Some factors affecting tannase production by Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem

INDUSTRIAL

RESEARCH PAPER

Some factors affecting tannase production by Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem

Hamada A. Aboubakr; Malak A. El-Sahn; Amr A. El-Banna

Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

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ABSTRACT

One variable at a time procedure was used to evaluate the effect of qualitative variables on the production of tannase from Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem. These variables including: fermentation technique, agitation condition, tannins source, adding carbohydrates incorporation with tannic acid, nitrogen source type and divalent cations. Submerged fermentation under intermittent shaking gave the highest total tannase activity. Maximum extracellular tannase activity (305 units/ 50 mL) was attained in medium containing tannic acid as tannins source and sodium nitrate as nitrogen source at 30 ºC for 96 h. All added carbohydrates showed significant adverse effects on the production of tannase. All tested divalent cations significantly decreased tannase production. Moreover, split plot design was carried out to study the effect of fermentation temperature and fermentation time on tannase production. The results indicated maximum tannase production (312.7 units/50 mL) at 35 ºC for 96 h. In other words, increasing fermentation temperature from 30 ºC to 35 ºC resulted in increasing tannase production.

Key words: tannase, Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem, factors affecting tannase production, split plot design.

Introduction

Tannin acyl hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.20) which is commonly referred to as tannase is one of the important hydrolytic microbial enzymes (Bajpai and Patil, 1997). It has several applications in food, animal feed, pharmaceutical, chemical and leather industries (Aguilar and Gutiérrez-Sanchez, 2001). Van Teighem accidentally discovered this unique enzyme in 1867. He was the first to demonstrate that the formation of gallic acid during fermentation of gall nut (which contains high levels of tannins) is due to the action of Aspergillus niger tannase (Aguilar et al., 2007; Albertse, 2002). Tannase activity has been detected in bacteria and fungi (Albertse, 2002; Banerjee and Pati, 2007; Rodriguez et al., 2008).

Several fermentation systems have been developed for the production of tannase from fungi using various production media. These systems can be divided into liquid surface fermentation (LSF), submerged fermentation (SmF), solid-state fermentation (SSF) and modified solid state fermentation, MSSF (Kar and Banerjee, 2000; Manjit et al., 2008; Rana and Bhat, 2005; Sharma et al., 2008).

The effect of oxygenation on Rhizopus oryzae tannase production in modified Czapek-Dox's minimal medium (MCDM medium) under various conditions (shaking, intermittent shaking, and stationary) was studied (Hadi et al., 1994). Results showed that tannase production was at maximum under shaking condition using SmF technique. On the other hand, Kar and Banerjee (2000) reported that agitation is unfavorable for tannase synthesis by Rhizopus oryzae and that maximum tannase secretion was obtained after 72 h of incubation under stationary condition using MSSF .

There are many reports on the influence of medium components and growth conditions on the production of tannase by fungi (Banerjee et al., 2005; Chatterjee et al., 1996). Production of tannase using MSSF by a co-culture of Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus foetidus was studied. Tannin-rich substrates (powdered fruits of Terminalia chebula and powdered pod cover of Caesalpinia digyna) were used in the process. Different process parameters for maximum production of tannase were optimized through media engineering. Optimum conditions were: 30 ºC, 80% relative humidity, pH 5 and incubation time of 48 h (Banerjee et al., 2005). The best favorable conditions for tannase production by SSF using Rhizopus oryzae were: initial pH 5with 4 days of incubation period at 40 ºC and 72% humidity and 10 g wheat bran soaked 2.5% tannic acid (Chatterjee et al., 1996).

Belmares-Cerda et al. (2003) used several carbon sources (gallic acid, glucose, tannic acid, and infusions from creosote bush, pecan peels and sorghum) to produce tannase by Aspergillus niger PSH . The highest tannase activity was obtained when infusion of creosote bush was used as a carbon source.

