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Comparison between direct and indirect methods for the determination of the maximal oxygen uptake in female runners

Abstracts

The aim of this study was to compare the values of <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/en_a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2max directly determined by an ergospirometry system, with values indirectly predicted by the ErgoPC system during maximal exercise test underwent by female runners. Twenty trained female runners participated in the study (42.7 ± 6.4 years-old, height 1.64 ± 0.04m, body mass 58.3 ± 5.8kg, body mass index (BMI) 21.7 ± 1.9kg/m² and body fat percentage 22.3 ± 3.5. The subjects were evaluated for body composition and underwent a progressive exercise test on treadmill (Inbrasport, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil) to measure the aerobic fitness (<img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/en_a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2max ). The initial speed was 7km/h with increments of 1km/h every three minutes and constant inclination of 1% was kept throughout the test. The participants were encouraged to remain in the test as long as possible until voluntary exhaustion. The gas analyzer VO2000 Inbrasport Spirometer, Porto Alegre, Brazil was used for the direct measurement of <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/en_a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2max , while for the indirect measurement of <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/en_a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2max the ErgoPC program with the prediction formula from Foster (1996) was used. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t test for the comparison of the values of <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/en_a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2max obtained in the direct and indirect test, and Pearson's correlation was applied to correlate these two variables. Direct measurement of <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/en_a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2max showed a value of 51.8 ± 6.8ml/kg/min and indirect one of 42.8 ± 3.7ml/kg/min. The comparison between both results was significantly different. The correlation between the values of <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/en_a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2max was r = 0.67. Thus, the results show that the obtained <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/en_a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2max by an indirect way underestimates the value of the direct measurement.

aerobic fitness; ergoespirometry; ErgoPC


O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os valores de <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2máx determinados diretamente por um sistema de ergoespirometria com os valores preditos indiretamente pelo sistema ErgoPC durante um teste de esforço máximo realizado por mulheres corredoras. Participaram 20 mulheres corredoras treinadas (42,7 ± 6,4 anos; 1,64 ± 0,04m; 58,3 ± 5,8kg; IMC 21,7 ± 1,9kg/m² e 22,3 ± 3,5%G). Os sujeitos foram submetidos à avaliação da composição corporal e a um teste de esforço progressivo em esteira ergométrica (Inbrasport, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil) para mensuração da aptidão aeróbia (<img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2máx). A velocidade inicial foi de 7km/h com incrementos de 1km/h a cada três minutos, sendo mantida uma inclinação constante durante todo o teste equivalente a 1%. As participantes foram fortemente estimuladas a permanecerem no teste o maior tempo possível, até a exaustão voluntária. Para a mensuração direta do <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2máx, foi utilizado um sistema de ergoespirometria de circuito aberto (analisador de gases Espirômetro <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/a12cr01.jpg" />2000 Inbrasport, Porto Alegre, Brasil). A predição indireta do <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2máx foi realizada através do programa ErgoPC que utiliza a fórmula de Foster (1996) para tal predição. Para a análise estatística, foi realizado o teste t de Student (p < 0,05), para a comparação dos valores de <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2máx obtidos de forma direta e indireta, e o teste de correlação de Pearson, para correlacionar essas duas variáveis. A medida direta do <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2máx apresentou valor de 51,8 ± 6,8ml/kg/min, e o indireto, 42,8 ± 3,7ml/kg/min. Na comparação entre os dois resultados foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante entre as variáveis. A correlação encontrada entre os valores de <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2máx foi de r = 0,67. Portanto, os resultados mostram que o <img src="/img/revistas/rbme/v17n4/a12cr01.jpg" align="absmiddle" />2máx obtido de forma indireta subestima o valor da medida direta.

aptidão aeróbia; ergoespirometria; ErgoPC


ORIGINAL ARTICLE

EXERCISE AND SPORTS SCIENCES

Comparison between direct and indirect methods for the determination of the maximal oxygen uptake in female runners

Cecília Segabinazi Peserico; Paulo Victor Mezzaroba; Geraldo Angelo Nogueira; Solange Marta Franzói de Moraes; Fabiana Andrade Machado

State University of Maringá - Maringá, PR

Mailing address Mailing address: Fabiana Andrade Machado Departamento de Educação Física Universidade Estadual de Maringá Avenida Colombo, 5.790 - Bloco M06 - sala 06 87020-900 Maringá, PR E-mails: famachado@uem.br - famachado_uem@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to compare the values of

