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Effects of fenoprofen on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m, the morphology of red blood cells and the plasmid

Abstracts

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of fenoprofen on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m, on the morphology of red blood cells and on the plasmid DNA. Blood samples from Wistar rats were incubated with fenoprofen and the assay of labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc) was performed. Blood cells, plasma, soluble and insoluble fractions of blood cells and plasma were separated. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted and percentage of incorporated radioactivity (%ATI) was determined. Blood smears were prepared, fixed, stained and the qualitative and quantitative morphology of the red blood cells (RBC) was evaluated. Plasmid (pBSK) was incubated with fenoprofen with stannous chloride, and agarose gel electrophoresis procedure was carried out to evaluate genotoxic and the protection of this drug against stannous chloride effect on DNA. In conclusion, under the conditions used in this work, our data suggest that fenoprofen would not (i) affect the fixation of the 99mTc on the blood constituents, (ii) alter the RBC membrane and (iii) present genotoxic and redox effects.

technetium-99m; blood; morphology; plasmid; fenoprofen


O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do fenoprofeno na marcação de constuintes sanguíneos com tecnécio-99m (99mTc), na morfologia de hemácias e no DNA plasmidial. Amostras de sangue de ratos Wistar foram incubadas com fenoprofeno e a marcação de constituintes sangüíneos com 99mTc foi realizada. Células sangüíneas (CS) e plasma (P) foram isolados. Alíquotas de CS e P foram precipitadas, frações insolúvel e solúvel foram separadas. A radioatividade em cada fração foi contada e o percentual de radioatividade incorporada (%ATI), determinada. Distensões sangüíneas foram preparadas, fixadas, coradas e análise morfológica, qualitativa e quantitativa, de hemácias foi realizada sob microscopia óptica. Plasmídios pBSK foram incubados com fenoprofeno na presença e ausência de cloreto estanoso, e o procedimento de eletroforese em gel de agarose realizado para avaliar o efeito genotóxico deste fármaco e seu efeito sobre a ação do cloreto estanoso no DNA. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, nas condições utilizadas nesse estudo, o fenoprofeno não poderia: (i) afetar a fixação do 99mTc nos constituintes sanguíneos, (ii) alterar a membrana de hemácias e (iii) apresentar efeitos genotóxicos e redox.


DRUG INTERACTION AND THE LABELING OF BLOOD CONSTITUENTS

Effects of fenoprofen on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m, the morphology of red blood cells and the plasmid

Marcia de Oliveira PereiraI,II; Gabrielle de Souza RochaI,II; Simone dos Santos LombardiII; Mauro GellerIV; Mário José PereiraIII; Sebastião David Santos-FilhoII; Adenilson de Souza da FonsecaII,IV,* * Author for correspondence ; Mario Bernardo-FilhoII,V

ICentro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, s/n; 59010180; Natal - RN - Brasil

IIDepartamento de Biofísica e Biometria; Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil

IIIDepartamento de Fisiologia; Av. 28 de setembro, 87; 20551030; Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil

IVCentro de Ciências da Saúde; Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos; Av. Alberto Torres, 111; 25964004; adenilso@uerj.br;Teresópolis - RJ - Brasil

VInstituto Nacional do Câncer; Praça Cruz Vermelha, 23; 20230-130; Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of fenoprofen on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m, on the morphology of red blood cells and on the plasmid DNA. Blood samples from Wistar rats were incubated with fenoprofen and the assay of labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc) was performed. Blood cells, plasma, soluble and insoluble fractions of blood cells and plasma were separated. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted and percentage of incorporated radioactivity (%ATI) was determined. Blood smears were prepared, fixed, stained and the qualitative and quantitative morphology of the red blood cells (RBC) was evaluated. Plasmid (pBSK) was incubated with fenoprofen with stannous chloride, and agarose gel electrophoresis procedure was carried out to evaluate genotoxic and the protection of this drug against stannous chloride effect on DNA. In conclusion, under the conditions used in this work, our data suggest that fenoprofen would not (i) affect the fixation of the 99mTc on the blood constituents, (ii) alter the RBC membrane and (iii) present genotoxic and redox effects.