The effect of adding 1% (w/v) different sugars (fructose, galactose, maltose and sucrose) incorporation with 2% tannic acid on Rhizopus oryzae tannase production in MCDM medium was studied (Hadi et al., 1994). The results showed that the maximum tannase production was attained with tannic acid without sugar addition. Various inorganic and organic nitrogen sources were tested to enhance tannase synthesis by fungi. Some investigators reported the stimulation effect of inorganic nitrogen sources (Hadi et al., 1994; Sharma et al., 2007). Hadi et al. (1994) tested the effect of ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite and urea, incorporation into Czapek-Dox's medium on Rhizopus oryzae tannase productivity. Results revealed that sodium nitrate was found to be the best and the highest tannase production was attained at 0.05% sodium nitrate. Others reported the superiority of organic nitrogen sources (Huang and Borthwick, 2005; Manjit et al., 2008). The effect of various nitrogen sources (peptone, brew's cream, urea, potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate) on the Aspergillus SH6 tannase production was studied in a medium containing valonia tannins (ellagitannins) as a substrates. Results indicated that organic nitrogen sources were favorable to the degradation of tannins, specially peptone as nitrogen source, which delivered high tannase activity (Huang and Borthwick, 2005).

Bradoo et al. (1997) studied the effect of adding divalent cations to MCDM medium on tannase production by Aspergillus japonicas. Results showed that all tested divalent cations decreased tannase production.

The fermentation time needed for obtaining maximum tannase production by fungi varied from fungal strain to another. In general, the optimum fermentation time ranged from 24 to 150 h. (Banerjee et al., 2001; Chatterjee et al., 1996). Many investigations revealed that fungal tannase production was peaked at the optimum incubation period. Afterwards, tannase production decreased gradually (Hadi et al., 1994; Huang and Borthwick, 2005; Kumar et al., 2007; Rodrigues et al., 2007). This might be due to catabolic repression and substrate scarcity in the medium (Hadi et al., 1994) or due to scarcity in nitrogen source (Huang and Borthwick, 2005). Additionally, it may be owing to accumulation of toxic metabolites secreted during fermentation (Hadi et al., 1994; Kumar et al., 2007; Rodrigues et al., 2007).

Fermentation temperature affects microbial cellular growth, spore formation, germination, microbial physiology, and thus product formation. Therefore, maintenance of an optimal process temperature is considered as one of the major factors which affect the economics of the microbial enzymes production process (Banerjee et al., 2005). Different optimum incubation temperatures were used by researchers for the production of tannase by various fungi. The used temperatures ranged from 25 ºC to 42 ºC (Chatterjee et al., 1996; Manjit et al., 2008).

In the present study, an effort was made to study the effect of qualitative variables (fermentation technique, agitation condition, tannins source, adding carbohydrates incorporation with tannic acid, type of nitrogen source and divalent cations) on the production of tannase by a newly isolate of Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem using OVAT procedure. Full factorial experiment using split plot design was carried out to study the effect of fermentation temperature and fermentation time on tannase production.

Materials and Methods

Microorgaism

Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem was selected as a potential producer of tannase after screening of 105 fungal isolates (Aboubakr et al., 2012). It was maintained on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) supplemented with 0.01% tannic acid (Bajpai and Patil, 1997).

Chemicals

All chemicals used were of analytical grade and obtained from Sigma, Aldrich, Merck and VEB Labor chemie Apolda (Germany); BDH, JUDEX chemicals, LAB M^TM and Oxoid (England); Biolife (Italy); Chemapol (Czechoslovakia) and El-Nasr Pharmaceutical Chemicals Co. "ADWIC" (Egypt).

Raw materials

Several plant raw materials as well as industrial wastes which incorporated in the media for enzyme production were obtained from different sources at Alexandria, Egypt.

Wheat bran and all prepared plant raw materials were kept in tightly closed Kilner jars and maintained at room temperature in dry place. Pomegranate peels, persimmon fruits, unripe date fruits and river-red-gum leaves were washed with distilled water twice. After cutting or slicing, they were dried at 60 ºC in hot air oven for 48 hours. The dried materials were then finely milled and sieved to pass 80 mesh screen. Soybean and seeds of cotton and flax were milled, defatted by hexane and screened to 80 mesh.

Two synthetic solid supports were used in the solid state fermentation technique. Polyurethane foam (PUF) with bulk density 15 kg/m³ was kindly supplied by Foam Industrial Company, Egypt. Synthetic sponge was obtained from Taki Vita Company, Egypt.

