Study on impact of fiber hybridization in material properties of engineered cementitious composites

Estudo sobre o impacto da hibridização de fibras em propriedades materiais de compósitos cemenciosos engenhados

ABSTRATO

Compósito Cimentício Projetado (ECC) é um tipo de compósitos cimentícios reforçados com fibras de alto desempenho melhorados com bom comportamento de tração, compressão e flexão. O ECC é conhecido por seu comportamento de endurecimento de tensão sob tensão e tem sido cada vez mais aplicado na prática de engenharia. O processo de adicionar duas ou mais fibras em uma mistura é conhecido como hibridização. Os drives de compósitos híbridos se beneficiam de cada uma das fibras individuais adicionadas e exibem maior capacidade de resistência e deformação em comparação com os compostos de fibra monofibra. As principais aplicações da CEC são um reforço estrutural na construção e também a hibridização de fibras orgânicas são válidas apenas para condições subaquáticas e fornecerão testes adicionais relativos à capacidade de combus-tão ou inflamabilidade. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos a partir de três misturas de ECC (PVA, PP, STEEL) e quatro Compósitos Cimentícios Híbridos de Engenharia (HECC) com diferentes combinações de fração volumétrica com PVA, PP, STEEL. Os estudos experimentais foram realizados para investigar os comportamentos mecânicos de CEC e HECC. Os resultados indicam que este processo de hibridação tem um desempenho notável na resistência à compressão, resistência à tração direta e resistência à flexão.

Palavras-chave
Compósito Cimentício Projetado; Resistência à Compressão; Força Flexural; Resistência à Tração Direta; Compósitos com Materiais Queimados Orgânicos

ABSTRACT

Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) is a type of improved high-performance fiber reinforced ce-mentitious composites with good tensile, compression and flexural behavior. ECC is known for their strain-hardening behavior under tension and has been increasingly applied in engineering practice. The process of adding two or more fibers in a mix is known as hybridization. The hybrid composite drives benefits from each of the individual fibers added and exhibits improved ultimate strength and strain capacity compared to the mono-fiber composites. The major applications of ECC are structural reinforcement in the construction and also organic fiber hybridization is valid only for underwater conditions and they will provide additional tests concerning burnability or flammability. This work presents the results obtained from three ECC mixes (PVA, PP, STEEL) and four Hybrid Engineered Cementitious Composites (HECC) with different combinations of volume fraction with PVA, PP, STEEL. The experimental studies have been carried out to investigate the mechanical behaviors of ECC and HECC. The results indicate that this hybridation process has a notable achievement in compressive strength, direct tensile strength and flexural strength.

Keywords
Engineered Cementitious Composite; Compressive Strength; Flexural Strength; Direct Tensile Strength; Composites with Organic Burnable Materials

1. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is brittle in nature [¹]. The application of load in normal concrete structures, creates a number of macroscopically visible cracks when the stress reaches the tensile strength of concrete. These stress failures are due to seismic loads, vertical loads and accidental loads. Due to distress cracks, water and other chemical agents penetrate into the concrete and leads to the corrosion of steel reinforcements.

To reduce the width of the crack, a high performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites known as Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) [²] have been developed and are used in tension zone to minimise the crack width, which has an ultimate strength higher than their first cracking strength with the formation of multiple cracks during inelastic deformation [³].

ECC is a type of improved high-performance fiber reinforced cementitious composite (HPFRCC) [⁴,⁵]. The ECC and fiber reinforced concrete have similar materials, which includes sand, cement, water, fiber, and some chemical additives. However, to maintain the unique properties of ECC, coarse aggregate is not included [⁶,⁷,⁸]. Though the fiber reinforced concrete has reasonable strain capability, ECC exhibits more tensile strain value ranging from 3% to 7% with the same fiber volume fraction of typically around 2% or less.

In general, it also exhibits strain capacities 500–600 times higher than normal concrete [⁹, ¹⁰, ¹¹]. The exhibition of tensile strain in ECC depends on the micro mechanical design [¹²]. The mixing procedure for ECC is similar to the normal conventional concrete. The main aim of ECC is to improve ductility and toughness [¹³]. ECC is economical by a reduction in the usage of fiber and notable for strength andductility characteristics. The ECC is commonly used in structures that have a high energy absorption capacity.

In order to increase the corrosive resistance nature of structures, ECC is used as a shielding layer. Other targets of ECC include expansion joints in highway pavements [¹⁴], interior beam-column connection [¹⁵], rigid framed railway bridges [¹⁶], RC slabs [¹⁷] and expansion joints in bridge decks [¹⁸].

