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Total lipids and fatty acids of strains of Metarhizium anisopliae

Lipídios totais e ácidos graxos em linhagens de Metarhizium anisopliae

Abstracts

Two growth stages, conidia (C) and mycelium (M), and two media, minimal medium (MM) and complete medium (MC), were compared in 10 strains of M. anisopliae, and two strains of M. anisopliae var. majus were similar in percentages of total lipids. Tukey test for average of lipid content in conidia (C) and mycelia (M) cultured on minimal (MM) and complete (MC) media showed significant differences between means at the 5% level for mycelia and conidia, indicating variability in total lipid production and storage during growth. Strains 5 and 7, both variety majus, did not present sizable differences from variety anisopliae. For fatty acids, C18:1 and C18:2, oleic and linoleic, respectively, the differences were all highly significant (p= 1%) with the highest means being obtained for conidia for fatty acid C18:1 and for myclelia for fatty acid C18:2.

lipids; fatty acids; Metarhizium anisopliae; entomopathogenic fungi; microbial control


Dois estágios de desenvolvimento a saber: conídio (C) e micélio (M) em 10 linhagens de Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae e 2 M. anisopliae var. majus, foram estudados em dois diferentes meios de cultivos, minimo (MM) e completo (MC). As linhagens apresentaram-se similares quanto a porcentagem de lipídios totais, porém submetidas ao teste de Tukey, as médias dos conteúdos de lipídios do conídio (C) e do micélio (M) cultivados em meio MM e CM respectivamente, mostraram diferença significativa ao nível de 5% , indicando assim variabilidade para a produção de lipídios totais. As linhagens 5 e 7, ambas da var. majus, não apresentam diferenças mensuráveis da variedade anisopliae. Com os ácidos graxos C18:1 e C18:2 oléico e linoléico respectivamente, as diferenças foram todas altamente significativas (p= 1%) com a mais alta média de C18:1 para conídio e C18:2 para micélio.

lipídios; ácidos graxos; Metarhizium anisopliae; fungo entomopatogênico; controle microbiano


TOTAL LIPIDS AND FATTY ACIDS OF STRAINS OF METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE

Antonio Marcos Pupin2; Claudio Luiz Messias1* * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Caixa Postal 6109, UNICAMP, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brasil ; Aquiles Eugênico Piedrabuena1; Donald Wilson Roberts3

1Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brasil; 2Centro de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas-CPQBA, UNICAMP, Paulínia, SP, Brasil; 3Department of Biology, Utah State University Logan, Utah, USA

Submitted: December 12, 1997; Returned to authors for corrections: June 02, 1998; Approved: June 26, 2000

ABSTRACT

Two growth stages, conidia (C) and mycelium (M), and two media, minimal medium (MM) and complete medium (MC), were compared in 10 strains of M. anisopliae, and two strains of M. anisopliae var. majus were similar in percentages of total lipids. Tukey test for average of lipid content in conidia (C) and mycelia (M) cultured on minimal (MM) and complete (MC) media showed significant differences between means at the 5% level for mycelia and conidia, indicating variability in total lipid production and storage during growth. Strains 5 and 7, both variety majus, did not present sizable differences from variety anisopliae. For fatty acids, C18:1 and C18:2, oleic and linoleic, respectively, the differences were all highly significant (p= 1%) with the highest means being obtained for conidia for fatty acid C18:1 and for myclelia for fatty acid C18:2.

Key words: lipids, fatty acids, Metarhizium anisopliae, entomopathogenic fungi, microbial control

INTRODUCTION

The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae has been used in Brazil in programs aiming at the microbial control of agricultural pests, in particular Mahanarva posticata (Homoptera: Cercopidae), the sugar cane leaf spittlebug (12), and for the control of other pests in different countries (18).

Lipids are important fungal components both in terms of structure and membrane constitution. Many studies have demonstrated the importance of lipids for development, sporulation and germination and their involvement in various physiological processes (17, 28, 29, 30, 31).