2max directly determined by an ergospirometry system, with values indirectly predicted by the ErgoPC system during maximal exercise test underwent by female runners. Twenty trained female runners participated in the study (42.7 ± 6.4 years-old, height 1.64 ± 0.04m, body mass 58.3 ± 5.8kg, body mass index (BMI) 21.7 ± 1.9kg/m2 and body fat percentage 22.3 ± 3.5. The subjects were evaluated for body composition and underwent a progressive exercise test on treadmill (Inbrasport, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil) to measure the aerobic fitness (2max ). The initial speed was 7km/h with increments of 1km/h every three minutes and constant inclination of 1% was kept throughout the test. The participants were encouraged to remain in the test as long as possible until voluntary exhaustion. The gas analyzer VO2000 Inbrasport Spirometer, Porto Alegre, Brazil was used for the direct measurement of 2max , while for the indirect measurement of 2max the ErgoPC program with the prediction formula from Foster (1996) was used. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t test for the comparison of the values of 2max obtained in the direct and indirect test, and Pearson's correlation was applied to correlate these two variables. Direct measurement of 2max showed a value of 51.8 ± 6.8ml/kg/min and indirect one of 42.8 ± 3.7ml/kg/min. The comparison between both results was significantly different. The correlation between the values of 2max was r = 0.67. Thus, the results show that the obtained 2max by an indirect way underestimates the value of the direct measurement.

Keywords: aerobic fitness, ergoespirometry, ErgoPC.

INTRODUCTION

The maximal oxygen uptake (

2max ) is an important predicting parameter of aerobic performance which us used in the training control and prescription; it is a widely used index for the determination and classification of the cardiorespiratory functional capacity, especially for athletes who perform efforts of long and medium duration and prioritarily depend on the oxidative metabolic way(1,2).

This measurement is the best representation of the quantitative as well as qualitative of the functional capacity of the cardiorespiratory system integrated with the muscular system during physical exercise and the ability to regulate the energetic demand from each intensity for the performance of activities, since there is a perfect congruency of the body in uptaking, transporting and using oxygen for the aerobic processes of energy production during physical exertion(3,4).

The

2max may be influenced, according to Fernandes et al.(5), by factors such as: gender, age, presence of pathologies or use of some kinds of medication, the manner of exercising and body composition. According to Barros et al.(6), the 2max decreases with age progression, both in men and women, regardless of the training status or level of physical activity.

Concerning gender, due to the differences in body composition, it is expected that the men present higher

2max values than women since the former have more muscle mass and less body fat. Moreover, since men have higher concentrations of hemoglobin, which enables the transport of more oxygen by the blood during exercise, the 2max index is higher in the male gender(7).

2max measuring and determination can be done through two methods: direct and indirect, both present advantages and disadvantages which should be taken into consideration.

The direct measurement is considered gold standard for being the most reliable and it is performed through the ergospirometric test in which the individual is submitted to increasing effort loads and the oxygen expired (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fractions are measured during exercise and pulmonary ventilation, precisely assessing hence the cardiorespiratory and metabolic capacity(8,9).

Nonetheless, the ergospirometric test presents high cost, the equipment is sophisticated and needs skilled labor to operate it, longer time for evaluation of each individual as well as higher motivation since the tests are usually performed in laboratory; these are the reasons why methods for

2max indirect determination have been proposed(10,11).

Indirect determination is performed during submaximal or maximal exertion tests, in which some physiological variables are used and whose values are inserted in mathematical equations and many individuals can be concomitantly assessed, the cost is low and the test conditions may be closer to the modality's specificities(7,8).

However, reliability is many times questioned, both by the used equations and the specific groups to which it was designed and by the significant differences found in the comparison of the direct and indirect measurements; many studies have shown that the indirect method tends to overestimate values(12-14).

Thus, the present study had as aim to compare the

2max values directly determined by an ergospirometry system, with values indirectly predicted by the ErgoPC system during maximal exertion test performed by female runners.

METHODS

Sample

Twenty female runners, mean age of 42.7 ± 6.4 years, running practitioners submitted to systematized training with weekly volume of approximately 25km and competitive experience in rustic events of the modality participated in the study. Each subject after having received information on the work procedures and goals signed a Free and Clarified Consent Form for participation in the study, which was approved by the Local Ethics in Research Committee.

