O, et al. Intensive salvage therapy with high-dose chemotherapy for patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease in relapse or failure after initial chemotherapy: results of the Groupe d'Etudes des Lymphomes de l'Adulte H89 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(2):467-75.
-2020 Gerrie AS, Power MM, Shepherd JD, Savage KJ, Sehn LH, Connors JM. Chemoresistance can be overcome with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(11):2218-23.

The treatment of relapsed or refractory HL patients with treatment failure after an auto-SCT is a therapeutic challenge. Disease relapse or progression after auto-SCT is associated with a poor prognosis, with a median overall survival of 2.4 years.2121 Arai S, Fanale M, DeVos S, Engert A, Illidge T, Borchmann P, et al. Defining a Hodgkin lymphoma population for novel therapeutics after relapse from autologous hematopoietic cell transplant. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(11):2531-3.,2222 Montanari F, Diefenbach C. Relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma: management strategies. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2014;9(3):284-93. While allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) represents the only potentially curative option, its role is still controversial.66 Alinari L, How Blum KA. I treat relapsed classical Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous stem cell transplant. Blood. 2016;127(3):287-95.,2323 Fedele R, Martino M, Recchia AG, Irrera G, Gentile M, Morabito F. Clinical options in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: an updated review. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:968212.,2424 Genadieva-Stavrik S, Boumendil A, Dreger P, Peggs K, Briones J, Corradini P, et al. Myeloablative versus reduced intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation for relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma in recent years: a retrospective analysis of the Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(12):2251-7. Data from retrospective and prospective studies support the use of allo-SCT in particular settings. Moreover, a recent analysis from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) reported encouraging results with the use of reduced-intensity conditioning haploidentical transplantation, when compared to matched-unrelated donor transplantation.2525 Kanate AS, Mussetti A, Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Ahn KW, DiGilio A, Beitinjaneh A, et al. Reduced-intensity transplantation for lymphomas using haploidentical related donors vs HLA-matched unrelated donors. Blood. 2016;127(7):938-47. Briefly, when recommending the procedure, other aspects should be taken into account, such as age, the use of non-myeloablative approaches, donor factors (availability, type and matching) comorbidities and the substantial risks of treatment-related morbidities and mortality.66 Alinari L, How Blum KA. I treat relapsed classical Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous stem cell transplant. Blood. 2016;127(3):287-95.,2323 Fedele R, Martino M, Recchia AG, Irrera G, Gentile M, Morabito F. Clinical options in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: an updated review. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:968212.,2424 Genadieva-Stavrik S, Boumendil A, Dreger P, Peggs K, Briones J, Corradini P, et al. Myeloablative versus reduced intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation for relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma in recent years: a retrospective analysis of the Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(12):2251-7.

For patients who are not candidates for allo-SCT, the goal of therapy is disease control with minimal toxicity.66 Alinari L, How Blum KA. I treat relapsed classical Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous stem cell transplant. Blood. 2016;127(3):287-95.,2222 Montanari F, Diefenbach C. Relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma: management strategies. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2014;9(3):284-93.,2323 Fedele R, Martino M, Recchia AG, Irrera G, Gentile M, Morabito F. Clinical options in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: an updated review. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:968212.,2626 Younes A, Ansell SM. Novel agents in the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma: biological basis and clinical results. Semin Hematol. 2016;53(3):186-9.,2727 Jethava Y, Guru Murthy GS, Hamadani M. Relapse of Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous transplantation: time to rethink treatment?. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther. 2017;10(2):47-56. Multiple options are available in this setting, including single agent chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy, radiotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates, immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents and small molecule inhibitors.

Overall response rates of single agents, including gemcitabine, etoposide, vinorelbine, liposomal doxorubicin, vinblastine and bendamustine, range from 22% to 72%, with complete response rates of 12% to 51% and median duration of responses ranging from 5 to 8 months.2828 Venkatesh H, Di Bella N, Flynn TP, Vellek MJ, Boehm KA, Asmar L. Results of a phase II multicenter trial of single-agent gemcitabine in patients with relapsed or chemotherapy-refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma. 2004;5(2):110-5.