Media

The MCDM medium was prepared from the following ingredients (g/L): tannic acid (10), NaNO₃ (6), KCl (0.52), MgSO₄7H₂O (0.52), KH₂PO₄ (1.52), FeSO₄7H₂O (0.01), ZnSO₄7H₂O (0.01) and Cu(NO₃)₂3H₂O (0.01). The medium was adjusted at pH 4.5 ± 0.2 and sterilized at 121 ºC for 15 min. The solution of tannic acid was sterilized separately by passing through MILLEX^®-OR membrane filter (33 mm diameter, 0.22 !m pore size, Millipore, France) and adjusted separately at pH 4.5 ± 0.2, then added to the medium (Bradoo et al., 1996). Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) supplemented with 0.01% tannic acid was used as maintenance medium (Bajpai and Patil, 1997).

Inoculum preparation

Inoculum was prepared according to the method described by Ramires-Coronel et al. (2003). The fungal isolate was cultivated on PDA slant then incubated for 4 days at 30 ºC until a good sporulation was obtained. Spores were then scraped into a sterile 0.02% Tween 80 solution (Ramires-Coronel et al., 2003) and counted by Neubauer chamber method, the suitable volume which contains the needed number of spores was calculated (Harisha, 2007).

Harvesting the enzyme and enzyme assay

The fermentation medium was filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper. The obtained filtrate was used for extracellular tannase determination (Gupta et al., 1997). Intracellular tannase was extracted from the mycelium (Sharma et al., 2000).

Tannase activity was assayed using rhodanine spectrophotometric method (Sharma et al., 2000). Methyl gallate was used as substrate. The method is based on the chromogen formation between gallic acid and rhodanine. The method was modified by using 0.2 mL of 1 N instead of 0.5 N of potassium hydroxide solution for enhancing the colour formation. One unit (U) of the enzyme was defined as micromoles of gallic acid formed per minute by one ml of enzyme extract under optimum conditions of tannase activity.

Standard protocol

Sterilized MCDM medium (pH 4.5 ± 0.2) containing 1% filter sterilized tannic acid was distributed in 50 mL portions into 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks. Each flask was inoculated with 5x10⁷ spores from 4-days-old culture and incubated for 96 h at 30 ºC (Saxena and Saxena, 2004). The incubation was carried out with intermittent shaking three times a day at 200 rpm for 2 min each time using an orbital incubator (Model INR-200, Gallenkamp,UK). Deviations from this standard protocol have been indicated in respective experiments. After harvesting the culture filtrate, the enzyme was assayed.

Effect of fermentation techniques and agitation condition

The LSF was carried out statically without agitation (Bradoo et al., 1997). Whereas, SmF was carried out under continuous and intermittent shaking. Continuous shaking was carried out at 120 rpm in the orbital incubator, while intermittent shaking was carried out as mentioned in the standard protocol. The SSF was carried out using natural (wheat bran) and synthetic solid supports (polyurethane foam and sponge) impregnated with the MCDM medium (Pinto et al., 2001; Ramirez-Coronel et al., 2003). The extracellular and intracellular tannase activities per 50 mL culture or mycelium produced from 50 mL culture were determined.

The enzyme produced by SSF using either PUF or sponge as solid supports was obtained by compressing PUF or sponge separately in a Buchner funnel. The extract was then centrifuged (5000 g, 15 min) then the supernatant was used for extracellular tannase assay (Ramirez-Coronel et al., 2003). Enzyme produced by SSF using wheat bran was extracted from the fermented matter according to the method of Pinto et al. (2001) by adding 50 mL of 0.05 M ci-trate buffer (pH 5.0). The flasks were then shaked in the orbital shaker (200 rpm) for one h at 30 ºC. The crude enzyme was separated by filtration over Whatman No.1 filter paper. The filtrate was used for extracellular tannase assay.