Most fungi contain 5 to 32% lipids depending on culture conditions, developmental stage and species. The lipid content of spores of many fungi ranges from 5 to 17% dry weight, but spores of some species, such as rusts contain up to 35% lipid (19). The major factors influencing the extent of lipid production are the nature and proportion of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) as nutrient sources in the medium (3). The major components of these lipids usually are triacylglycerides and glycerolphospholipids (phospholipids) that may be accompanied by sterols and their esters, fatty acids, sphingolipids, hydrocarbons etc. Fatty acids range from C12 to C24 in chain length. C16 palmitic acid usually is the majus saturated fatty acid, and oleic C18:1 and linoleic C18:2 are the major unsaturated fatty acids (19).

The objective of the present study was to assess the percentage of total lipids and the fatty acid composition of conidia and mycelia of a variety of M. anisopliae strains produced in two different culture media.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Strains and culture media. The M. anisopliae strains used were obtained from the Germplasm Bank of the sector of Genetics of Microorganisms, Biology Institute, UNICAMP and originate from different hosts and geographic locations, as shown in Table 1. The strains were developed in the minimal medium (MM) and complete medium (CM) used for Aspergillus nidulans (16). The composition per liter: MM= 6.0 g NaNO3, 0.52 g KCl, 0.52 g MgSO4.7H2O, 1.52 g KH2PO4, trace amounts of FeSO4 and ZnSO4, and 10.0 g glucose; CM = add 2.0 g peptone, 0.5 g yeast extract, 1 ml vitamin solution (100.0 mg nicotinic acid, 0.2 mg p-aminobenzoic acid, 0.2 mg biotin, 50.0 mg pyridoxine, 100.0 mg riboflavin and 50.0 mg thiamin in 100 ml of dionized water) and 1.5 g hydrolyzed casein to MM. The pH was adjusted to pH 6.8 and solid medium was obtained by adding 15.0 g agar.

Production of mycelium and conidia for analysis of total lipids and fatty acid composition. The M. anisopliae strains were grown in liquid CM and MM with reciprocal shaking for 12 days at room temperature (28º + 1º C). The mycelium was retained by filtering the culture, through Whatman no. 1 filter paper in a Büchner funnel, washing with sterilized water to remove residual culture medium and then macerating in a mortar with liquid N2.

For the production of conidia, M. anisopliae strains were cultured on solid CM and MM on Petri dishes containing approximately 20 ml culture medium and incubated at 28ºC for 12 days. Dry mycelial and conidial mass was determined by maintaining samples at 70ºC until dry matter reached a constant weight.

Lipid extraction and identification of fatty acids. Extraction was performed overnight with a Soxhlet extractor using a 2:1 mixture of chloroform/methanol (v/v). The solvents were then evaporated with gaseous N2 and the residue was considered to represent the total lipids.

Lipids obtained from mycelium and conidia were saponified with 0.5 N KOH/methanol under reflux and esterified with H2SO4NH4Cl-methanol (6).