The process of adding more than one fiber in a mix is known as hybridization. The hybridization effect of two or more fibers on the cementitious materials reinforcement was investigated recently [³]. The hybrid composite drives benefits from each of the individual fibers and exhibited improved ultimate strength and strain capacity compared to the mono-fiber composites [¹⁹, ²⁰, ²¹, ²², ²³].ECC is a high-performance cementitious composite with excellent ductility behavior [²⁴] and it has an average fiber content with short random PVA fiber. The tensile strength, flexural strength and relative toughness of mono-fiber based composite are lesser when compared to hybrid ECC [²⁵]. In order to further enhance the structural performance of ECC in structural applications, development of a hybrid engineered cementitious composite has been made which enhanced the tensile strength, flexural strength and relative toughness [²⁶]. The number of existing structures undergo cracking in tension zone due to stress failures for which an attempt can also be made to repair the cracks in tension zone by using proper ECC composition which will increase the life span of structures. PVA and polypropylene (PP) have better performance in strain hardening, ductility with least amount of load under tension and thus, it is categorized under low modulus fiber [²⁷]. The high modulus fibers such as glass, steel and carbon fibers exhibit high tensile strength, toughness and in build brittle nature which does not allow for strain hardening and ductility [²⁸, ²⁹, ³⁰, ³¹].

For this study, seven mix combinations including these three mixes like Polyvinyl Alcohol fiber of volume fraction 2%, polypropylene fiber of volume fraction 2% and steel fiber of volume fraction 2% have been used. These three mixes are mono ECC mixes. Another four mixes like polyvinyl alcohol fiber of volume fraction 1% is hybridized with polypropylene fiber of volume fraction 1% and polyvinyl alcohol fiber of volume fraction 1% is hybridized with steel fiber of volume fraction 1% and polyvinyl alcohol fiber of volume fraction 1.35% is hybridized with polypropylene fiber of volume fraction 0.65% and polyvinyl alcohol fiber of volume fraction 1.35% is hybridized with steel fiber of volume fraction 0.65% has been used. These four mixes are used to develop a new HECC. ECC with 2% volume fraction of PVA fiber is kept as reference mix.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Materials

For this study, the Class F fly ash and ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 53 grade are used as shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Chemical composition of cement and fly ash (% of ingredients)

	CaO (%)	SÍO2 (%)	AI2O3 (%)	Fe2O3 (%)	MgO (%)	SO3 (%)	Alkalines(%)
Cement	63.71	22.3	4.51	3.39	1.77	2.59	1.73
Fly Ash	1	60.21	26.08	4.80	2.25	3.25	1.41

For this study, the composite materials used are polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVA), polypropylene fi-ber (PP) and steel fiber. The length, Diameter, Mechanical Properties of the fiber, are as shown in Table 2.

Table 2
Physical and mechanical properties of different fibers

Fibre	Diameter	Length	l/d ratio	Density	Nominal	Elongation	Young’s modu-
					tensile	at break [%]	lus
					strength		[MPa]
	[Mm]	[mm]		(g/cm3)	[MPa]
PVA	39	12	308	1.3	1600	6	42.5
PP	37	10	270	0.91	400	23	2.5
Steel	300	12	40	7.9	2000	4.5	175

Figure 1
Three types of fibers used for this study

Figure 2
Thermogravimetric Analysis of PVA and PP fiber

In this study, new fiber hybridization in ECC has been developed. The mix proportions of ECC mixes are as shown in Table 3. To maintain desired consistent fresh ECC characteristics, the conplast SP430 has been used as a high range water reducing agent in the mix. Figure 1. shows the fibers used in this study and Figure 2. shows the thermogravimetric analysis of PVA and PP fiber, from the results it has been observed that the melting point of PVA and PP fiber is found to be 250.3 oC and 176.1 oC respectively.

In ECC mix, the reference ECC 1 mix with PVA fiber of volume fraction 2.0% is added and reference ECC 2 mix with PP fiber of volume fraction 2.0% is added and another reference ECC 3 mix with steel fiber of volume fraction 2% is added. To improve the strain hardening capacity, HECC 1 mix with PVA fiber and PP fiber of volume fraction 1.35% and 0.65% respectively is added and in HECC 2 mix, PVA fiber and steel fiber of volume fraction 1.35% and 0.65% is added respectively and in HECC 3 mix, PVA fiber and PP fiber of volume fraction 1% and 1% respectively is added and in HECC 4 mix, PVA fiber and steel fiber of volume fraction 1% and 1% is added respectively.

