Use of the y-intercept in the evaluation of the anaerobic fitness and performance prediction of trained swimmers

Abstracts

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a utilização do intercepto-y na avaliação da aptidão anaeróbia e predição da performance de nadadores treinados. Foram participantes do estudo 14 nadadores com idade entre 15 e 18 anos. Os atletas realizaram o teste de nado atado, performance máxima e velocidade crítica (VC) para determinação da capacidade de nado anaeróbio (CTA), todos em nado crawl em um período de três dias. 1) O teste de nado atado consistiu em realizar esforço máximo durante 30 segundos amarrado a um aparato de medição com células de carga para mensuração da força pico (Fpic), aptidão anaeróbia (AP ANA) e concentração de lactato pico ([la-]pic) conforme Papoti et al. (11); 2) Os participantes realizaram também performances máximas nas distâncias de 100, 200, 300, 400 e 600 m, com intervalo mínimo de duas horas entre cada nado; 3) E o teste de VC foi aplicado para determinação da CTA utilizando todas as combinações possíveis dos resultados das performances máximas, através do modelo de regressão linear entre distância versus tempo. Foi encontrada média de 25,07± 4,22 m nas 16 combinações de CTAs encontradas e coeficiente de regressão linear variando entre 0,99 e 1,00 e erro de coeficiente linear de 19,30± 5,9%. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre as CTAs e performances máximas, Fpic (227,81± 63,02 N), AP ANA (86,55± 13,05 N) e [la-]pic (6,80± 1,03 mM). Contudo, foram encontradas correlações significativas entre a AP ANA e as performances máximas. Desse modo, é possível concluir que a CTA representada pelo intercepto-y da relação distância versus tempo de nado, parece não ser um bom parâmetro na avaliação da aptidão anaeróbia e predição de performances entre 100 m e 600 m nado crawl.

Capacidade de nado anaeróbio; Aptidão anaeróbia; Nado atado; Velocidade crítica; Natação

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Use of the y-intercept in the evaluation of the anaerobic fitness and performance prediction of trained swimmers

El uso del intercepto-y en la evaluación de adaptacion anaeróbica en la predicción de la performance de nadadores especializados

Marcelo Papoti^{I, III}; Alessandro Moura Zagatto^{II, III}; Paulo Barbosa de Freitas Júnior^V; Sergio Augusto Cunha^III; Luiz Eduardo Barreto Martins^IV; Claudio Alexandre Gobatto^III

^IBauru Integrated College – Cepaf, Bauru, SP

^IIMato Grosso do Sul Federal University – UFMS, Campo Grande, MS

^IIIBiodynamics Laboratory, IB, Unesp, Rio Claro, SP

^IVLaboratory for Instrumentation in Exercise Physiology, Unicamp, Campinas, SP

^VLaboratory for Movement Studies, IB, Unesp, Rio Claro, SP

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to verify the use of y-intercept from the critical velocity model in the evaluation of the anaerobic fitness and prediction of maximal performance in trained swimmers in crawl style. Fourteen swimmers with ages ranging from 15 to 18 years participated in this study. The athletes performed the tied swimming test, maximal performances tests and critical velocity (CV) for the determination of anaerobic swimming capacity (AWC). 1) The tied swimming test was applied through maximal effort during 30 seconds fixed to the equipment with load cells for the measurement of the peak force, anaerobic fitness and peak lactate. 2) The subjects also performed maximal performances at distances of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 600 meters with two hours interval between each swim. 3) AWC at CV model was determined utilizing all possible combinations by maximal performances applying the distance-time linear regression model. The AWC value obtained was of 25.07 ± 4.22 m, with linear regression coefficient between 0.99 and 1.00, and linear coefficient error of 19.30 ± 5.9%. AWC was not correlated with all maximal performances, peak force (227.81 ± 63.02 N), anaerobic fitness (85.55 ± 13.05 N), and peak lactate (6.80 ± 1.08 mM). However, the anaerobic fitness was correlated with all maximal performances. Thus, it was concluded that the AWC obtained by y-intercept of the distance/time of swim relation does not seem to be a good parameter for the anaerobic fitness evaluation neither to predict the maximal performances between 100 and 600 meters in crawl style.

Key words: Swimming anaerobic capacity. Anaerobic fitness. Tied swimming. Critical velocity. Performance. Lactate.