Data collection

All athletes replied to an anamnesis form containing specific and individual information on their health and training prior to the tests. Anthropometric measures concerning body mass, height, and skinfolds were taken for subsequent determination of the body fat percentage. Body weight was checked on a digital scale brand name Tanita and height was checked with a stadiometer brand name Seca® with 0.1cm precision and skinfolds were measured with adipometer brand name Harpender. Body density was calculated with equation by Jackson et al.(15) and for determination of fat percentage the Siri formula was used(16). Body mass index (BMI kg/m2) was calculated from the formula: body mass (kg)/height2 (m2).

A rest electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed before the beginning of the exertion test and during the test performance the heart rate (HR) was constantly checked. Blood pressure (BP) was checked before and at the end of the each stage of the test. All procedures were followed by a cardiologist.

Determination of the aerobic parameters

Incremental treadmill tests were performed (Inbrasport, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil) in a acclimatized laboratory, during the morning shift with mean temperature kept at 24ºC. Initial speed was 7km/h, with increments of 1km/h at every three minutes and constant inclination of 1% was kept during the entire test. The participants were strongly encouraged to stay in the test for as long as possible, until voluntary exhaustion. The tests were monitored with electromyographic records at the end of each stage as well as at recovery.

A gas analyzer (Spirometer VO2000, Inbrasport, Porto Alegre, Brazil), in which the gas samples are collected and directly measured during the test was used for determination of the

2max . Additionally to the spirometry system, the ErgoPC program (Micromed, Brasília, Brazil) was used. Besides recording the cardiac behavior, it also indirectly predicts the

2max through a formula proposed by Foster et al.(17), which consider the intensity increase in each of the stages: 2max (ml/kg/min) = [0.869] x [0.2 x Speed (m/min) + 0.9 x Speed x Elevation (%/100) + 3.5] + [-0.070].

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Data were analysed with descriptive statistics with mean ± standard deviation (SD), Student's t test for mean comparisons and significance level was of p < 0.05. Pearson correlation test was used to correlate the variables related to

2max .

RESULTS

Table 1 presents mean ± SD values of the variables concerning the sample's anthropometric characteristics (age, body mass, stature, BMI, % fat).

Table 2 shows the mean values of 2max (ml/kg/min) directly obtained (ergospirometry) and indirectly obtained. Statistically significant difference was observed between the 2max values directly determined by the ergospirometry system as well as 2max predicted by the ErgoPC system. Despite of that, moderate correlation was identified direct and indirect 2max (r = 0.67).

Table 3 represents the cardiorespiratory fitness classification of the women according to the American College of Sports Medicine(18). There was difference in the classification between the two methods for all age groups.

DISCUSSION

The aim of this study was to compare the

2max values directly determined by an ergospirometry system with values indirectly predicted by the ErgoPC system during a maximal exertion test performed by female runners.

It is known that ergospirometry is the gold standard for evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness, especially for scientific studies or evaluations which require greater accuracy(8,11,19,20). In order to indirectly measure the O2max, measurement instruments such as cycle ergometers and treadmills, wooden benches as well as application of field tests (run or gait) have been used(21).

Higher practicality justifies the cost/benefit ratio of the application of indirect measurements, since they present higher associated error(22). The ACSM(23) reported an approximate error of 7% in the O2 estimation with their equations as a starting point.

The main finding of this study was that the indirect

2max measurement underestimated the direct measurement, as shown in table 2.

Conversely, further studies found opposite results, as the study by Santos(13) and Rondon et al.(9), who assessed in the conventional ergometry the 2max estimated by regression, in which the indirect measurement overestimated the direct measurement regardless of the protocol and ergometer used. Brum et al.(24), Filardo et al.(25) and Costa et al.(14) assessed, respectively, the run and gait equations by the ACSM(11,26,27) for estimation of the O2 and also found results which overestimated the direct measurement, pointing to the need to specify the study of the indirect methods by gender, age and physical status.

In a field test, Costa et al.(28) compared ergospirometry values with the ones predicted by the 12-minute Cooper's test(29) and similarly to the present study, found underestimation of the indirect method compared to the direct method.

Therefore, it can be observed that extent to which the protocol and formula used influence on the

2max prediction and are able to increase or decrease the real values. According to Rondon et al.(9) and Santos(13), the final results obtained (2max ) with the indirect measurement are influenced by the level of cardiorespiratory fitness of the studied subjects. In their studies, these authors observed that the 2max estimated by the formula by the ACSM was higher in individuals with low physical fitness than in the ones with moderate fitness.