2.2 Specimen Preparation

To prepare the specimen, Cement, sand and fly ash have been mixed and then water is added to the mix and mixed for another 5 minutes [²²]. Later fibers are mixed with cement paste slowly and mixed until fibers are mixed evenly. To minimize the effect of thixotropy, the mixing time of the concrete mix is extended (not more than 15 minutes). Increase in duration of fiber reinforced mix reduces the balling effects [³², ³³]. Now the prepared concrete mix is placed in the moulds and has not been vibrated as the mix is highly workable. Specimens are kept at room temperature for 24 hours. Later the specimens are demoulded and then cured in water for 28 days. After 28 days, all the tests have been performed on the respective specimens. Table.4 shows the specimen details used for this investigation.

Table 3
Mix proportion of ECC

Mix ID	Cement	Fly ash	Sand	Water/Binderratio	Super Plasticizer	Fiber (%)
					[%]	PVA	PP	Steel
ECC 1	1	0.43	0.71	0.35	1	2	--	--
ECC 2	1	0.43	0.71	0.35	1	--	2	--
ECC 3	1	0.43	0.71	0.35	1	--	--	2
HECC 1	1	0.43	0.71	0.35	1	1.35	0.65	--
HECC 2	1	0.43	0.71	0.35	1	1.35	--	0.65
HECC 3	1	0.43	0.71	0.35	1	1	1	--
HECC 4	1	0.43	0.71	0.35	1	1	--	1

Table. 4
Specimen details

Test type	Specimen dimension (mm)	Tested after curing	Total specimen cast	Test Standards
Compression strength test	70.7 x 70.7 x 70.7	3,7,14 and 28 days	84	IS 4031-Part 6
Elastic modulus	100 mm diameter x 200 mm length	3,7,14 and 28 days	84	ASTM C39
Flexural strength	25 x 60 x 350	28 days	21	ASTM C 1609
Tensile strength	30 x 30 x 330	28 days	21	ASTM D3039

2.3 Test Methods

2.3.1 Uniaxial Compression and Elastic Modulus

To find the compressive strength of ECC, the concrete cube of size 70.7x70.7x70.7 mm has been tested at 3,7,14 and 28 days as per code IS 4031-Part 6 [³⁴]. The cube specimen is placed in the testing machine and the load is applied axially until it collapses. The maximum load at which the cube specimen breaks is the compressive load. The same procedure has been followed for the specimens of size 200 mm length and 100mm diameter to find the elastic modulus of ECC mixes as per ASTM C39 [³⁵] . Figure 3. shows the cube under compression load.

Figure 3
Uniaxial compression test

2.3.2 Direct tensile

To determine the direct tensile strength of ECC (Figure 4), the dog bone specimen of size 350x30x30 mm with 60 mm gauge length is used after 7, 14 and 28 days curing. The Specimen of gauge length 80 mm and cross section of 30 mm thick and 30mm width is used to find tensile strength of ECC as per ASTM D3039 [³⁶]. Figure 4. shows the direct tensile test setup.

Figure 4
Dog bone specimen under direct tensile load.

2.3.3 Flexural strength

The three point load test on prism specimen of size 25x60x350 mm is used to find out the flexural performance of ECC prism specimens. Zwick/Roell Z100 universal testing machine of capacity 100 kN is used for the flexural test as per ASTM C 1609 [³⁷]. The prism specimen is placed on two parallel supporting pins and the loading force was applied in the middle by means of deflection control machine. The deflection is measured using optical video sensor.

3. RESULTS

3.1 Compressive Strength

To derive the compressive strength of the ECC mixes for 3, 7, 21 and 28 days of curing, seven different mixes are tested and average values from three specimens whave been taken. After 28 days curing, the compressive strength for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 were 51 MPa, 47.8 MPa, 54.1MPa, 48 MPa, 51.8 MPa, 50.85 MPa and 52.1 MPa respectively. From the results, it can be noted that there is a prominent achievement in strength due to the presence of steel and combination of PVA and steel fibers. The compressive strength after 3 days curing for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 were 9.4 MPa, 9.1 MPa, 10.51 MPa, 9.1 MPa, 9.74 MPa, 9.45 MPa and 9.86 MPa respectively. The compressive strength for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 after 7 days curing are 28.8 MPa, 27.7 MPa, 31 MPa, 27.9 MPa, 30.3 MPa, 28.1 MPa and 30.3 MPa respectively. The compressive strength for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 were 38.2 MPa, 37.5 MPa, 48.5 MPa, 45.8 MPa, 46.8 MPa, 46.9 MPa and 47.6 MPa respectively after 14 days curing. The typi-cal failure pattern of ECC cubes under uniaxial compression test is as shown in Figure 5.