29 Little R, Wittes RE, Longo DL, Wilson WH. Vinblastine for recurrent Hodgkin's disease following autologous bone marrow transplant. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(2):584-8.

30 Devizzi L, Santoro A, Bonfante V, Viviani S, Balzarini L, Valagussa P, et al. Vinorelbine: an active drug for the management of patients with heavily pretreated Hodgkin's disease. Ann Oncol. 1994;5(9):817-20.

31 Moskowitz AJ, Hamlin PA, Perales MA, Gerecitano J, Horwitz SM, Matasar MJ, et al. Phase II study of bendamustine in relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(4):456-60.
-3232 Clozel T, Deau B, Benet C, Franchi P, Robin M, Madelaine I, et al. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: an efficient treatment in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma relapsing after high dose therapy and stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol. 2013;162(6):846-8. Several combination chemotherapy regimens based either on gemcitabine, platinum drugs or ifosfamide have been employed. Few data on the use of these regimens in the setting of relapse after auto-SCT are available, with overall response rates of approximately 70% and complete remission rates ranging from 19% to 50%.3333 Bartlett NL, Niedzwiecki D, Johnson JL, Friedberg JW, Johnson KB, van Besien K, et al. Gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (GVD), a salvage regimen in relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma: CALGB 59804. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(6):1071-9.

34 Spencer A, Reed K, Arthur C. Pilot study of an outpatient-based approach for advanced lymphoma using vinorelbine, gemcitabine and filgrastim. Intern Med J. 2007;37(11):760-6.

35 Aparicio J, Segura A, Garcerá S, Oltra A, Santaballa A, Yuste A, et al. ESHAP is an active regimen for relapsing Hodgkin's disease. Ann Oncol. 1999;10(5):593-5.
-3636 Hertzberg MS, Crombie C, Benson W, Taper J, Gottlieb D, Bradstock KF. Outpatient-based ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ICE) chemotherapy in transplant-eligible patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease. Ann Oncol. 2003;14(Suppl. 1):i11-6. Most combination regimens have a high frequency of grade 3-4 myelosuppression.

With the growing knowledge of HL biology, novel therapeutic agents aimed at specific molecular targets and pathways have been identified. Relevant published studies testing these agents in patients with active disease after auto-SCT are summarized in Table 1.2323 Fedele R, Martino M, Recchia AG, Irrera G, Gentile M, Morabito F. Clinical options in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: an updated review. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:968212.,2626 Younes A, Ansell SM. Novel agents in the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma: biological basis and clinical results. Semin Hematol. 2016;53(3):186-9.

Table 1
Clinical studies with novel agents in patients with relapsed/refractory HL after autologous stem cell transplantation.

Brentuximab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate that selectively targets tumor cells expressing CD30. In the pivotal phase II multicenter trial of 102 patients treated for failure after an auto-SCT, 75% had a response, and 34% achieved complete remission (CR).3737 Younes A, Gopal AK, Smith SE, Ansell SM, Rosenblatt JD, Savage KJ, et al. Results of a pivotal phase II study of brentuximab vedotin for patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(18):2183-9. At five years, overall survival (OS) was 41% and PFS was 22%. Patients who achieved a complete remission had superior outcomes (OS: 64%; PFS: 48%).3838 Chen R, Gopal AK, Smith SE, Ansell SM, Rosenblatt JD, Savage KJ, et al. Five-year survival and durability results of brentuximab vedotin in patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2016;128(12):1562-6. Thirteen patients (38% of all CR patients) remained in remission. Among these 13 patients, four received a consolidative allo-SCT, and nine (9% of all enrolled patients) remain in CR without receiving any further treatment. Brentuximab was also tested as consolidation treatment after auto-SCT in patients with a high risk of relapse. In this study (AETHERA), patients given brentuximab had a median PFS of 42 months compared with 24 months in the placebo group.3939 Moskowitz CH, Nademanee A, Masszi T, Agura E, Holowiecki J, Abidi MH, et al. Brentuximab vedotin as consolidation therapy after autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma at risk of relapse or progression (AETHERA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9980):1853-62.

