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Soil Microbiological Attributes Under Ecological Restoration Technologies in Subtropical Forest

Abstract

To accelerate the recovery of degraded environments, it is necessary to use ecological restoration techniques, which require validation according to the ecosystem conditions where are implemented. This work aimed to evaluate soil microbiological attributes under different ecological restoration technologies in a subtropical forest. The study was conducted at UTFPR-DV, southwest of Paraná, in an ecotone between Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and on an Oxisol. In December 2010, a tillage area of at least 17 years old was isolated and the passive restoration, tree planting and nucleation treatments were installed in 40x54 m plots and four replications. In November 2018 the soil was sampled in these plots and in a native forest area as a reference. There were calculated soil organic carbon content (OCC) and microbiological attributes such as microbial biomass N and C (NMIC and CMIC), basal respiration, fungal spore content and the metabolic (qCO2) and microbial quotient (MICq). It can be concluded that nucleation technology can restore soil microbiological attributes but has not yet reached the conditions of a natural environment. Passive restoration is not a good technology for restoring soil microbiological attributes. The higher contents of CMIC, NMIC, OCC, MICq and fungal spores in the soil under native forest compared to ecological restoration technologies indicate that eight years of adoption of these techniques have not yet been enough to fully recover soil microbiological activity.

Keywords:
degraded areas; ecologic succession; soil microbiology

INTRODUCTION

Anthropic action, mainly for the expansion of the agricultural sector, contributes to the reduction of tropical and subtropical forests in Brazil. The State of Paraná has predominantly the Atlantic Forest Biome, which is fragmented into small forest nuclei without connection between themselves and its original characteristics being altered, making flora and fauna genic flow each time more difficult.

According to Wadt [11 Wadt PGS, Pereira JES, Gonçalves RC, Souza CB, Alves LS. Práticas de Conservação do Solo e Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas. Rio Branco (AC): Embrapa Acre; 2003. 29 p.] such changes promote the loss of the area productive capacity, generating a degraded system and compromising vegetation and soil quality. Natural systems are closely related to vegetation cover and soil attributes, as fundamental ecological processes, such as nutrient cycling, occur in them [22 Freitas L, Oliveira IA, Silva LS, Frare JCV, Filla VA, Gomes RP. Indicadores da qualidade química e física do solo sob diferentes sistemas de manejo. Rev. Unimar Ciências. 2017;26(2):08-25.].

Before recovering an area, it is necessary to know how regeneration occurs in those environments that have been subjected to different disturbances, whether natural or anthropic [33 Alves LF, Metzger JP. A regeneração florestal em áreas de floresta secundária na Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande, Cotia, SP. Biota Neotrop. 2006 Mai;6(2):1-26. doi:10.1590/S1676-06032006000200005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-0603200600...
], once they present different levels of intensity, duration and resilience [44 Novak E, Carvalho LA, Santiago EF, Brumatti AV, Santos LL, Sales LC. Variação temporal dos atributos microbiológicos do solo sob diferentes usos. Rev. Ciênc. Agrár. 2018 Sep;41(3):603-11. doi:10.19084/RCA17300
https://doi.org/10.19084/RCA17300...
]. The recovery of degraded areas is a multi-step procedure that needs to be developed simultaneously in order to restore its productive capacity [55 Santos AC, Silva IF, Lima JRS, Andrade AP, Cavalcante VR. Gramíneas e leguminosas na recuperação de áreas degradadas: efeito nas características químicas de solo. R. Bras. Ci. Solo. 2001 Mai;25(4):1063-71 doi:10.1590/S0100-06832001000400028.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-0683200100...
].