Table 3 presents the classification of the level of cardiorespiratory fitness when the 2max values are used for prediction of this fitness(26); from this point, the individuals are classified regarding fitness as: very low; low; average; good or excellent, according to the American College of Sports Medicine(18), taking the age group into consideration.

The difference found in table 2 between the two measurements (direct and indirect), it is important to highlight the usefulness as well as influence that the2max measurement represents to training and its prescription. According to Laurentino and Pellegrinoti(3), the 2max is an index of great validity of application and prescription in sports modalities which individualizes the exercise intensity for improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness of each subject(11).

According to the ACSM(27), a physical conditioning program which aims to improve cardiorespiratory fitness should be applied with training loads suitable concerning intensity, duration, frequency and modality. Amongst the cited factors, intensity is the one which has the greatest influence on the reached results.

Thus, it is implied that athletes who present excellent fitness (table 3), if use parameters obtained through the indirect test (good fitness), may be within a lower target zone of aerobic training, inadequate to physical fitness improvement and their performance.

Therefore, it is important to highlight that the

2max underestimated by the indirect measurement, when used as parameter for a population of athletes, will be able to determine lower cardiorespiratory adaptations and, consequently, lower improvement as a consequence of training. Nevertheless, when populations with any coronary risk are considered, the intensity underestimation in comparison with protocols which are able to overestimate the 2max variable guarantees higher safety of training application, not representing hence higher risks.

CONCLUSION

Based on the data presented here, it was observed that the

2max , indirectly obtained, underestimates the value of direct measurement, at least through the systems and protocols used in this investigation. Therefore, the conventional ergometric test presented substantial limitations for the real functional capacity of the studied individuals; however, since the indirect method is more practical, it is more present in the sports routine.

Thus, the use of indirect methods of cardiorespiratory evaluation should not be used as the only parameter in the training prescription, since it can represent aerobic fitness lower or higher than the reality and can be applied together with other physiological variables. Nonetheless, if the goal is to determine the

2max for the physiological use for athletes or general training, it is suggested that ergometric tests which determine this variable by the direct method are performed.

REFERENCES

1. Barros, NTL, Tebexreni, AS, Tambeiro, VL. Aplicações práticas da ergoespirometria no atleta. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo. 2001;11:695-705.

2. Silva PRS, Romano A, Yazbek JP, Cordeiro JR, Battistella LR. Ergoespirometria computadorizada ou calorimetria indireta: um método não invasivo de crescente valorização na avaliação cardiorrespiratória ao exercício. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 1998;4:147-58.

3. Laurentino GC, Pellegrinoti IL. Alterações nos valores de consumo máximo de oxigênio ( O2máx) na aplicação de dois programas de exercícios com pesos em indivíduos do sexo masculino. Rev Bras Fisiol Exerc. 2003;2:97-106.

4. Denadai BS. Índices fisiológicos de avaliação aeróbia. Conceitos e aplicações. Ribeirão Preto: BSD, 1999.

5. Fernandes MA, Freitas BHPF, Negrini F, Sampaio IMM, Medalha CC. Contribuições da avaliação cardiorrespiratória em pacientes hemiplégicos. Arq Sanny Pesq Saúde. 2008;1:90-7.

6. Barros NTL, Cesar MC, Tambeiro VL. Avaliação da aptidão física cardiorrespiratória. In: Ghorayeb N, Barros T, editores. O exercício: preparação fisiológica, avaliação médica, aspectos especiais e preventivos. São Paulo: Atheneu, 1999;15-24.

7. McArdle WD, Katch FL., Katch VL. Fisiologia do exercício: energia, nutrição e desempenho humano. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2008.

8. Diaz FJ, Montano JG, Melchor MT, Guerrero JH, Tovar, JA. Validation and reliability of the 1,000 meter aerobic test. Rev Invest Clin. 2000;52:44-51.

9. Rondon MUPB, Forjaz CLM, Nunes N, Amaral SL, Barretto ACP, Negrão ALCE. Comparação entre a prescrição de intensidade de treinamento físico baseado na avaliação ergométrica convencional e na ergoespirométrica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1998;70:159-66.