Effect of tannin sources

The effect of various tannins-containing natural substrates was studied on enzyme production using SmF and SSF techniques. These substrates were dried powder of: pomegranate peels, persimmon fruits, river-red-gum leaves and unripe date. Tannic acid was used as a control. In SmF experiments, amounts of natural substrates added to the MCDM medium, to give 1% tannins, were calculated according to their measured contents of tannins using protein precipitation method (Hagerman and Butler, 1978). In SSF experiments, natural substrates were used as sole carbon sources and natural solid supports. Fermentation was carried out in sterilized 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks contained amounts of tannins-containing natural substrate powders that give 1% final concentrations of tannins in the medium. The solid substrates were moistened with 20 mL of sterilized MCDM medium without tannic acid. Flasks were incubated statically.

Effect of adding carbohydrates incorporation with tannic acid

Several carbohydrates were separately incorporated at 0.2% (w/v) concentration into MCDM medium. These carbohydrates comprised four monosaccharides (fructose, galactose, glucose and xylose); two disaccharides (lactose and sucrose); a polysaccharide (starch) and a sugar alcohol (mannitol).

Effect of nitrogen source type

The effect of various nitrogen sources (0.99 g nitrogen/L) was studied on tannase production. Four inorganic nitrogen sources (ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate as well as sodium nitrate as control) and seven organic nitrogen sources (beef extract, cotton seed meal, flax seed meal, peptone, soy bean meal, urea and yeast extract) were tested. Determinations of total nitrogen contents in all organic nitrogen sources except urea were carried out by micro Kjeldahl method (AOAC International, 2000).

Effect of divalent cations

Various divalent cations (0.2%) were added separately to study their effect on the enzyme production. These included chlorides of Ca²⁺ ,Cd²⁺,Cu²⁺ ,Hg²⁺,Mg²⁺, sulphates of Fe²⁺,Zn²⁺ and acetate of Pb²⁺.

Effect of fermentation temperature and fermentation time

The effect of five fermentation temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ºC) and five fermentation times (24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h) were studied simultaneously by a full factorial experiment using split plot design in order to study the main effect of each variable separately and the interaction between these two variables. Five incubators were adjusted at the studied temperatures. At each incubator, five 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks each containing 50 mL of MCDM medium, one flask for each fermentation time, were incubated. Incubation and agitation was carried out as mentioned in standard protocol. Each flask represents an experimental unit. The extracellular tannase activity /50 mL was determined after 24 h intervals up to 120 h for each fermentation temperature. This factorial experiment was repeated three times (three blocks) and the average of extracellular tannase activity was measured for each experimental unit.

Statistical analysis

Each experiment was carried out in triplicates and the values were averaged. The one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out by STATESTICA 7.0 software (StatSoft, Inc., USA) and differences among the means were determined for significance at p < 0.05 using Fisher least significant difference test (LSD_0.05).

Results and Discussion

Effect of fermentation techniques and agitation condition

There is a significant effect (p < 0.05) of the fermentation technique on the production of Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem tannase (Table 1). Tannase activity was mainly attributed to the secretion of extracellular tannase either under LSF (36.9 U/ 50 mL) or SmF (73-290 U/50 mL). Low level of intracellular tannase activity (7.1-11.7 U/50 mL) was produced by the fungus (Table 1).

Among the tested fermentation techniques, SmF gave the highest total tannase activity either under intermittent shaking (298.4 U/50 mL) or continuous shaking (80.2 U/50 mL) followed by LSF technique (48.6 U/50 mL). The ability of SmF technique to enhance tannase production over LSF technique was reported for Aspergillus niger PKL104 (Lekha et al., 1994) and Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem MTCC 2425 (Rana and Bhat, 2005). Solid state fermentation technique (using PUF, sponge and wheat bran as solid supports) exhibited the lowest tannase activities (13.6, 11.5 and 7.1 U/ 50 mL, respectively). This result is coinciding with that reviewed by Chaterjee et al. (1996) that SmF technique has high efficiency over SSF technique for tannase production. Also, Rana and Bhat (2005) found that tannase production by Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem MTCC 2425 was higher in SmF than SSF. On the other hand, these results are in contrast with some previous reports which confirmed that tannase production by SSF was higher than SmF system (Kar and Banerjee, 2000; Lekha et al., 1994). There was no significant (p < 0.05) difference between SSF using PUF or sponge as solid supports on production of extracellular tannase. Sponge can be used instead of PUF since it is less expensive and more available than PUF. It is worthy to mention that this is the first time to use the sponge as a synthetic solid support in SSF.