Regardless of the degradation level of an ecosystem, it is necessary to adopt recovery techniques [11 Wadt PGS, Pereira JES, Gonçalves RC, Souza CB, Alves LS. Práticas de Conservação do Solo e Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas. Rio Branco (AC): Embrapa Acre; 2003. 29 p.], which can be as simple as passive or natural regeneration, which consists in isolating the degraded area and regenerating it through its own seed bank [66 Trentin BE, Estevan DA, Rossetto EFS, Gorenstein MR, Brizola GP, Bechara FC. Restauração florestal na Mata Atlântica: passiva, nucleação e plantio de alta diversidade. Ci. Fl. 2018 Jan/Mar;28(1):160-74.], complex as nucleation, which consists of the use of different biological dissemination techniques allocated in the same area, such as a bank or rain of seeds, perches and wildlife shelters [77 Piaia BB, Rovedder APM, Costa AM, Felker RM, Piazza EM, Stefanello MM. Transposição do banco de sementes para restauração ecológica da floresta estacional no Rio Grande do Sul. Agrária. 2017 Ajpr;12(2):227-35. doi:10.5039/agraria.v12i2a5442.
https://doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v12i2a54...
], in addition to traditional tree planting, with appropriate spacing and species for each location.

To validate ecological restoration techniques, in addition to assessing vegetation, it is also important to identify their effects on soil chemical, physical and microbiological attributes, as they are essential inputs to promote sustainability and conservation [22 Freitas L, Oliveira IA, Silva LS, Frare JCV, Filla VA, Gomes RP. Indicadores da qualidade química e física do solo sob diferentes sistemas de manejo. Rev. Unimar Ciências. 2017;26(2):08-25.]. The physical, chemical and biological attributes of the soil are interrelated, controlling the processes and aspects related to their variation. Conservationist practices improve the quality of the environment, contributing to the development of soil microorganisms, maintaining or increasing organic matter, promoting nutrients increase, while structurally and physically protect the soil [88 Evangelista CR, Partelli FL, Ferreira EP, Pires FR. Atributos microbiológicos do solo na cultura da cana-de-açúcar sob manejo orgânico e convencional. Semina. 2013 Jul/Aug;34(4):1549-62. doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2013v34n4p1549.
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2013v3...
].

Forest soil is a favorable environment for the development of microorganisms, which can be used as biotic factors to observe the balance or alteration of forest ecosystems [99 Peña MLP, Marques R, Jahnel MC, Anjos A. Respiração microbiana como indicador da qualidade do solo em ecossistema florestal. Rev. Floresta. 2005 Jan/Apr;35(1):117-27.]. For Peña [99 Peña MLP, Marques R, Jahnel MC, Anjos A. Respiração microbiana como indicador da qualidade do solo em ecossistema florestal. Rev. Floresta. 2005 Jan/Apr;35(1):117-27.], in the early succession phase, the soil has little productive capacity reflecting low microbial activity. Thus, as the quality of the area improves, the more satisfactory microbiological results become. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate soil microbiological attributes under different technologies of ecological restoration in subtropical forest in southwestern Paraná, Brazil.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study area is located at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV) (25º41’40,47” S and 53º06’12,82” W), with average altitude of 502 m and humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with no defined dry season, with average annual temperatures between 19 °C and 20 °C, and frequent frosts [1010 Alvares CA, Stape JL, Sentelhas PC, Gonçalves JLM, Sparovek G. Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorol. Z. 2013 Jan;22(6):711-28. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507
https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0...
]. The soil is an Oxisol and the vegetation is an ecotone between Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and Seasonal Semideciduous Forest.

The experimental area was used with annual crops from 1993 to 2005 and perennial pasture between 2006 and 2008. In May 2009, oat (Avena strigosa) was sown, which was harvested in October of the same year, leaving the area fallow until October 2010, when it was cleared and isolated from disturbing factors.

In December 2010 three treatments were implemented: passive restoration; tree planting under fill line and diversity and nucleation. Each treatment has four replications with 40 x 54 m (2,160 m²) plots, subdivided into 24 subplots of 9 x 10 m (910 m²). As reference area we used a native forest bordering the experimental area.