10. Duarte MFS, Duarte CR. Validade do teste aeróbio de corrida de vai e vem de 20 metros. Rev Bras Ci e Mov. 2001;9:7-14.

11. American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2000.

12. Basset DR Jr, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:70-84.

13. Santos MAA. Análise da prescrição e da aplicabilidade do consumo de oxigênio de reserva durante o exercício aeróbio contínuo nas intensidades de 50% a 80% do consumo máximo de oxigênio. Tese de doutorado, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, UFES, 2007.

14. Costa FC, Garcia MPC, Almeida DD, Costa EC, Nunes N, Navarro F. Análise comparativa do consumo máximo de oxigênio e da prescrição de intensidade de treinamento aeróbio: ergoespirometria versus teste ergométrico convencional. Rev Bras de Presc e Fisiol do Exerc. 2007;7:40-70.

15. Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Ward A. Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1980;12:175-82.

16. Siri WE. Tecniques for measuring body composition. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1961.

17. Foster C, Crowe AJ, Daines E, Dumit M, Green MA, Lettau S, Thompson NN, Weymier J. Predicting functional capacity during treadmill testing independent of exercise protocol. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996:752-6.

18. American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for graded exercise testing and exercise prescription. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1980.

19. Silva AC, Torres FC. Ergoespirometria em atletas paraolímpicos brasileiros. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2002;8:107-16.

20. Guimarães JI, Stein R, Vilas-Boas F. Normatização de técnicas e equipamentos para realização de exames em ergometria e ergoespirometria. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;80:457-64.

21. Buono MJ, Roby JJ, Micale FG, Sallis JF, Shephard E. Validity and reliability of predicting maximum oxygen uptake via field tests in children and adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1991;3:250-5.

22. Swain DP. Energy cost calculations for exercise prescription: an update. Sports Med. 2000;30:17-22.

23. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM´s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 7th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005.

24. Brum PP, Sousa WAF, Santos MAA. Comparação entre as faixas de intensidade para exercício aeróbico propostas pelo ACSM com as obtidas na ergoespirometria. Rev Bras Ci e Mov. 2008;16:1-19.

25. Filardo RD, Silva RCR, Petroski EL. Validação das equações metabólicas para caminhada e corrida propostas pelo American College of Sports Medicine em homens entre 20 e 30 anos de idade. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2008;14:523-27.

26. American College of Sports Medicine. Diretrizes do ACSM para os Testes de Esforço e sua Prescrição. 5a. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2003.

27. American College of Sports Medicine. Diretrizes do ACSM para os testes de esforço e sua prescrição. 7ª; ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2007.

28. Costa EC, Guerra LMM, Guerra FEF, Nunes N, Pontes FLP Jr. Validade da medida do consumo máximo de oxigênio e prescrição de intensidade de treinamento aeróbico preditos pelo teste de Cooper de 12 minutos em jovens sedentários. Rev Bras de Presc e Fisiol do Exerc. 2007;1:32-9.

29. Cooper KH. A means of assessing maximal oxygen intake. Correlation between field and treadmill testing. JAMA. 1968;203:201-4.

All authors have declared there is not any potential conflict of interests concerning this article.