RESUMEN

El objetivo de ese estudio fue verificar el uso del intercepto-y en la evaluación anaeróbica de la aptitud y predicción de la performance de los nadadores especializados. Los participantes del estudio fueron 14 nadadores con edad entre 15 y 18 años. Los atletas realizaron la prueba de nado atado, máxima performance y velocidad crítica (VC) para la determinación de la capacidad de nado anaeróbico (CTA), todos en estilo crawl por un periodo de tres días. 1) La prueba de nado atado consistió en lograr el máximo esfuerzo durante 30 segundos atado a un aparato de medición con células de carga para la medida del pico de fuerza (F_pic), de la aptitud anaeróbica (AP_ANA) y la concentración de pico del lactato ([la^-]_pic) según Papoti et al.⁽¹¹⁾. 2) Los participantes también lograron actuaciones al máximo en las distancias de 100, 200, 300, 400 y 600 m, con el intervalo mínimo de dos horas entre cada nado. 3) La prueba de VC se aplicó para la determinación de CTA que usa todas las posibles combinaciones de los resultados de las máximas actuaciones, a través del modelo de regresión lineal entre la distancia vs. tiempo. Se encontró un promedio de 25,07 ± 4,22 m en las 16 combinaciones de CTAs y se halló un coeficiente de regresión lineal que varía entre 0,99 y 1,00 con un error de coeficiente lineal de 19,30 ± 5,9%. No se encontraron en ellos correlaciones significantes entre CTAs y máximas performances, F_pic (227,81 ± 63,02 N), AP_ANA (86,55 ± 13,05 N) y [la^-]_pic (6,80 ± 1,03 mm). Sin embargo, si se encontraron en ellos correlaciones significantes entre AP_ANA y las máximas performances. De este modo, es posible concluir que la CTA representada por el intercepto-y de la distancia de la relación vs. tiempo de nado, parece no ser un parámetro bueno en la evaluación de la aptitud anaeróbica y la predicción de las actuaciones entre 100 m y 600 m del nado crawl.

Palabras-clave: Capacidad de nado anaeróbico. Aptitud anaeróbica. Nado atado. Velocidad crítica. Natación. Performance lactato.

INTRODUCTION

In swimming, the methods used to measure anaerobic variables are not quite well developed such as those that evaluate the aerobic qualities, although these variables are important aspects for the swimmer evolution⁽¹⁾. Maglischo⁽²⁾ suggested the determination of the blood lactate concentration after maximal efforts as a way to evaluate the anaerobic capacity, where low lactate values along with unsatisfactory performances could indicate deterioration of this capacity. Although the use of the lactacidemia is a tool sensible to small adaptations in the swimmers training⁽³⁾, its reduction after maximal efforts may also be a result of an overtraining state^(4-7). Methodologies that evaluate the strength of swimmers out of the water through the use of the swim bench⁽⁸⁾ and in the water through semi tied swim⁽⁹⁾ and tied swim^(10-12) situations are also frequent. The latter, besides presenting higher specificity when compared with the swim bench, is a reproducible ergometer^(11,13), highly correlated with the swim velocity at distances between 25 and 400 m in crawl style^(10,11), and sensible to variations on the training volume and intensity^(12,14).

Unfortunately, not all swimming teams count on the financial support required for the acquisition of specific equipment for strength and power measurement or for the performance of constant evaluations using lactacidemia.

The critical power test, initially proposed by Monod and Scherrer⁽¹⁵⁾ and validated by Moritani et al.⁽¹⁶⁾, has as concept the maximal exercise intensity that can theoretically be maintained for a long period of time with no fatigue. This evaluation method has been objective of many studies, not only for being a low-cost non invasive test, but also for providing indicatives of aerobic and anaerobic capacities.

Wakayoshi et al.⁽¹⁷⁾ linearized the hyperbolic equation applied in the prediction of the critical power and verified whether the critical velocity (CV) may be used to estimate the performance of high-level swimmers. In this study for the CV and the anaerobic swimming capacity (AWC) determination, the swimmers were submitted to six efforts until exhaustion in the swimming flume. The six points obtained from the relation between the limit time (Tlim) and the swim distance (SD) were submitted to linear regression procedure, where the angular coefficient represented the CV and the linear coefficient (y-intercept) represented the AWC. The authors observed high correlation of CV with lactate threshold for concentration of 4 mM (r = 0.95) with the oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold intensity (r = 0.82) and with maximal velocity of 400 m (r = 0.86). Later, these authors made available and popular the use of the CV by determining this parameter in conventional swimming pool using the linear relation between prefixed distance (200 m and 400 m) and swim time⁽¹⁸⁾.