Passive regeneration consisted of isolating the area for monitoring ecological succession without anthropic intervention. Planting native seedlings under fill and diversity lines [1111 Gandolfi S, Rodrigues RR. Manejo ambiental e restauração de áreas degradadas. São Paulo (Brasil): Fundação Cargill; 2007. 190 p.] consisted of planting 30-50 cm tall seedlings, interspersing the fill species (10 fast growing and dense canopy pioneer species) with diversity species (60 non-pioneer species), with a total of 1,440 seedlings of 70 regional species in the four experimental plots.

The nucleation techniques [1212 Reis A, Bechara FC, Tres DR. Nucleation in tropical ecological restoration. Sci. Agric. 2010 Mar/Abr;67(2):244-50. doi:10.1590/S0103-90162010000200018
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-9016201000...
-1313 Bechara FC, Dickens SJ, Farrer EC, Larios L, Spotswood EN, Mariotte P, Suding KN. Neotropical rainforest restoration: comparing passive, plantation and nucleation approaches. Biodivers. Conserv. 2016 Jul;25:2021-34. doi:10.1007/s10531-016-1186-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1186-...
] implanted were: artificial bird perches; artificial shelters for the attraction of terrestrial fauna; planting of seedling from bank and rain of forest seeds; planting of trees in Anderson groups of five seedlings, spaced 1 x 1 m (cross-shaped) where the four lateral plants were shaded (12 pioneer species) and the central plant was shaded (24 non-pioneer species); 3 x 4 m core covered with cowpea (Cajanus cajan); and planting of bromeliads (Bromelia antiacantha) in Anderson groups of five seedlings, spaced 0.5 x 0.5 m (cross-shaped). The set of techniques were implemented in 3 x 40 m strips, where the cleaning was done through mowing and chemical weeding. Within this treatment were used the same tree species as the tree planting treatment, except for the maricá (Mimosa bimucronata).

In November 2018, 8 years after the implementation of the treatments, the soil was sampled in the 0-5, 5-10 and 0-20 cm layers with six sub samples per plot that were joined to form a composite sample. For the microbial analyses, only samples from the 0-5 cm layer were used, which were sieved in a 2.0 mm mesh, standardized to 35% humidity and stored in a refrigerator to preserve microbial activity. For the chemical analysis, the layers 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 were used, being air dried, ground and sieved in 2.0 mm mesh.

The chemical characterization of the soil followed the methodology of Tedesco [1414 Tedesco MJ, Gianello C, Bissani CA, Boahnen H, Volkweiss SJ. Análise de solo, plantas e outros materiais. 2ª ed.; Publisher: Porto Alegre: UFRGS, Brasil, 1995. 174 p.] for pH-H2O, pH-SMP (buffer pH 7,5), available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents, while for the soil organic matter (SOM) wet combustion methodology was used according to Yeomans and Bremner [1515 Yeomans JC, Bremner JM. A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant Anal.1988;19(13):1467-76. Doi:10.1080/00103628809368027
https://doi.org/10.1080/0010362880936802...
], obtaining first the total organic carbon content (OCC), which was multiplied by the factor 1.724 (Table 1).

Microbial carbon and nitrogen contents (CMIC and NMIC) were obtained by the fumigation extraction method as described in Silva [1616 Silva EE, Azevedo PHS, De-Polli H. Determinação do Carbono da Biomassa Microbiana do Solo. Comunicado técnico 98. Seropérica (RJ): Embrapa Agrobiologia; 2007. 6p.-1717 Silva EE, Azevedo PHS, De-Polli, H. Determinação do Nitrogênio da Biomassa Microbiana do Solo. Comunicado técnico 96. Seropérica (RJ): Embrapa Agrobiologia; 2007. 6 p.]. For this, 50 g of soil was weighed in duplicate, two samples fumigated with chloroform and two not fumigated for 24 hours. Thereafter, 50 mL of 0.5 M Potassium Sulphate (K2SO4) was added and stirred on horizontal shaker for 30 min at 150 rpm, followed by decantation for 60 minutes and filtered in paper filter. CMIC was obtained by sulfochromic digestion and titration with ammonium ferrous sulphate, according to Vance [1818 Vance ED, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil Biol Biochem. 1987;19(6):703-07. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(87)90052-6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(87)900...
]. NMIC was measured by digesting the extract in a digester block with H2SO4 and H2O2 and distilling in in Kjeldahl distillator with boric acid indicator.