Key words: technetium-99m, blood, morphology, plasmid, fenoprofen

RESUMO

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do fenoprofeno na marcação de constuintes sanguíneos com tecnécio-99m (99mTc), na morfologia de hemácias e no DNA plasmidial. Amostras de sangue de ratos Wistar foram incubadas com fenoprofeno e a marcação de constituintes sangüíneos com 99mTc foi realizada. Células sangüíneas (CS) e plasma (P) foram isolados. Alíquotas de CS e P foram precipitadas, frações insolúvel e solúvel foram separadas. A radioatividade em cada fração foi contada e o percentual de radioatividade incorporada (%ATI), determinada. Distensões sangüíneas foram preparadas, fixadas, coradas e análise morfológica, qualitativa e quantitativa, de hemácias foi realizada sob microscopia óptica. Plasmídios pBSK foram incubados com fenoprofeno na presença e ausência de cloreto estanoso, e o procedimento de eletroforese em gel de agarose realizado para avaliar o efeito genotóxico deste fármaco e seu efeito sobre a ação do cloreto estanoso no DNA. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, nas condições utilizadas nesse estudo, o fenoprofeno não poderia: (i) afetar a fixação do 99mTc nos constituintes sanguíneos, (ii) alterar a membrana de hemácias e (iii) apresentar efeitos genotóxicos e redox.

INTRODUCTION

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are used for treatment of rheumatic and other inflammatory, degenerative, and articulate diseases (Insel, 2001). The action mechanism of these drugs results from the inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity, with a consequent reduction of the synthesis of prostaglandin, one of the main mediators of the inflammatory process (Poggi et al., 2006). Fenoprofen is a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor commonly used for the treatment of acute and chronic pain (Insel, 2001).

In vitro red blood cells (RBC) labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) has been proposed as an assay to assess biological effects of natural and synthetic drugs (Fonseca et al., 2007; Benarroz et al., 2008). Morphogical analysis of RBC has been utilized as another method to evaluate effects of drugs (Frydman et al., 2008). Electrophoretic profile of bacterial plasmids has also been used as a reliable assay to evaluate genotoxic effect of drugs (Ferreira-Machado et al., 2004).

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of fenoprofen on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, on the morphology of RBC and on the plasmid DNA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Drugs

Fenoprofen used in this study was purchased from Biolab Sanus Farmacêutica Ltda (São Paulo, Brazil, lot 601034) and stannous chloride (SnCl2) was purchased from Sigma Chemicals Co (St Louis, USA).

Animals

Adult male Wistar rats (3-4 months, 250-300 g) were maintained in a controlled environment: normal light/dark cycle conditions (12-h light/12-h dark; lights on at 6 am), free access to water and food and room temperature was kept at 25±2 ºC. Experimental protocols were approved by the Ethical Committee of the Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (protocol number CEA/203/2007).

In vitro radiolabeling of blood constituents

Samples of whole blood (n=7, for each fenoprofen concentration) were incubated with this drug at different concentrations (0.0, 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, 1000 µg/mL; 1 hour). After that, SnCl2 (1.2 µg/mL, 1 hour) was added and, in sequence, 99mTc (3.7 MBq, 10 minutes) as sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4), recently milked from a 99Mo/99mTc generator (Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, São Paulo, Brazil). These samples were centrifuged (1500 rpm, 5 minutes) and plasma (P) and blood cells (BC) were separated. Aliquots of P and BC were also precipitated with trichloroacetic acid (5 %) and soluble (SF) and insoluble (IF) fractions were obtained. The radioactivity (% ATI) in P, BC, IF-P, SF-P, IF-BC and SF-BC was determined in a well gamma counter (Packard, model C5002, Illinois, USA). The %ATI was calculated as described previously (Bernardo-Filho et al., 1983).

Morphological evaluation

Smears were prepared from blood samples incubated with fenoprofen at different concentration (0.0, 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, 1000 µg/mL; 5 slides for each concentration) and stained by May-Grünwald-Giemsa (Barcia, 2007). The slices were analyzed by optical microscopy and for morphometric measurements a total of five fields per each slide were evaluated. A spherical shape and normal size distribution were assumed to RBC on control samples. Area and perimeter of RBC were measured (Software image pro plus, media Cibernetics, USA) and perimeter/area ratio was calculated.

Plasmid DNA

Plasmid (pBSK) was obtained by alkaline cell lysis method (Sambrook et al,. 1989) from Escherichia coli DH5aF'Iq (rec-) strain hosting this plasmid.

Plasmid treatment with fenoprofen

Plasmids were incubated with fenoprofen at different concentrations (3.0, 30, 300 µg/mL). To assess the action of fenoprofen on effects of SnCl2, plasmids were incubated with fenoprofen, at the same concentrations, in the presence of SnCl2 (200 µg/mL). Plasmid incubated only with SnCl2 was used as positive control and, as negative control, plasmid incubated at 10 mM Tris buffer (vehicle, pH 7.4). The incubations were carried out at room temperature for 40 minutes. After that, each sample was mixed with loading buffer (0.25% xylene cyanol, 0.25% bromophenol blue and glycerol in water) and applied in 0.8% agarose horizontal gel electrophoresis chamber in Tris-acetate-EDTA buffer (pH 8.0, 7 V/cm). The gel was stained with ethidium bromide (0.5 µg/mL) and the DNA bands were visualized by fluorescence under an ultraviolet transilumination system. The assay was repeated at least four times, the results were digitalized (Kodak Digital Science 1d, EDAS 120) and the bands semiquantified using the computer program Image J for Windows.