In recent years, the active role of neoplastic cells in downregulating the patient's immune response has been better understood. In HL, Reed-Sternberg cells express PD-1 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2), which interact with PD-1 expressed on activated T-cells, thus leading to tumor tolerance. Antibodies against PD1 and PD-L1 have been shown to hamper this downregulation in various types of cancer. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab, two monoclonal antibodies directed against PD-1, have shown good results in heavily pretreated patients with relapsed or refractory HL.4040 Ansell SM, Lesokhin AM, Borrello I, Halwani A, Scott EC, Gutierrez M, et al. PD-1 blockade with nivolumab in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(4):311-9.,4141 Armand P, Shipp MA, Ribrag V, Michot JM, Zinzani PL, Kuruvilla J, et al. Programmed death-1 blockade with pembrolizumab in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma after brentuximab vedotin failure. J Clin Oncol. 2016 [Epub ahead of print]. In a phase Ib trial, 23 such patients received nivolumab until complete response, tumor progression, or excessive toxic effects. Most of the patients had been treated with an auto-SCT, and 78% had received brentuximab. An objective response was found in 87%, including 17% with a complete response. Progression-free survival at six months was 86%. Furthermore, the drug presented acceptable safety.4040 Ansell SM, Lesokhin AM, Borrello I, Halwani A, Scott EC, Gutierrez M, et al. PD-1 blockade with nivolumab in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(4):311-9. These results led to a phase II trial of nivolumab in 80 patients with HL after failure of auto-SCT and brentuximab.4242 Younes A, Santoro A, Shipp M, Zinzani PL, Timmerman JM, Ansell S, et al. Nivolumab for classical Hodgkin's lymphoma after failure of both autologous stem-cell transplantation and brentuximab vedotin: a multicentre, multicohort, single-arm phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(9):1283-94. An objective response was achieved in 66% of patients and 9% of complete remission. The median time to response was 2.1 months. Follow-up is ongoing to assess the long-term durability of nivolumab in this setting. Another study included 31 heavily pretreated HL patients treated with pembrolizumab. The overall response rate was 65%, with 16% in complete remission. Progression-free survival at 24 weeks was 69%.4141 Armand P, Shipp MA, Ribrag V, Michot JM, Zinzani PL, Kuruvilla J, et al. Programmed death-1 blockade with pembrolizumab in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma after brentuximab vedotin failure. J Clin Oncol. 2016 [Epub ahead of print].

Lenalidomide has been tested in a few studies in patients with relapsed or refractory HL.4343 Fehniger TA, Larson S, Trinkaus K, Siegel MJ, Cashen AF, Blum KA, et al. A phase 2 multicenter study of lenalidomide in relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2011;118(19):5119-25.,4444 Böll B, Borchmann P, Topp MS, Hänel M, Reiners KS, Engert A, et al. Lenalidomide in patients with refractory or multiple relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2010;148(3):480-2. In a phase II trial that included 38 patients with a median of four previous treatments, 87% of whom had received an auto-SCT, the objective overall response rate and complete response rate were 19% and 16%, respectively. Due to the acceptable toxicity profile, further studies to optimize doses and investigate the use of lenalidomide in combination with other drugs are needed.4343 Fehniger TA, Larson S, Trinkaus K, Siegel MJ, Cashen AF, Blum KA, et al. A phase 2 multicenter study of lenalidomide in relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2011;118(19):5119-25.