Table 1
Soil chemical attributes in 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm layers after eight years of implantation of the ecological restoration techniques passive restoration, tree planting and nucleation, besides native forest area as reference.

Soil basal respiration (SBR) was measured according to Anderson [1919 Anderson JPE. Soil respiration. In: Page AL, editor. Methods of soil analysis. Vol 2, Chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd ed. Madison; 1982. p. 831-71.]. For this purpose, the duplicate C-CO2 emission of 50 g of soil was evaluated and incubated with 10 mL of 1.0 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for four, eight, twelve and sixteen days. The metabolic quotient (qCO2) was obtained from the ratio of C-CO2 per CMIC unit per time, according to the method described by Anderson [2020 Anderson TH, Domsch KH. The metabolic quotient for CO2 (qCO2) as a specific activity parameter to assess the effects of environmental conditions, such as pH, on the microbial biomass of forest soils. Soil Biol Biochem. 1993 Mar;25(3):393-405. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(93)90140-7
https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(93)901...
]. Microbial quotient (MICq) (%) was estimated from the relationship between CMIC and OCC [2121 Sparling GP, West AW. A direct extraction method to estimate soil microbial C: calibration in situ using microbial respiration and 14C labelled cells. Soil Biol Biochem. 1988;20(3):337-43. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(88)90014-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(88)900...
].

The spore content analysis followed the wet sieving methodology [2222 Gerdemann JW, Nicolson THS. Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 1963 Jun;46(2):235-44.]. To do so, 50 mL of soil were diluted in 1,700 mL of water, then decanting the solution for 3 minutes and pouring the supernatant into a 53 µm sieve. Then the residue retained in the sieve was transferred to the centrifuge tube with 60% and 20% sucrose solutions, submitted to 3,500 rpm. The supernatant was sieved in 250 µm, 106 µm and 53 µm mesh for spore separation, then transferred to petri dishes for magnifying.

The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance and when significant were compared by means of the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.05) with the aid of SASM-Agri software.

RESULTS

Soil organic carbon content (OCC) was significantly higher under nucleation technique, while it did not differ between tree planting and passive restoration (Table 2). On the other hand, the microbial biomass carbon (CMIC) did not differ significantly between the ecological restoration technologies evaluated, indicating that the microbial soil biomass was not influenced by the treatments. In addition, the OCC and CMIC of the soil under native forest were, respectively, 50% and 100% higher than the soil contents under restoration technologies (Table 2). Accompanying this behaviour, the microbial quotient (MICq), which is a percentage of CMIC relative to OCC, also did not differ between ecological restoration technologies and averaged 45% less than the soil under native forest (Table 2). This indicates that the higher OCC content observed in the soil under the nucleation technique was not enough to positively influence CMIC and MICq.

NMIC was higher in soil under nucleation and tree planting, differing from soil under passive restoration, but they were all lower than native forest soil, which reached twice the soil NMIC content than ecological restoration techniques (Table 2). The behaviour was very similar to the soil CMIC, indicating that the accumulation of N and C in the microbial biomass is higher in soils with higher OCC content.

Table 2
Organic carbon content (OCC) and microbiological soil attributes after eight years of implantation of the ecological restoration techniques passive restoration; tree planting and nucleation, besides native forest area as reference.

Soil basal respiration (SBR) was higher under nucleation technique and evened to the soil contents under native forest (Table 3). SBR followed a similar behaviour to OCC, indicating that the biological activity was higher under soil conditions with higher total carbon content (Table 2). Another analysis that reinforces this statement is the metabolic quotient (qCO2), which was inversely proportional to SBR of soil under nucleation. None of the restoration techniques achieved the native forest soil qCO2 content (Table 3).