As previously mentioned, the AWC, represented by the linear coefficient (y-intercept), when determined with stimuli in which the participants perform efforts until exhaustion, seems to correspond to the anaerobic variable of the CV model. It has been demonstrated that this parameter is sensible to eight high-intensity training weeks with intervals⁽¹⁹⁾ and to six endurance training weeks⁽²⁰⁾. Furthermore, the AWC was significantly correlated with the Wingate test⁽²¹⁾, anaerobic production of muscular ATP (r = 0.70), anaerobic capacity determined through the ATP change and phosphocreatine (r = 0.73) in well-trained cyclists⁽²²⁾, and with the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), demonstrating that the y-intercept may be a valid index to represent the anaerobic work capacity^(22,23).

However, other studies did not demonstrate association between AWC with MAOD⁽²⁴⁾, and the Wingate test average power⁽²⁵⁾. In addition, in swimming, the vast majority of studies found no association between AWC and performance^(26-28), thus emphasizing the necessity of researches aimed at investigating the meaning of the AWC as performance predictor in swimming. Thus, the objective of the present study was to verify the use of the y-intercept in the evaluation of the anaerobic fitness and in the performance prediction of trained swimmers.

METHODOLOGY

Participants

Fourteen state and national level swimmers (three female and 11 male) from the city of Bauru-SP with ages ranging from 15 to 18 years and minimum swimming competition time of two years, who trained approximately 5000 m.d^-1 with frequency of six days.week¹ were evaluated. The participants were only confirmed after authorization through the consent form, approved by the Unesp Ethics Committee, campus of Rio Claro, signed by parents and team coaches.

Tests

The swimmers were evaluated during three days, when the anaerobic fitness and maximal performances tests were conducted.

No exercises of any type were performed during the 24 hours preceding the tests. This caution was taken so that no acute effect as result of training sessions could influence the results.

Before the beginning of tests, a warm-up period with duration of ten minutes at moderate intensity subjectively determined by swimmers in crawl style was performed.

Determination of anaerobic fitness (FIT_ANA), peak force (F_peak) and lactate peak concentration ([la^-]_peak) in tied swim

For the anaerobic fitness determination (FIT_ANA), a tied swim protocol standardized by Papoti et al.⁽¹¹⁾ was used due to the high stability and reproducibility of measurements (r = 0.93). This system contains load cells (strain gages) as primary sensor element, being suspended on two wooden beams fixed to the ground at a distance of one meter parallel to the border of the swimming pool. A steel wire of 4.08 m length was connected to the center of the dynamometer with a nylon belt at its opposite extremity around the swimmer's waist at a distance of three meters in relation to the border of the swimming pool and four meters in relation to the equipment (figure 1).

The test itself consisted of the application of a maximum effort in crawl style with duration of 30 s with swimmers tied to the measurement apparatus. During the entire test, the participants were verbally encouraged to perform maximum efforts. The beginning and end of the test were determined by a sound signal (whistle). The deformation detected by the load cells (strain gages) due to the tension generated by the swimmer's effort was amplified through a portable extensometry source (Sodmex ME-01D). The values obtained during efforts were sent to a computer by an interface and stored in the Lab View data acquisition at 400 Hz. The values were submitted to the residual analysis process and soothed using the fourth order "butterworth" filter with frequency of three hertz (Hz). The 400 initial points were disregarded so that the peak force values (F_peak) were not overestimated in function of the transition from moderate swim to intense swim^(11,29).

With the use of the calibration straight line (obtained through the superposition of known weights), the values obtained were converted into force units (N) through the Matlab 5.3 program, thus enabling the determination of peak force (F_peak) and average force (AF_NA). F_peak was determined as the average of the five highest values during the test. AF_NA was considered as indicative of anaerobic fitness (FIT_ANA)⁽¹¹⁾. One, three and five minutes after FIT_ANA test, blood samples were collected from the ear lobe (25 µL), diluted into 50 µL of NaF 1% and analyzed in electrochemical lactimeter (YSI model Sport 1500, Yellow Spring Co., USA) for lactate peak concentration determination ([la^-]_peak).