Statistical analysis

Data are reported as (means ± SD) of the %ATI, the perimeter/area ratio and the percentual of plasmid forms. The One-way analysis of variance - ANOVA test was performed to verify possible statistical differences p<0.05 as less significant level.

RESULTS

Table 1 presents the effects of fenoprofen on the radioactivity distribution between cellular and plasma compartments. This data indicates no alteration (p<0.05) of 99mTc distribution in these compartments.

Table 2 presents the effect of fenoprofen on the fixation of 99mTc on insoluble and soluble fractions plasma proteins. This data indicates that the fenoprofen was not capable to interfere on the fixation of the radioactivity on the insoluble and soluble fractions of plasma.

No alteration on fixation of radioactivity on proteins of blood cells from blood samples incubated with fenoprofen (Table 3) was found. Photomicrographs of RBC from blood incubated with 0.9% NaCl or fenoprofen (1000 µg/mL) under optical microscopy is shown in the figures 1 and 2. Qualitative evaluation of these figures indicates no alterations on the shape of the RBC incubated with fenoprofen.



Table 4 presents the perimeter/area ratio of RBC from blood samples incubated with fenoprofen. The results indicate that the perimeter/area ratio of RBC was not significantly (p>0.05) altered by fenoprofen at the concentrations used.

The Figure 2 shows the photograph of agarose gel electrophoresis of pBSK plasmid treated with fenoprofen in presence and absence of SnCl2. This figure indicates that fenoprofen is not capable to induce alterations on the electrophoretic profile of plasmids (lanes 3, 4 and 5) when compared with negative control (lane 1). Also, figure 2 indicates that the effect of SnCl2 (lane 2) is not altered by fenoprofen at concentrations used (lanes 6, 7 and 8). These results were confirmed by semiquantitative analyses of the percentages of supercoiled (SC) and open circle (OC) plasmid forms (Fig. 3) indicating no alteration on the electrophoretic profile.

DISCUSSION

Blood constituents labeled with 99mTc have been used in several clinical examinations (Saha, 2004) and also as an experimental assay to verify the effect of drugs on radiopharmaceuticals (Fonseca et al., 2007). This experimental model has permitted the obtaining of relevant information about properties of various chemical compounds (synthetic and natural) (Benarroz et al., 2008). The data obtained in this work indicates that there was no alteration on the labeling of the blood constituents with 99mTc when the blood was incubated with fenoprofen (tables 1, 2 and 3). Despite the absence of effects of the fenoprofen on radiolabeling of blood constituents, it has described drug-related immune hemolytic anemia after use of fenoprofen in human beings (Shirey et al., 1988). Other data has indicated that fenoprofen is almost completely bond to plasma proteins (Insel, 2001).

Morphological analysis has been used to demonstrate effects of salicylic acid derivatives on membrane of RBC (Li et al., 1999). On the other hand, our data indicates that fenoprofen would not alter the morphology of RBC (Fig. 1 and table 4). As morphological analysis of RBC has been used as complementary technique, these results could confirm the data obtained with fenoprofen on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc.

The genotoxic effect of stannous chloride on DNA has been demonstrated by different experimental models and the mechanism action has been so far related to free radical generation (Melo et al. 2001, Dantas et al. 2002). In fact, the presence of free radicals scavengers could reduce the changes of electrophoretic profile of plasmid DNA induced by stannous chloride decreasing the DNA strand breaks (Dantas et al. 1999, de Mattos et al., 2000). Fenoprofen has been suggested to be scavenger of free radicals (Costa, et al., 2006). However, at conditions used in this work, fenoprofen did not seem to protect plasmid DNA against the effects of stannous chloride. In addition, fenoprofen could not present genotoxic effect because no alteration on the electrophoretic profile of plasmids was observed (Fig. 2).

In conclusion, under the conditions used in this work, our data suggest that fenoprofen would not (i) affect the fixation of the 99mTc on the blood constituents, (ii) alter the RBC membrane and (iii) present genotoxic and redox effects.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was supported by grants and financial support from CAPES, CNPq and FAPERJ.

Received: August 28, 2008;

Revised: September 16, 2008;

Accepted: September 18, 2008.

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  • *
    Author for correspondence
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      20 Feb 2009
    • Date of issue
      Dec 2008

    History

    • Accepted
      18 Sept 2008
    • Reviewed
      16 Sept 2008
    • Received
      28 Aug 2008
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