The fungal spore content, which is an indicator of soil microbial activity, was higher in the soil under the nucleation technique, differing significantly from the other techniques, but these levels were still lower than in native forest (Table 3). These data have a behaviour like OCC and inversely proportional to qCO2, which indicates that microbial activity is higher in soil under nucleation compared to other restoration techniques.

Of the six microbiological attributes evaluated, only one (SBR) the soil under one of the techniques of restoration were equivalent to the soil under native forest.

Table 3
Soil basal respiration (SBR), metabolic quotient (qCO2) and spores of soil fungi after eight years of implantation of the ecological restoration techniques passive restoration; tree planting and nucleation, besides native forest area as reference.

DISCUSSION

The higher content of OCC in the soil under nucleation contributed to higher SBR and, consequently, lower qCO2. The release of CO2 occurs by the degradation of organic matter and tends to be higher with the increase of its content, and the SBR is reflected in the speed of degradation of organic matter [55 Santos AC, Silva IF, Lima JRS, Andrade AP, Cavalcante VR. Gramíneas e leguminosas na recuperação de áreas degradadas: efeito nas características químicas de solo. R. Bras. Ci. Solo. 2001 Mai;25(4):1063-71 doi:10.1590/S0100-06832001000400028.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-0683200100...
]. Higher soil SBR values under less impacting systems were also detected in Silva's work [2323 Silva RR, Silva MLN, Cardoso EL, Moreira FMS, Curi N, Alovisi AMT. Biomassa e atividade microbiana em solo sob diferentes sistemas de manejo na região fisiografica Campos das Vertentes-MG, Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo. 2010 Sep;34(5):1585-92. doi:10.1590/S0100-06832010000500011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-0683201000...
]. Already the lowest qCO2 in the soil under nucleation, according to Yada [2424 Yada MM, Mingotte FLC, Melo WJ, Melo G.P.; Melo VP, Longo RM, Ribeiro AI. Atributos Químicos e Bioquímicos em Solos Degradados por Mineração de Estanho e em Fase de Recuperação em Ecossistema Amazônico. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo. 2015 Mai/Jun;39(3):714-24. doi:10.1590/01000683rbcs20140499
https://doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs2014...
], is found in areas that are in balance and with a higher energy accumulation. When the area becomes more balanced microbial biomass becomes more efficient, less CO2 is lost by basal respiration and more carbon are incorporated into the microbial tissues, which causes a decrease in qCO2 [2525 Ferreira EP, Stone LF, Martin-Didonet, CCG. População e atividade microbiana do solo em sistema agroecológico de produção. Rev. Ciênc. Agron. 2017 Jan/Mar;48(1):22-31. doi:10.5935/1806-6690.20170003
https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.201700...
]. Nucleation's ability to stimulate microbial biomass respiratory activity at the same level as the soil under native forest indicates that this technique is allowing the environment to acquire characteristics of a preserved area.

Similarly, the higher fungal spore content in soil under nucleation is another indicator of higher biological activity. This higher content may be related to the predominance of cowpea (Cajanus cajan) observed by Trentin [66 Trentin BE, Estevan DA, Rossetto EFS, Gorenstein MR, Brizola GP, Bechara FC. Restauração florestal na Mata Atlântica: passiva, nucleação e plantio de alta diversidade. Ci. Fl. 2018 Jan/Mar;28(1):160-74.] in this experiment, which was sown in 24 cores per plot to improve soil quality due to its nitrogen fixation capacity, and for being a species that has a short life cycle. Klippel [2626 Klippel VH, Pezzopane JEM, Caldeira MVW, Silva GF, Castro KC. Acúmulo de serapilheira e nutrientes em área com diferentes metodologias de Restauração Florestal, Com. Sci. 2016 Apr/Jun;7(2):241-50. doi:10.14295/CS.v7i2.521
https://doi.org/10.14295/CS.v7i2.521...
] found that planting leguminous species to recover degraded areas provides better quality senescent material with low C/N ratio. This may have contributed to the increased biological activity in nucleation technology. However, Bianchi [2828 Carvalho F de. Atributos Bioquímicos como indicadores da qualidade de solo em Florestas de Araucária angustifólia [master's thesis]. Piracicaba (SP): Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Mestrado em Ecologia de Agroecossitemas; 2005. 95 p.] found that the use of different proportions of forest legumes in the revegetation did not promote changes in the spore density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