Drugs that target histone deacetylases may also be effective in HL. The most effective inhibitor of histone deacetylase in HL appears to be panobinostat. A phase II study with 129 HL patients treated previously with a median of four regimens was reported. Objective responses were achieved in 27%, including 30 (23%) partial responses and five (4%) complete responses. The median duration of response was 6.9 months and median PFS was 6.1 months.4545 Younes A, Sureda A, Ben-Yehuda D, Zinzani PL, Ong TC, Prince HM, et al. Panobinostat in patients with relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma after autologous stem-cell transplantation: results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(18):2197-203.

Signaling through the PI3-kinase/mTOR pathway has been demonstrated to be active in HL. Everolimus is an oral agent that specifically targets the mTOR complex1 (mTORC1).2323 Fedele R, Martino M, Recchia AG, Irrera G, Gentile M, Morabito F. Clinical options in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: an updated review. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:968212.,4646 Calimeri T, Ferreri AJ. m-TOR inhibitors and their potential role in haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol. 2017;177(5):684-702. A phase II trial was conducted in nineteen patients with relapsed HL, who had received a median of six prior therapies, including 84% with a prior auto-SCT. The overall response rate was 47% and only one patient achieved a complete remission.4747 Johnston PB, Inwards DJ, Colgan JP, Laplant BR, Kabat BF, Habermann TM, et al. A Phase II trial of the oral mTOR inhibitor everolimus in relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Hematol. 2010;85(5):320-4. In the current issue of the Brazilian Journal of Hematology and Hemotherapy, a retrospective analysis of 33 relapsed/refractory HL patients who received everolimus in a compassionate use program in Brazil is reported.4848 da Rocha TM, Fortier SC, Fischer TR, Perini GF, Gaiolla RD, Fogliatto L, et al. Everolimus as a single agent in refractory or relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma: The Brazilian Named Patient Program Experience. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2017;39(3):216-22. Patients had received a median of five prior therapies and 88% had undergone an auto-SCT. The overall response rate was 45%; two (6%) patients achieved complete remission and 13 (39%) had a partial response. The median PFS and OS were 9 months and 36 months, respectively, somewhat similar to the findings in the previous phase II trial, in which the median PFS and OS were 6 months and 25 months, respectively. It is noteworthy that thirteen patients received treatment for more than one year, and three patients had been receiving it for more than four years, despite progression of the disease.

In summary, there is an ongoing effort to identify effective treatments for patients whose disease progresses after an auto-SCT. Drugs with innovative mechanisms, in particular brentuximab and nivolumab, have been quickly introduced into clinical practice in many countries. However, the therapeutic challenge is compounded by the high cost of these new drugs. The complexities of allo-SCT also limit its availability in the public health system. As better data on the long-term results of these novel treatments accumulate, we will hopefully, be able to better define the best approaches, and offer them to every patient in need.

  • See paper by Rocha et al. on pages 216-22.