  • 1. Barros, NTL, Tebexreni, AS, Tambeiro, VL. Aplicações práticas da ergoespirometria no atleta. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de São Paulo. 2001;11:695-705.
  • 2. Silva PRS, Romano A, Yazbek JP, Cordeiro JR, Battistella LR. Ergoespirometria computadorizada ou calorimetria indireta: um método não invasivo de crescente valorização na avaliação cardiorrespiratória ao exercício. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 1998;4:147-58.
  • 4. Denadai BS. Índices fisiológicos de avaliação aeróbia. Conceitos e aplicações. Ribeirão Preto: BSD, 1999.
  • 5. Fernandes MA, Freitas BHPF, Negrini F, Sampaio IMM, Medalha CC. Contribuições da avaliação cardiorrespiratória em pacientes hemiplégicos. Arq Sanny Pesq Saúde. 2008;1:90-7.
  • 6. Barros NTL, Cesar MC, Tambeiro VL. Avaliação da aptidão física cardiorrespiratória. In: Ghorayeb N, Barros T, editores. O exercício: preparação fisiológica, avaliação médica, aspectos especiais e preventivos. São Paulo: Atheneu, 1999;15-24.
  • 7. McArdle WD, Katch FL., Katch VL. Fisiologia do exercício: energia, nutrição e desempenho humano. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2008.
  • 8. Diaz FJ, Montano JG, Melchor MT, Guerrero JH, Tovar, JA. Validation and reliability of the 1,000 meter aerobic test. Rev Invest Clin. 2000;52:44-51.
  • 9. Rondon MUPB, Forjaz CLM, Nunes N, Amaral SL, Barretto ACP, Negrão ALCE. Comparação entre a prescrição de intensidade de treinamento físico baseado na avaliação ergométrica convencional e na ergoespirométrica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1998;70:159-66.
  • 10. Duarte MFS, Duarte CR. Validade do teste aeróbio de corrida de vai e vem de 20 metros. Rev Bras Ci e Mov. 2001;9:7-14.
  • 11. American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
  • 12. Basset DR Jr, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:70-84.
  • 13. Santos MAA. Análise da prescrição e da aplicabilidade do consumo de oxigênio de reserva durante o exercício aeróbio contínuo nas intensidades de 50% a 80% do consumo máximo de oxigênio. Tese de doutorado, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, UFES, 2007.
  • 14. Costa FC, Garcia MPC, Almeida DD, Costa EC, Nunes N, Navarro F. Análise comparativa do consumo máximo de oxigênio e da prescrição de intensidade de treinamento aeróbio: ergoespirometria versus teste ergométrico convencional. Rev Bras de Presc e Fisiol do Exerc. 2007;7:40-70.
  • 15. Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Ward A. Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1980;12:175-82.
  • 16. Siri WE. Tecniques for measuring body composition. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1961.
  • 17. Foster C, Crowe AJ, Daines E, Dumit M, Green MA, Lettau S, Thompson NN, Weymier J. Predicting functional capacity during treadmill testing independent of exercise protocol. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996:752-6.
  • 18. American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for graded exercise testing and exercise prescription. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1980.
  • 19. Silva AC, Torres FC. Ergoespirometria em atletas paraolímpicos brasileiros. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2002;8:107-16.
  • 20. Guimarães JI, Stein R, Vilas-Boas F. Normatização de técnicas e equipamentos para realização de exames em ergometria e ergoespirometria. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;80:457-64.
  • 21. Buono MJ, Roby JJ, Micale FG, Sallis JF, Shephard E. Validity and reliability of predicting maximum oxygen uptake via field tests in children and adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1991;3:250-5.
  • 22. Swain DP. Energy cost calculations for exercise prescription: an update. Sports Med. 2000;30:17-22.
  • 23
    American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM´s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 7th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005.
  • 24. Brum PP, Sousa WAF, Santos MAA. Comparação entre as faixas de intensidade para exercício aeróbico propostas pelo ACSM com as obtidas na ergoespirometria. Rev Bras Ci e Mov. 2008;16:1-19.
  • 25. Filardo RD, Silva RCR, Petroski EL. Validação das equações metabólicas para caminhada e corrida propostas pelo American College of Sports Medicine em homens entre 20 e 30 anos de idade. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2008;14:523-27.
  • 26. American College of Sports Medicine. Diretrizes do ACSM para os Testes de Esforço e sua Prescrição. 5a. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2003.
  • 27. American College of Sports Medicine. Diretrizes do ACSM para os testes de esforço e sua prescrição. 7Ş; ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2007.
  • 28. Costa EC, Guerra LMM, Guerra FEF, Nunes N, Pontes FLP Jr. Validade da medida do consumo máximo de oxigênio e prescrição de intensidade de treinamento aeróbico preditos pelo teste de Cooper de 12 minutos em jovens sedentários. Rev Bras de Presc e Fisiol do Exerc. 2007;1:32-9.
  • 29. Cooper KH. A means of assessing maximal oxygen intake. Correlation between field and treadmill testing. JAMA. 1968;203:201-4.
  • Mailing address:
    Fabiana Andrade Machado
    Departamento de Educação Física Universidade Estadual de Maringá
    Avenida Colombo, 5.790 - Bloco M06 - sala 06
    87020-900 Maringá, PR
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  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      30 Nov 2011
    • Date of issue
      Aug 2011
    Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Exercício e do Esporte Av. Brigadeiro Luís Antônio, 278, 6º and., 01318-901 São Paulo SP, Tel.: +55 11 3106-7544, Fax: +55 11 3106-8611 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
    E-mail: atharbme@uol.com.br