The technology of tree planting did not differ from nucleation in three of the six evaluated microbiological attributes (NMIC, CMIC and MICq), however, had lower OCC content and lower microbial activity. According to Trentin [66 Trentin BE, Estevan DA, Rossetto EFS, Gorenstein MR, Brizola GP, Bechara FC. Restauração florestal na Mata Atlântica: passiva, nucleação e plantio de alta diversidade. Ci. Fl. 2018 Jan/Mar;28(1):160-74.], who evaluated this experiment, tree planting technology was inefficient in regenerating the area between the planted seedlings, due to the need for maintenance with mowing to ensure their survival and the large number of seedlings introduced affected natural directions of succession. In addition, this treatment requires greater budget and involvement, due to the costs of seedlings and the silvicultural procedures required to maintain the area until the age of three. Intensive management in this ecological restoration technology contributed to lower carbon addition to the soil and, consequently, lower microbial activity. Soils under areas without anthropic interference are favored by vegetation cover, which provides the accumulation of organic matter, causing the microbial community to increase [2828 Carvalho F de. Atributos Bioquímicos como indicadores da qualidade de solo em Florestas de Araucária angustifólia [master's thesis]. Piracicaba (SP): Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Mestrado em Ecologia de Agroecossitemas; 2005. 95 p.].

Passive restoration technology presented the worst results in four of the six evaluated microbiological attributes (NMIC, SBR, qCO2 and fungal spores), besides having the lowest content of OCC, indicating a limitation of this technique to improve soil microbiological attributes. Evaluating this same experiment, Trentin [66 Trentin BE, Estevan DA, Rossetto EFS, Gorenstein MR, Brizola GP, Bechara FC. Restauração florestal na Mata Atlântica: passiva, nucleação e plantio de alta diversidade. Ci. Fl. 2018 Jan/Mar;28(1):160-74.] found that passive restoration is a good technology option because it has a low implantation cost and that its diversity of plant species did not differ from nucleation. However, according to data from the present study, passive restoration was less efficient than nucleation to improve soil microbiological attributes. This makes the nucleation technique more advantageous over passive restoration and tree planting.

Among the three ecological restoration technologies evaluated, only nucleation obtained two (SBR and qCO2) of the six evaluated soil microbiological attributes equal to those obtained in the soil under native forest. The higher levels of CMIC, NMIC, MICq and fungal spores found in the soil under native forest are justified by the higher OCC content and quality, MICq which indicates the quality of soil organic matter [44 Novak E, Carvalho LA, Santiago EF, Brumatti AV, Santos LL, Sales LC. Variação temporal dos atributos microbiológicos do solo sob diferentes usos. Rev. Ciênc. Agrár. 2018 Sep;41(3):603-11. doi:10.19084/RCA17300
https://doi.org/10.19084/RCA17300...
]. In native forest areas there is a higher volume of litter and roots, which promote increased species diversity [2929 Couto WH, Anjos LHC, Pereira MG, Guareschi RF, Assunção SA, Wadt PGS. Carbono, Nitrogênio, Abundância Natural de Δ13C e Δ15N do Solo sob Sistemas Agroflorestais. Floresta Ambient. 2017 Aug;24:1-8. Doi:10.1590/2179-8087.117614
https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.117614...
], organic matter content and nutrient availability [77 Piaia BB, Rovedder APM, Costa AM, Felker RM, Piazza EM, Stefanello MM. Transposição do banco de sementes para restauração ecológica da floresta estacional no Rio Grande do Sul. Agrária. 2017 Ajpr;12(2):227-35. doi:10.5039/agraria.v12i2a5442.
https://doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v12i2a54...
].