References

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  • 2
    Ansell SM. Hodgkin lymphoma: 2016 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2016;91(4):434-42.
  • 3
    Engert A, Plütschow A, Eich HT, Lohri A, Dörken B, Borchmann P, et al. Reduced treatment intensity in patients with early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(7):640-52.
  • 4
    Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, Pearcey RG, Bezjak A, Wells WA, et al. Randomized comparison of ABVD chemotherapy with a strategy that includes radiation therapy in patients with limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(21):4634-42.
  • 5
    Radford J, Illidge T, Counsell N, Hancock B, Pettengell R, Johnson P, et al. Results of a trial of PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(17):1598-607.
  • 6
    Alinari L, How Blum KA. I treat relapsed classical Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous stem cell transplant. Blood. 2016;127(3):287-95.
  • 7
    Viviani S, Zinzani PL, Rambaldi A, Brusamolino E, Levis A, Bonfante V, et al. ABVD versus BEACOPP for Hodgkin's lymphoma when high-dose salvage is planned. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(3):203-12.
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    Mounier N, Brice P, Bologna S, Briere J, Gaillard I, Heczko M, et al. ABVD (8 cycles) versus BEACOPP (4 escalated cycles ≥ 4 baseline): final results in stage III-IV low-risk Hodgkin lymphoma (IPS 0-2) of the LYSA H34 randomized trial. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(8):1622-8.
  • 9
    Moccia AA, Donaldson J, Chhanabhai M, Hoskins PJ, Klasa RJ, Savage KJ, et al. International Prognostic Score in advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: altered utility in the modern era. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(27):3383-8.
  • 10
    Hoskin PJ, Lowry L, Horwich A, Jack A, Mead B, Hancock BW, et al. Randomized comparison of the Stanford V regimen and ABVD in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's Lymphoma: United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute Lymphoma Group Study ISRCTN 64141244. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(32):5390-6.
  • 11
    Gobbi PG, Levis A, Chisesi T, Broglia C, Vitolo U, Stelitano C, et al. ABVD versus modified Stanford V versus MOPPEBVCAD with optional and limited radiotherapy in intermediate- and advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: final results of a multicenter randomized trial by the Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(36):9198-207.
  • 12
    Johnson PW, Radford JA, Cullen MH, Sydes MR, Walewski J, Jack AS, et al. Comparison of ABVD and alternating or hybrid multidrug regimens for the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma: results of the United Kingdom Lymphoma Group LY09 Trial (ISRCTN97144519). J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(36):9208-18.
  • 13
    Gordon LI, Hong F, Fisher RI, Bartlett NL, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD, et al. Randomized phase III trial of ABVD versus Stanford V with or without radiation therapy in locally extensive and advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma: an intergroup study coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E2496). J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(6):684-91.
  • 14
    Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, Fosså A, Berkahn L, Carella A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT Scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(25):2419-29.
  • 15
    Linch DC, Winfield D, Goldstone AH, Moir D, Hancock B, McMillan A, et al. Dose intensification with autologous bone-marrow transplantation in relapsed and resistant Hodgkin's disease: results of a BNLI randomised trial. Lancet. 1993;341(8852):1051-4.
  • 16
    Smith SD, Moskowitz CH, Dean R, Pohlman B, Sobecks R, Copelan E, et al. Autologous stem cell transplant for early relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: results from two transplant centres. Br J Haematol. 2011;153(3):358-63.
  • 17
    Schmitz N, Pfistner B, Sextro M, Sieber M, Carella AM, Haenel M, et al. Aggressive conventional chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy with autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for relapsed chemosensitive Hodgkin's disease: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9323):2065-71.
  • 18
    Tarella C, Cuttica A, Vitolo U, Liberati M, Di Nicola M, Cortelazzo S, et al. High-dose sequential chemotherapy and peripheral blood progenitor cell autografting in patients with refractory and/or recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma: a multicenter study of the intergruppo Italiano Linfomi showing prolonged disease free survival in patients treated at first recurrence. Cancer. 2003;97(11):2748-59.
  • 19
    Fermé C, Mounier N, Diviné M, Brice P, Stamatoullas A, Reman O, et al. Intensive salvage therapy with high-dose chemotherapy for patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease in relapse or failure after initial chemotherapy: results of the Groupe d'Etudes des Lymphomes de l'Adulte H89 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(2):467-75.
  • 20
    Gerrie AS, Power MM, Shepherd JD, Savage KJ, Sehn LH, Connors JM. Chemoresistance can be overcome with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(11):2218-23.
  • 21
    Arai S, Fanale M, DeVos S, Engert A, Illidge T, Borchmann P, et al. Defining a Hodgkin lymphoma population for novel therapeutics after relapse from autologous hematopoietic cell transplant. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(11):2531-3.
  • 22
    Montanari F, Diefenbach C. Relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma: management strategies. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2014;9(3):284-93.
  • 23
    Fedele R, Martino M, Recchia AG, Irrera G, Gentile M, Morabito F. Clinical options in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: an updated review. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:968212.
  • 24
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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Jul-Sep 2017
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