Fatty acids were identified by gas chromatography using a flame ion chromatography apparatus model CG 37-D with a 152-cm x 3.2-mm inner diameter glass column, with a support of Chromosorb WHP 100/200 mesh coated with 12% diethyleneglycol succinate (DEGS). The operating conditions were as follows: mobile phase maintained at 25 ml per minute, column temperature 182ºC, detector temperature 290ºC, and vaporizer temperature 240ºC. Identification was based on retention time, and the relative percentages of fatty acids were determined by the area of the peaks in the chromatograms.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Lipid contents in the mycelium and conidia of the 12 strains studied ranged from 12.13 to 49.27% dry weight. We used minimum medium (MM) and complete medium (CM) because they have a different C/N ratio, with MC differing from MM by being enriched with peptone, yeast extract, vitamin solution and hydrolyzed casein. The use of these culture media has permitted biochemical and genetic studies on M. anisopliae (13,1). Tables 2 and 3 show that the strains presented closely similar percentages of total lipid, and the Tukey test for averages of percent lipid content in mycelia cultured on MM and CM media showed a significant difference between means at the 5% level of D= 1.20 for mycelia and of D= 0.34 for conidia, indicating variability within the strains for total lipid production, a variability that may increase when a larger number of strains is studied. Strains 5 and 7 of M. anisopliae var. majus did not present sizable differences from the strains of the variety anisopliae. Even though their conidial size was smaller than in the majus variety and the majus strains have been reported to be diploid (22), they did not show quantitative differences in total lipid content. When all the strains were considered as a whole in terms of lipid content in conidia cultured on MM or MC, greater lipid accumulation was observed in conidia growing on MM, with analysis of variance showing a significant difference at the 5% level. Table 4 shows the significant differences greater or less than of CM versus MM for percentages of lipid content within mycelia and conidia using data shown on Table 2,3. These differences listed in Table 4 were submitted to 2x2 contingency analysis in order to determine the presence of association between lipid percentage in mycelia and conidia. The association between CM and MM for percent lipid content in mycelia and conidia, respectively, (Table 5) presented a chi square value with Yates correction (c2=0.1143) nonsignificant for 1 d.f., corresponding to p=0.740 and confirmed by the exact Fischer test, p=0.727, showing that there is independence for mycelia as well as for conidia when cultured on both CM and MM and the differences are due to the characteristics of the strains.

Table 6 shows the differences greater than and less than of mycelia and conidia for percentages of lipid content, within CM and MM, based on data shown on Table 2,3. These values were contrasted by 2x2 contingency analysis (Table 7) in order to determine the association between the results obtained on CM and MM media. The chi square value with Yates correction was not significant (c2=0.0429) for 1 d.f., corresponding to p=0.844, verified by the Fisher exact test (p=0.848), showing that there is no association between culture media, and like in Table 5 and 6, the differences are related to the characteristics of the strains.

Chesters and Peberdy (3) detected a correlation due to the C/N ratio of the culture medium when they studied lipid production in Mortierella vinacea. There was also a variation not related to the culture medium in the occurrence of fatty acids both in quantitative and qualitative terms, with predominance of long-chain C16 to C18 fatty acids.

According to percent of lipid in mycelia and conidia grown on CM and MM, the strains (Table 1) can be assigned to 4 different groups: Group I , consisting of strains characterized by a higher lipid percentage in mycelium when grown on CM and a higher lipid percentage in conidia when grown on MM. This group comprises strains E6 and E9 isolated from Deois flavopicta (Homoptera: Cercopidae), the pasture spittlebug, and 13 from Mahanarva posticata (Homoptera: Cercopidae), the sugar-cane spittlebug. Group II comprises the strains with a higher lipid percentage in mycelium and conidia when grown on MM, i.e., strains F84, 5, 7, 20, 69 and 104 of different origins (Table 1). Group III comprises strains 14 and 52, which are characterized by a higher lipid percentage both in mycelium and conidia when grown on CM. Group IV consists of strain 23, with a higher lipid percentage in mycelium grown on MM and a higher lipid percentage in conidia grown on CM.

In fungi in general, lipids have been reported to be important for germination, in addition to having other functions (4,15,23). Uredospores of rust fungi have little if any exogenous nutritional requirements for germination, since they germinate quite readily in the presence of only distilled water; thus, a high lipid content is the principal source of energy for spore germination (7). Smith and Silverman (20) reported a 30 to 40% decrease in lipids during the early phase of germination. In a study on Rhizopus stolonifer, (30) was observed that spore having a low concentration of lipid required a new synthesis of lipid during the early stages of spore germination compared to spores with a high concentration of lipid. The importance of lipids has also been reported with respect to the need for water at the time of germination for different classes of fungi. McKeen(11) observed in Eysiphe graminis sp. Hordey that large quantities of lipid are oxidized in the process of respiration and the oxidation of large amounts of hydrogen in the molecule results in the production of a corresponding large amount of water. Many powdery mildew investigators have found that mildew conidia may germinate on dry glass slides in air at zero or extremely low relative humidity (2,8,32). The study of lipids may make an important contribution in view of the importance of conidial germination under conditions of low relative humidity. Few investigations of this type are available for entomopathogenic fungi.