Figura 5
Failure pattern of ECC specimen

Three specimens per mix are tested to find the compressive strength of mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 at the age of 3,7,14 and 28 Days and the changing of average compressive strength of the seven ECC mixes with time is shown in Figure 6.

Figura 6
Compressive Strength of 7 mix

It can be seen that there is a considerable difference in mix ECC 1, ECC 2 between other mixes and no significant difference between the compressive strengths for ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 mix-es. For ECC 1, ECC 2, HECC 3 mix, the strength of the material at the age of 3days is around 21% of that at the age of 28 days while for ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 7 it is 27% of that at the age of 28 days.

The maximum value of compressive strength for the ECC mixes at the age of 28 days is around 54 MPa, which is higher than that of the normal conventional concrete with the same water-cement ratio, while the Young’s modulus for the ECCs is slightly lower than that of conventional concrete with the same compres-sive strength. This might be due to the lack of coarse aggregates in the ECC matrix.The compressive stress-strain relationship obtained from the compressive test for the seven ECC mixes tested at the age of 28 days is shown in Figure 7. The specimens are tested until the specimen fails. It can be seen that the average compres-sive strength of ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 4 are higher than that of ECC 1, ECC 2, HECC 3. After 28 days curing, the compressive strength of ECC mix should be around 20-95 MPa as per there commendation of Victor Li [³⁸] and moreover the compressive strength of all ECC mixes are within the range. However, ECC specimens shows high ductile nature and significantly spalling does not occur in the specimens due to the bridg-ing of fibers within the specimen [¹¹].

Figura 7
Compressive Stress-Strain Curve.

3.2 Direct Tensile Strength

Nowadays, ECC is being used in structural components because of its tensile strain hardening, crack mitigation, modulus rupture nature. After 28 days of curing, the tensile strength of ECC for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 were 5.53 MPa, 4.55 MPa, 7.24 MPa, 4.94 MPa, 6.3 MPa, 5.09 MPa and 6.39 MPa respectively. The tensile strength of ECC for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 after 14 days curing are 2.92 MPa, 2.29 MPa, 4.19 MPa, 2.66 MPa, 3.79 MPa, 2.73 MPa and 3.84 MPa respectively. The tensile strength of ECC after 7 days of curing for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 are 1.38 MPa, 1.23 MPa, 2.09 MPa, 1.79 MPa, 1.84 MPa, 1.85 MPa and 1.91 MPa respectively. The tensile strength of ECC is neglected as it is very small for 3 days curing. After 28 days curing, the ultimate tensile strength of ECC mix should be around 4-12 MPa as per the recommendation of Victor Li [¹¹] and in addition to that the direct tensile strength of all ECC mixes are within the range. The failure pattern of ECC is shown as in Figure 8.

Figura 8
Failure pattern of ECC.

3.3 Flexural Strength

The flexural performance of ECC imitates the ductile behavior of the mix [²⁷]. After 28 days curing, the flexural strength for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 are 22.6 MPa, 18.40 MPa, 23.98 MPa, 21.95 MPa, 21.88 MPa, 21.03 MPa and 24.32 MPa respectively. The flexural strength after 14 days curing for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 are 19.21 MPa, 14.77 MPa, 21.33 MPa, 18.75 MPa, 20.45 MPa and 20.79 MPa respectively. The flexural strength for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 after 7 days curing are 6.33 MPa, 5.30 MPa, 6.86 MPa, 6.21 MPa, 6.65 MPa, 6.11 MPa and 6.79 MPa respectively. The failure pattern of ECC is shown as in Figure 9.

Figura 9
Failure pattern of ECC

The flexural stress-strain relationship at the mid-span of the beams obtained from the bending test for all seven mix beams is shown as in Figure 10. The specimens have been tested upto failure. The corresponding average ultimate strain for ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 were 0.18, 0.28, 0.17, 0.13, 0.16, 0.15 and 0.2 respectively. The average flexural strength of the ECC 3 and HECC 2 is greater than that of all other mixes, and the largest value (23.98 MPa) of the flexural strength obtained from the testing of one of the mixes is 25% greater than the least one (18.40 MPa) obtained from the testing of one of the all mixes. The relationship between the flexural stress and the mid-point deflection of the all seven mixes shows that the ECC3 mix can sustain greater load than all other mixes. Moreover, after reaching the flexural strength the de-flection of the ECC 1, ECC 2, HECC 1, HECC 3 mixes increases faster than that of the remaining mixes. After 28 days curing, the flexural strength of ECC mix should be around 10-30 MPa as per the recommendation of Victor Li [¹¹] and the flexural strength of all ECC mixes are within the range. Being ductile in nature the for-mation of multiple cracks in the prism are found to increase the performance of the ECC [³⁹].