Lower values of qCO2 of the soil under native forest in relation to the ones under restoration techniques are compatible to the ones observed by Zaninetti [3030 Zaninetti RA, Moreira A, Moraes LAC. Atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos de Latossolo Amarelo na conversão de floresta primária para seringais na Amazônia. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 2006 Sep;51(9):1061-8. doi:10.1590/S0100-204X2016000900005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X201600...
], where the author observed higher qCO2 and lower contents of OCC and CMIC in areas of forestry reposition comparatively to primary forests. In this sense, eight years of implementation of ecological restoration technologies have not yet been enough to significantly improve soil microbiological attributes, requiring new evaluations over time.

In recent years, many studies have been carried out in Brazil on microbiological attributes in soils under native forests [44 Novak E, Carvalho LA, Santiago EF, Brumatti AV, Santos LL, Sales LC. Variação temporal dos atributos microbiológicos do solo sob diferentes usos. Rev. Ciênc. Agrár. 2018 Sep;41(3):603-11. doi:10.19084/RCA17300
https://doi.org/10.19084/RCA17300...
,2323 Silva RR, Silva MLN, Cardoso EL, Moreira FMS, Curi N, Alovisi AMT. Biomassa e atividade microbiana em solo sob diferentes sistemas de manejo na região fisiografica Campos das Vertentes-MG, Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo. 2010 Sep;34(5):1585-92. doi:10.1590/S0100-06832010000500011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-0683201000...
,2424 Yada MM, Mingotte FLC, Melo WJ, Melo G.P.; Melo VP, Longo RM, Ribeiro AI. Atributos Químicos e Bioquímicos em Solos Degradados por Mineração de Estanho e em Fase de Recuperação em Ecossistema Amazônico. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo. 2015 Mai/Jun;39(3):714-24. doi:10.1590/01000683rbcs20140499
https://doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs2014...
,3030 Zaninetti RA, Moreira A, Moraes LAC. Atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos de Latossolo Amarelo na conversão de floresta primária para seringais na Amazônia. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 2006 Sep;51(9):1061-8. doi:10.1590/S0100-204X2016000900005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X201600...
]. When comparing them with the data from the present study, it appears that CMIC, MICq, basal respiration and qCO2 were worse in the evaluated soil under native forest (Atlantic Forest) than under Cerrado forest [2323 Silva RR, Silva MLN, Cardoso EL, Moreira FMS, Curi N, Alovisi AMT. Biomassa e atividade microbiana em solo sob diferentes sistemas de manejo na região fisiografica Campos das Vertentes-MG, Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo. 2010 Sep;34(5):1585-92. doi:10.1590/S0100-06832010000500011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-0683201000...
] and the Amazon forest [3030 Zaninetti RA, Moreira A, Moraes LAC. Atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos de Latossolo Amarelo na conversão de floresta primária para seringais na Amazônia. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 2006 Sep;51(9):1061-8. doi:10.1590/S0100-204X2016000900005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X201600...
]. However, the lack of standardization of methods of analysis and misunderstandings in the calculation of indexes such as qMIC and qCO2 in published articles hindered a more in-depth comparison of microbiological attributes between Brazilian forests or biomes. This lack of methodological standardization is a problem that must be debated by the scientific community of Soil Science.

CONCLUSION

Nucleation technology can restore soil microbiological attributes but has not yet reached the conditions of a natural environment. Passive restoration is not a good technology for restoring soil microbiological attributes.

The higher contents of CMIC, NMIC, OCC, MICq and fungal spores in the soil under native forest compared to ecological restoration technologies indicate that eight years of adoption of these techniques have not been enough to fully recover soil microbiological activity.

REFERENCES

  • 1
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HIGHLIGHTS

  • Soil microbiological attributes are sensitive to evaluate soil quality in ecological restoration.
  • The recovery of soil microbiology is slow in areas under ecological restoration.
  • Changes in forest cover interfere in soil microbiological activity.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    11 Dec 2020
  • Date of issue
    2020

History

  • Received
    28 Oct 2019
  • Accepted
    02 Mar 2020
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