Determination of anaerobic swimming capacity (AWC) and maximal performances (P_MAX)

For the determination of the maximal performance (P_MAX), five maximal efforts randomly established at distances of 100 m, 200 m, 300 m, 400 m and 600 m in crawl style were performed in 25 m swimming pools at temperature of 27 ± 1ºC with a minimum rest period of two hours.

The distance and time values were submitted to linear regression procedure for the estimation of AWCs (distance-time model), where the linear coefficient (y-intercept) of each individual regression represented the anaerobic swimming capacities (AWCs) (figure 2).

Using all possible combinations with number of points ranging from three to five, besides the AWC originated from protocol proposed by Wakayoshi et al.⁽¹⁸⁾, which only uses distances of 200 m and 400 m, 16 AWCs were obtained (AWC₁₂₃₄₆, AWC₁₂₃₄, AWC₁₂₄₆, AWC₁₃₄₆, AWC₁₂₃, AWC₁₂₄, AWC₁₂₆, AWC₁₃₄, AWC₁₃₆, AWC₁₄₆, AWC₂₃₄, AWC₂₃₆, AWC₂₃₄₆, AWC₂₄₆, AWC₃₄₆ and AWC₂₄).

Statistical treatment

Values are presented as average + standard deviation. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with post hoc Newman Keuls test if necessary for all AWC obtained in this study. The relations between AWCs with F_peak, Fit_ANA, [la^-]_peak and performances (P₁₀₀, P₂₀₀, P₃₀₀, P₄₀₀ and P₆₀₀), as well as the crossing between F_peak, Fit_ANA, [la^-]_peak and performances were obtained from the Pearson correlation analysis. In all cases, the significance level adopted was of 5%.

With the use of the Origin 6.0 program, the linear coefficient errors (LCE) for the AWCs obtained from three to six velocities, called by Hill et al.⁽³²⁾ as estimation standard error.

RESULTS

Figure 3 presents the performance values (m.s^-1) used for the determination of the anaerobic swimming capacities, while table 1 presents the values of F_peak, Fit_ANA, [la^-]_peak, respectively.

The relation between distance and swimming time seems to be highly linear with determination coefficient (r²) ranging from 0.99 to 1.00. Average AWC and LCE values of 25.07 ± 4.22 m and 19.30 ± 5.9%, respectively, were observed, so that only AWC₂₃₆ presented error below 10% (8.86%). Significant differences between AWCs (P < 0.05) were observed. However, these values were highly correlated (r @ 0.80).

No significant correlations were observed between AWCs and maximal performances or between AWCs and F_peak, Fit_ANA and [la^-]_peak (table 2). F_peak and [la^-]_peak did not present significant correlation with P_MAX either. However, Fit_ANA was significantly correlated with all P_MAX (table 3).

DISCUSSION

The main finding of the present study was that the AWC presented no significant correlation with anaerobic fitness and swimmers performance. Experimental and literature review studies have demonstrated significant associations between AWC and the Wingate test^(16,21,23), the total accumulated intermittent work⁽¹⁹⁾ and the muscular ATP production⁽²²⁾, besides demonstrating the significant AWC contribution to the performance in running above eight km⁽³¹⁾. It was yet demonstrated that the AWC is a reproducible and sensible parameter⁽²³⁾ to the effects of enduring⁽²⁰⁾, intense⁽¹⁹⁾ training, and to the creatine supplementation⁽³²⁾, emphasizing the possibility of this parameter being used as indirect measurement in the evaluation and prediction of anaerobic performances^(22,30,33).

It is interesting to observe that the AWC values in the present study, unlike most investigations previously mentioned, presented no significant correlations with any of the maximal performances and anaerobic fitness test that used the same duration time as the Wingate test.

Guglielmo and Denadai⁽³⁴⁾ found no correlations between AWC of swimmers with the average power determined during 30-second maximal efforts in isokinetic arm ergometer. Papoti et al.⁽²⁷⁾ used a tied swim system and verified significant correlation between average force (FNA) during 30-second maximal efforts and performances of 100 m and 200 m in crawl style, but not between FNA and AWC obtained through the y-intercept of the distance x time linear relation using distances of 200 m and 400 m, proposed by Wakayoshi et al.⁽¹⁸⁾. In the present investigation, the FNA, assumed by Papoti et al.⁽¹¹⁾ as Fit_ANA indicative, was also significantly correlated with performances between 100 m and 600 m in crawl style.