For large-scale utilization, M. anisopliae conidia are produced on rice medium (100 g white rice and 70 ml of distilled water, autoclaved at 1 atm for 20 minutes) which contains a high C/N ratio. This medium seems to favor a higher lipid concentration in conidia, related to the caracteristic of the strain as is the case for MM. As shown by ANOVA, the F value was 5.90 (significant at the 1% level) for culture media as a whole, measured by the medium versus strain interaction for 1 and 11 d.f., a fact that explains a higher frequency of values in CM < MM.The lipid concentration in conidia as well as the fatty acid quality could be important factors allowing the fungus better environmental expression under low relative humidity.

According to Soper and Ward (21), seasonal epizootics of Zoophthora radicans (Bref). Batko (= Entomophthora sphaerosperma Fresenius) on the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata (Buckton), in Bet Shan Valley, Israel, provide an excellent example . This valley is hot and dry, not a place one would logically look for insect fungi if moisture were limiting. Similar reports of epizootics were made for Entomophaga grylli (Fres.) Batko (= Entomophthora grylli Fres.) on grasshoppers in Alice Springs (Gibson Desert of Australia), a fact that may be related to the physiological quality of conidia in terms of lipid and fatty acid composition.

There was no variability in terms of fatty acids. Palmitic C16:0 acid, stearic C18:0 acid, oleic C18:1 acid and linoleic C18:2 acid were the most abundant fatty acids both in conidia and mycelia in the two media used. Also, there were smaller quantities of C16:2, C18:3 and of trace amounts of C 14:1, C16:2 and C16:3 (Tables 8 and 9).

The values of the above percentages, minus those of fatty acids C14:1, C16:1 C16:2 and C16:3, and those of the >C18 carbon chain, of which traces or small percentages occur, were analyzed by the Friedman test to determine the rank contrasts (RC) corresponding to each fatty acid for the strains as a whole (Table 10). The table shows the presence of significant differences between RC16:0 and RC18:0 which were practically identical for CM and MM in mycelium, whereas the conidia presented significant differences in CM and nonsignificant differences in MM.

The RC16:0-RC18:1 contrasts were not significantly different, except for a tendency observed for conidia in MM, indicating that the two fatty acids appear to be quantitatively identical. A significant difference for mycelium in CM and a significant tendency for MM was observed for RC18:0 and RC18:1, together with a highly significant tendency for conidia in CM and MM. Practically the same results were observed for RC18:0-RC18:2 contrasts. The contrasts for RC18:1 and RC18:2 showed significant differences only for mycelium in CM and highly significant differences in MM.

On the basis of the data concerning fatty acid percentages (Tables 8 and 9) normalized by angular transformation, a0 = arc sin , where p = (%/100), we performed analysis of variance for each fatty acid (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2) in order to determine the variances of the strains, culture media, mycelia and conidia and their respective interactions (Table 11). No significant interactions were observed for any fatty acid and no significant F values were obtained for any treatment, except for the mycelium and conidium treatment for fatty acids C18:1 and C18:2, whose respective values, F = 40.187 and F = 21.985, were highly significant for 1 and 11 d.f. Table 11 also shows that the mean square of the error, coefficient of variation (CV) and Cochran coefficient of homogeneity confirm good variability and homogeneity between the variances of the different fatty acids.

In view of the significant values obtained, we tested the differences between the means (aº) for mycelia and conidia in CM and MM and in the two media together for the two fatty acids C18:1 and C18:2 (Table 12). The differences between mycelia and conidia were all highly significant, with the highest means being obtained for conidia for fatty acid C18:1 and the highest means being obtained for mycelia for fatty acid C18:2 . This suggests that the presence of each fatty acid must be important for the development of each structure, since the C18:1 content was slightly higher in conidia, whereas the C18:2 content was much higher in mycelia.