With respect to the effect of agitation on tannase production by Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem under SmF technique, the results showed that tannase production under SmF with intermittent shaking is significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that attained using SmF with continuous shaking. There is no previous work studied the effect of agitation condition on tannase production using SmF technique except that of Hadi et al. (1994). They found that the maximum production of tannase by Rhizopus oryzae occurred in shaking condition as compared with stationary and intermittent shaking conditions. These results disagree with those obtained in the present study.

Effect of tannin sources

Results presented in Table 2 revealed the following: The maximum extracellular tannase activity (305 U/50 mL) was attained in the MCDM medium containing tannic acid as tannins source using SmF technique (intermittent shaking). It was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than all of the other media with tannins-containing substrates either in SmF or SSF techniques.

The superiority of tannic acid, as a tannin source for tannase production over all studied natural tannin sources, may be due to the naturally occurrence of simple sugars in the studied natural tannins sources. These simple sugars can be used easily by the fungus for growth.

Many tannins-containing plant residues were previously studied as natural alternative tannin sources for tannase production. Some of them gave tannase activity higher than that obtained with tannic acid such as Caesalpina digyna seed cover powder (Kar and Banerjee2000), infusions from sorghum, pecan peels and creosote bush (Bel-mares-Cerda et al., 2003) but others were not an effective carbon source for tannase production such as valonia tannins (Huang and Borthwick, 2005).

Effect of adding carbohydrates incorporation with tannic acid

All the added carbohydrates showed significant (p < 0.05) adverse effects on the production of tannase where, the control (without added sugar) exhibited the highest extracellular tannase production (283.9 U/50 mL). The inhibition effect varied significantly with the variation of carbohydrate type (Table 3). The highest reduction in tannase activity was for fructose (54.8%) followed by mannitol (52.8%), lactose (39.9%), galactose (20.4%), glucose (20.15%), sucrose (12.6%), xylose (10.8%) and starch (10.4%).

Similar results were reported by many investigators. Bradoo et al. (1997) reported that the addition of 0.2% of various mono and polysaccharides (arabinose, fructose, galactose, xylose, manitol, carboxy methyl cellulose and starch) to MCDM medium containing 2% tannic acid had negative effect on enzyme production by Aspergillus japonicas. Using 0.1% additional carbon sources (arabinos, lactose, maltose, mannitol, sucrose and xylose) incorporation with tannic acid (1%) in the tannic acid medium exhibited a negative effect on tannase formation by Aureobasidium pullulans (Banerjee and Pati, 2007). Raaman et al. (2010) revealed that tannase production by Paecilomyces variotii was decreased by adding 1% carbohydrates (arabinose, fructose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, raffinose, rhamnose, sorbose, sucrose, starch and xylose) incorporation with tannic acid (1.5%) under SmF technique using tannic acid medium . In contrast, Bradoo et al. (1997) reported that addition of 0.2% glucose to MCDM medium containing 2% tannic acid increased tannase secretion by Aspergillus japonicas. Also, it was found that adding 0.1% of either glucose or sucrose to 1% tannic acid medium induced the Aureobasidium pullulans tannase (Banerjee and Pati, 2007). Rodrigues et al. (2008) found that supplementation with 1% (w/v) starch or sucrose increased enzyme production by Aspergillus oryzae.

Effect of nitrogen source type

The results shown in Table 4 revealed that the type of nitrogen source significantly (p < 0.05) affect tannase production. The maximum extracellular tannase activity (284.3 U/50 mL) was attained by sodium nitrate. The stimulation effect of sodium nitrate on the synthesis of fungal tannase was reported for Rhizopus oryzae (Hadi et al., 1994) and Aspergillus japonicas (Bradoo et al., 1997). On the other hand, Banerjee and Pati (2007) mentioned that di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate was more effective than sodium nitrate to enhance tannase production by Aureobasidium pullulans.