Soares et al.⁽³⁵⁾ found no significant correlations between AWC (determined through the relation obtained between the prefixed distance and the swimming time) and the average power in swim bench during 45-second maximal effort in children and adult swimmers. Those authors concluded that the AWC provides no consistent information on the anaerobic capacity of swimmers, regardless the age range considered.

Dekerle et al.⁽²⁶⁾ also verified no significant correlation between AWC and the maximal anaerobic distance in swimmers, which was considered as the distance in which the swimming maximal velocity may be maintained, and suggested the non utilization of this parameter to control anaerobic variables.

A possible explanation for the contradiction observed in literature with regard to the use of AWC as parameter for the prediction of anaerobic performances^(19-21,32) may be that the relation used for the linear regression procedure considers the limit time (Tlim). The fixed-distance model proposed by Wakayoshi et al.⁽¹⁸⁾ considers in theory that the swimmer would not be able to support the swimming velocity imposed during efforts at any distance above the prefixed distance (200 m and 400 m). This hypothesis seems to limit the use of this model, considering the anaerobic aspect only, once some swimmers are capable to support the swimming velocity obtained at distances of 200 m and 400 m for a few more meters, probably due to the lactate tolerance capacity.

Green⁽³³⁾ verified that the higher accuracy on the AWC determination of well-trained cyclists was obtained when the exhaustion criterion for the attainment of limit times was extended until the intensity corresponding to the O₂ peak rather than the impossibility of maintaining a prefixed rhythm (90 rpm). The author believes that this criterion enables maximizing the use of substrates generally used in the performance of anaerobic exercises and, hence, the attainment of more accurate AWC values.

Toussaint et al.⁽²⁸⁾ investigated whether the concepts of critical power and AWC could be used to evaluate the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of swimmers. To do so, the authors developed a mathematical model related to the mechanics and energetics involved in the crawl style, based on previous studies and evaluations performed in the swimming flume. The authors also modeled the release of aerobic and anaerobic energy in relation to the swimming time. The authors concluded that, although the critical velocity is an indicative of the aerobic system, the AWC is influenced by variations of energy from both the aerobic and anaerobic systems, thus providing no actual estimation of the anaerobic capacity. Furthermore, the results found in literature on its reproducibility range from r = 0.62⁽³⁶⁾ to r = 0.87⁽²³⁾.

Other hypothesis to explain the non representativeness of AWC as performance predictive parameter of swimmers is the great fluctuation on the y-intercept values to small variations on the swimming velocity. In addition, Bishop and Jenkins⁽²⁰⁾ found high negative correlation (r = -0.94) between alterations on the critical power (CP) and on AWC after six weeks of endurance training. These authors believe that a great change on CP or AWC may influence both variables due to the rotative effect of the mathematical model emphasizing a limitation to the linear model to determine the critical power and AWC.

Hill et al.⁽³²⁾ reported that the AWC is a parameter sensible to measure the anaerobic capacity only when this one presents a linear coefficient standard error below 10%. In the present study, the average of the linear coefficient errors remained between 9% and 29%. Only the AWC determined with distances of 200 m, 300 m and 600 m presented error below 10% (9%). However, this AWC presented no correlation with Fit_ANA and performance. Bullbulian et al.⁽²⁵⁾ found no associations and significant relation between AWC and the anaerobic capacity in the Wingate test (r = 0.07), and very low when corrected by the body weight (r = 0.41), and suggested that AWC could not be an indicative of the glycolytic anaerobic via. Although more researches comparing AWC with validated anaerobic evaluation methods are required as, for instance, the oxygen maximal deficit accumulated, one may conclude that the AWC represented by the y-intercept of the distance x swimming time relation does not seem a good parameter in the evaluation of the anaerobic fitness and in the performance prediction between 100 m and 600 m in crawl style.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank technicians André Barbosa and Oscar Fleury from the Bauru Lusitanian-Brazilian Association for the important aid in the performance of this study.

Fapesp (process-01/08295-2) and CNPq (process-130841/2003-0).

REFERENCES

Received in 15/10/04. 2^nd version received in 27/12/04. Approved in 11/2/05.

All the authors declared there is not any potential conflict of interests regarding this article.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  30 July 2005
• Date of issue
  Apr 2005