The most abundant fatty acids in mycelia and conidia were, in decreasing order: linoleic acid (C18:2), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and stearic acid (C18:0) (Tables 8 and 9). Strains E6, E9, F84, 14, 23, 52 and 69 showed above average production of linoleic acid and, coincidentally, strains E6, E9 and 52 are those most extensively employed in pest control in Brazil, E6 and E9 for pasture spittlebug and 52 for sugar cane spittlebug, enforcing the importance of such studies on lipid and fatty acids related to the environmental expression of the fungus.No variation in the quality of fatty acids has been observed in mycelia of other fungi developed in different culture media (9). The same occurs for M. anisopliae, demonstrating the constitutive ability of this fungus to produce these fatty acids and its heteromorphism for this activity, since minimal medium contains only carbon and inorganic nitrogen sources and mineral salts. The fatty acids detected for M. anisopliae strains in the present study support the data of Shan (19), who divided fungi into two groups according to their capacity for synthesis of alpha-linoleic acid, with Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes being classified as synthetizers.

Although the same fatty acids were detected in mycelia and conidia, they were present in different quantities, with a larger amount of alpha-linoleic acid occurring in mycelium.

The extent of unsaturation was 0.9 to 1.4, slightly lower than observed in mesophilic fungi, whose values are 0.96 to 1.60. Also, mesophilic fungi (minimum temperature above 0ºC, maximum below 50ºC and optimum between 15 and 40ºC) have larger quantities of linoleic acid (14), where M. anisopliae must be included, whereas thermophilic fungi (minimum temperature at or above 20ºC, maximum at or above 50ºC and optimum somewhere in the higher half of that range) have more oleic acid (12). The extent of unsaturation is a little higher in the mycelial form than in the conidial form due to linoleic acid and oleic acid. Linoleic acid has also been detected in larger amounts in Penicillium atrovenetum, where it represents 66% of all fatty acids (28). During the germination of P. atrovenetum spores, linoleic acid decreased, whereas oleic acid incresead (28). Linoleic acid strongly helps the oxidative processes of the cell by acting as a hydrogen acceptor, as reported for Penicillium chrysogenum (5)

The study of fatty acid composition has been used for the identification of species of entomopathogenic fungi (10, 24, 25, 26, 27). However, studies on lipid and fatty acids at the physiological and genetic level may permit the selection of strains for environmental persistance and expression at the epizootic level and may provide information for their large-scale production and utilization.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank Mr. Anthony Grefig (Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University- Ithaca, NY.USA) and Dr. João Paulo Feijão Teixeira (Instituto Agronomico de Campinas-IAC- Campinas-SP. Brasil) for their kind assistance in several ways, and also for technical assistance, and Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo-Brasil, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico-DF, Brasil and FINEP/PADCT-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil for financial support.

RESUMO

Lipídios totais e ácidos graxos em linhagens de Metarhizium anisopliae

Dois estágios de desenvolvimento a saber: conídio (C) e micélio (M) em 10 linhagens de Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae e 2 M. anisopliae var. majus, foram estudados em dois diferentes meios de cultivos, minimo (MM) e completo (MC). As linhagens apresentaram-se similares quanto a porcentagem de lipídios totais, porém submetidas ao teste de Tukey, as médias dos conteúdos de lipídios do conídio (C) e do micélio (M) cultivados em meio MM e CM respectivamente, mostraram diferença significativa ao nível de 5% , indicando assim variabilidade para a produção de lipídios totais. As linhagens 5 e 7, ambas da var. majus, não apresentam diferenças mensuráveis da variedade anisopliae. Com os ácidos graxos C18:1 e C18:2 oléico e linoléico respectivamente, as diferenças foram todas altamente significativas (p= 1%) com a mais alta média de C18:1 para conídio e C18:2 para micélio.

Palavras-chave: lipídios, ácidos graxos, Metarhizium anisopliae, fungo entomopatogênico, controle microbiano

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  • *
    Corresponding author. Mailing address: Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Caixa Postal 6109, UNICAMP, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brasil
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      04 Oct 2000
    • Date of issue
      June 2000

    History

    • Accepted
      26 June 2000
    • Reviewed
      02 June 1998
    • Received
      12 Dec 1997
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