It is evident from the results of the present study that the inorganic nitrogen sources enhanced tannase elaboration more than the organic nitrogen sources. Among the tested organic nitrogen sources, peptone demonstrated the least tannase production (Table 4). In contrast, Huang and Borthwick (2005) reported that the organic nitrogen sources were more favorable for the secretion of tannase by Aspergillus SH6 especially peptone.

Effect of divalent cations

The addition of divalent cations had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the extracellular tannase production (Table 5). All studied divalent cations significantly (p < 0.05) decreased tannase production except Pb²⁺ and Mg²⁺ which resulted in non-significant decrease ratio of tannase activity (3.9% and 7.03%, respectively). The addition of Hg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ to the MCDM medium drastically reduced tannase activity by 89.1% and 83%, respectively. Similar result was obtained by Bradoo et al. (1997). They found that all studied divalent cations (Ca²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Hg²⁺, Mg²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺) decreased Aspergillus japonicas tannase production under SmF technique using MCDM medium.

Effect of fermentation temperature and fermentation time

Data presented in Table 6 and ANOVA (Table 7) show that the main effects of fermentation temperature and fermentation time, were significant (p < 0.05) on tannase production. In addition, the interaction between them was significant (p < 0.05) on tannase production. The maximum mean of extracellular tannase production was attained at temperature 35 ºC, whereas lower and higher temperatures decreased tannase production. The maximum mean of extracellular tannase production was attained after 120 h while, the lower mean of extracellular tannase production was attained after 24 h of incubation (Table 6). The analysis of variance (Table 7) confirmed the significance of the interaction between these two variables. Although the main effect of fermentation time showed that 120 h exhibited the highest extracellular tannase production, the interaction with the effect of fermentation temperature was altered the effect of fermentation time on tannase production, the highest tannase production (312.7 U/50 mL) was attained in shorter time (96 h) when the fermentation temperature was at its optimum level (35 ºC) as presented in Table 6.

Concerning the independent effect of fermentation temperature on tannase production, Banerjee et al. (2005) reported that fermentation temperature affects the fungal growth, spore formation, germination, microbial physiology, and thus product formation. Therefore, maintenance of an optimal process temperature is considered as one of the major factors which affect the economics of the microbial enzymes production process. Consequently, the effect of this factor on tannase production was extensively studied by many investigators. They found that the optimum temperature for maximum production of Aspergillus spp. tannase ranged from 25 to 30 ºC (Kumar et al., 2007; Manjit et al., 2008; Sabuet al., 2005). The isolated strain of Aspergillus niger Van Teighem used in the present study has optimum temperature of 35 ºC. This is an advantageous point due to reduction of the cooling cost during production on commercial scale.

Regarding the effect of fermentation time on tannase production, the obtained results showed that tannase production, at 35 ºC, was peaked at the optimum fermentation time (96 h) then showed gradual decrease. This result is in agreement with other studies (Huang and Borthwick, 2005; Kumar et al., 2007; Rodrigues et al., 2007). The reasons of this phenomenon were illustrated by many investigators. Hadi et al. (1994) revealed that this might be due to catabolic repression and substrate scarcity in the medium.

Huang and Borthwick (2005) suggested that this may be due to scarcity in nitrogen source, while Kumar et al. (2007) and Rodrigues et al. (2007) mentioned that it may be caused by accumulation of toxic metabolites secreted during fermentation.

Concerning the interaction between temperature and time of fermentation process on tannase production, there are no previous investigations focused on this relationship except the study of Lekha et al. (1994). They studied the effect of interaction between other five variables on Aspergillus niger PKL tannase production in wheat bran solid medium.

In conclusion, the optimum qualitative variables affecting tannase production by a newly isolate of Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem were: submerged fermentation under intermittent shaking in a medium containing tannic acid and sodium nitrate as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. This study indicated that tannase production at optimum fermentation temperature (35 ºC) was peaked at the optimum fermentation time (96 h). Further studies to optimize the rest of quantitative variables affecting tannase production by this isolate, is needed.

Submitted: September 18, 2011

Approved: July 23, 2012

All the content of the journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons License CC BY-NC.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  09 Oct 2013
• Date of issue
  2013

History

• Received
  18 Sept 2011
• Accepted
  23 July 2012