Fracture energy of the prism is calculated as the area enclosed by the stress-strain curve to the point with the maximum flexural strength, and thus, the fracture energy of the mix HECC 4 is greater than all other mixes.

Figura 10
Flexural Stress-Strain Curve

3.4 Elastic Modulus Strength

After 28 days curing, the youngs modulus for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 are 23.8 GPa, 22.1 GPa, 26.1 GPa, 24.3 GPa, 24.3 GPa, 24.5 GPa and 25.1 GPa respectively. The Young’s modulus after 14 days curing for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 are 20.7 GPa, 20.8 GPa, 22.9 GPa, 20.6 GPa, 19.9 GPa, 20.89 GPa and 21.6 GPa respectively. The Young’s modulus for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2 after 7 days curing are 17.9 GPa, 18.1 GPa, 19.7 GPa, 16.78 GPa, 17.9 GPa, 17.9 GPa and 18.3 GPa respectively. The Young’s modulus for mixes ECC 1, ECC 2, ECC 3, HECC 1, HECC 2, HECC 3, HECC 4 are 9.2 GPa, 9.1 GPa, 10.24 GPa, 10.34 GPa, 9.75 GPa, 10.1 GPa and 9.8 GPa respectively after 3 days curing.

The Young’s modulus of the seven mixes is tested at the age of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days and the average results from the specimens tested are shown in Figure 11. After 28 days of curing, young's modulus of ECC mix should be around 18-34 GPa as per the recommendation of Victor Li [¹¹] and the young’s modulus of all ECC mixes are found to be within the range. It can be seen that the Young’s modulus for ECC 1, ECC 2 mixes are similar and other mixes are similar at the age of 14 and 28 days. However, the values of all mixes are similar for 3 days.

Figure 11
Young’s Modulus of ECC mixes

4. CONCLUSIONS

According to the results obtained from the present study, the following conclusions can be drawn,

The compressive strength of ECC 3 mix is maximum which increases by 5.89% than the conventional reference mix ECC 1 whereas in hybridized mixes HECC 3 is maximum which increases by 2.13% than the conventional reference mix ECC 1.

From the compressive stress-strain curve, it is noted that load carrying capacity of all the mixes are iden-tical except ECC 2.

The tensile strength of ECC 3 mix is maximum which increases by 26.78% than the reference mix ECC 1 whereas in hybridized mixes HECC 3 is maximum which increases by 14.43% than the conventional reference mix ECC 1.

The flexural strength of ECC 3 mix is maximum which increases by 5.92% than the conventional reference mix ECC 1 whereas in hybridized mixes HECC 3 is maximum which increases by 7.33% than the conventional reference mix ECC 1.

From the flexural stress-strain curve, it is found that the increase in the flexural strain due to presence of low modulus fiber in the HECC mix. Except ECC 3 and HECC 4 all other mixes have excellent strain harden-ing.

The young’s modulus of ECC 3 mix is maximum which increases by 8.8% than the conventional ref-erence mix ECC 1 whereas in hybridized mixes HECC 3 is maximum which increases by 5.31% than the conventional reference mix ECC 1.

The compressive, young’s modulus and tensile strength increases with the addition of steel fibers where-as the flexural strength increase with the addition of both PVA and steel fibers.

The compressive, young’s modulus, flexural and tensile strength are low for both PP fiber mixes and hy-bridization of PP fiber with steel fiber.

From the mechanical properties it is noted that PVA fiber hybridization has more strength parameters when compared with PP fiber hybridization. However, the strain hardening of ECC mixes increases with in-crease in presence of PP and PVA fibers.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The PVA fibers used in this research work has been funded by Kuraray private limited, India. Compressive strength and Flexural Strength test is conducted at PSGTECHS COE INDUTECH (Promoted by Ministry of Textiles - Government of INDIA), Department of Textile Technology/Automobile Engineering- PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore.

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Datas de Publicação

• Publicação nesta coleção
  10 Jun 2019
• Data do Fascículo
  2019

Histórico

• Recebido
  09 Jan 2018
• Aceito
  21 Out 2018