Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Blood pressure after supervised physical exercise program in elderly women with hypertension

Abstracts

INTRODUCTION: The elderly population has increased the levels of chronic diseases such as hypertension (HBP) with prevalence in women. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as exercise, have been indicated by the effectiveness in lowering blood pressure (BP). OBJECTIVE: To analyze the blood pressure response in elderly hypertensive women in the different moments of a supervised physical exercise program (SPEP). METHODS: It consisted of a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out for 18 weeks. 41 elderly women with hypertension, under pharmacological treatment, distributed in the experimental group (EG) (n=26) which participated in the intervention, and control group (CG) (n=15) in two stages: before and after SPEP. BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were evaluated at baseline and after 18 weeks of SPEP in the EG and CG. The intra and inter comparison was made with the paired t test and two-way ANOVA with Kruskal Wallis test, with a significance level of p <0.05. RESULTS: The EG (68.7 ± 8.4 years, BMI = 27.23 ± 4.73) and CG (67.3 ± 6.3 years, BMI = 26.13 ± 4.36), with a prevalence of overweight in all groups, without significant difference after SPEP. There was a correlation between BMI and SBP (r = 0.456, p = 0.01) and between SBP and DBP (r = 0.380, p = 0.01). The initial similarity between the groups was changed by SPEP in EG, remaining in the CG. Intergroup comparison showed differences in SBP (p = 0.000) and DBP (p = 0.005) before and after SPEP and intragroup, with reductions in SBP (Δ = 9.61 mmHg, p = 0.000) and DBP (Δ = 1.54 mmHg, p = 0.043) after SPEP, which did not occur in the CG. CONCLUSION: The supervised physical exercise program exerted an important model of non-drug treatment in the hypotensive response observed.

elderly; blood pressure; physical conditioning; hypertension


INTRODUÇÃO: A população de idosos tem elevado os índices de doenças crônicas como hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) com prevalência em mulheres. Intervenções não farmacológicas, como o exercício físico, são apontadas pela eficácia na diminuição da pressão arterial (PA). OBJETIVO: Verificar a resposta da pressão arterial de idosas hipertensas nos distintos momentos de um programa de exercício físico supervisionado (PEFS). MÉTODOS: Constituiu-se de um estudo descritivo de corte transversal realizado durante 18 semanas. Participaram 41 mulheres idosas com HAS, em tratamento farmacológico, distribuídas em grupo experimental (GE) (n = 26) que participou da intervenção, e grupo controle (GC) (n = 15), em dois momentos: pré e pós-PEFS. O IMC, a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) foram avaliados no início e após 18 semanas de PEFS no GE e GC. A comparação intra e intergrupos foi feita com o teste t pareado e ANOVA two way com Kruskal Wallis, com nível de significância de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: O GE (68,7 ± 8,4 anos, IMC = 27,23 ± 4,73) e o GC (67,3 ± 6,3 anos, IMC = 26,13 ± 4,36), com prevalência de sobrepeso em todos os grupos, sem diferença significativa pós-PEFS. Observou-se uma correlação entre o IMC e a PAS (r = 0,456; p = 0,01) e entre a PAS e a PAD (r = 0,380; p = 0,01). A semelhança inicial entre os grupos foi alterada pelo PEFS no GE, permanecendo no GC. A comparação intergrupos mostrou diferenças da PAS (p = 0,000) e da PAD (p = 0,005) pré e pós-PEFS e intragrupos, no GE com reduções da PAS (Δ = 9,61mmHg, p = 0,000) e da PAD (Δ = 1,54mmHg, p = 0,043) pós-PEFS, o que não ocorreu no GC. CONCLUSÃO: O programa de exercício físico supervisionado exerceu papel importante como modelo terapêutico não medicamentoso na resposta hipotensiva observada.

idoso; pressão arterial; exercício; hipertensão; composição corporal


ORIGINAL ARTICLE

EXERCISE AND SPORTS MEDICINE CLINIC

ILaboratory of Biosciences of Human Motricity (LABIHM) of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO) – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

IIEstácio de Sá University (UNESA) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

IIIUniversity of Rio de Janeiro State (UERJ) – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

IVFluminense Federal Univesity (UFF) – Niterói, Brazil

Mailing address

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The elderly population has increased the levels of chronic diseases such as hypertension (HBP) with prevalence in women. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as exercise, have been indicated by the effectiveness in lowering blood pressure (BP).

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the blood pressure response in elderly hypertensive women in the different moments of a supervised physical exercise program (SPEP).

METHODS: It consisted of a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out for 18 weeks. 41 elderly women with hypertension, under pharmacological treatment, distributed in the experimental group (EG) (n=26) which participated in the intervention, and control group (CG) (n=15) in two stages: before and after SPEP. BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were evaluated at baseline and after 18 weeks of SPEP in the EG and CG. The intra and inter comparison was made with the paired t test and two-way ANOVA with Kruskal Wallis test, with a significance level of p <0.05.

RESULTS: The EG (68.7 ± 8.4 years, BMI = 27.23 ± 4.73) and CG (67.3 ± 6.3 years, BMI = 26.13 ± 4.36), with a prevalence of overweight in all groups, without significant difference after SPEP. There was a correlation between BMI and SBP (r = 0.456, p = 0.01) and between SBP and DBP (r = 0.380, p = 0.01). The initial similarity between the groups was changed by SPEP in EG, remaining in the CG. Intergroup comparison showed differences in SBP (p = 0.000) and DBP (p = 0.005) before and after SPEP and intragroup, with reductions in SBP (Δ = 9.61 mmHg, p = 0.000) and DBP (Δ = 1.54 mmHg, p = 0.043) after SPEP, which did not occur in the CG.

CONCLUSION: The supervised physical exercise program exerted an important model of non-drug treatment in the hypotensive response observed.

Keywords: elderly, blood pressure, physical conditioning, hypertension.

INTRODUCTION

The elderly population is the one which increases the most worldwide as well as in Brazil, considering the result of the National Research by Household Sampling (PNAD) carried out in 2005, which revealed that the number of individuals older than 60 years is higher than 18 million, corresponding to about 10% of the total population(1).

The aging process of the population increases the indices of some chronic diseases such as systemic arterial hypertension (HBP) and presents increasing demand for specialized health services whose response capacity is still extremely below the needs of this population(2).

Hypertension is the main risk of death factor among non-transmissible diseases(3) and consists in an important problem of public health(4), with about 70% of the elderly population being considered hypertensive(5) ,and higher prevalence in the female sex in the age group between 70 and 90 years(6-8).

The prevalence of HBP as an important cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF), its high global prevalence as well as the increase of probability of fatal ou not-fatal circulatory closings, when other risk factors are associated with it, make the understanding of its correlation with other possible factors potentially triggering of cardiocirculatory events very important.

Higher prevalence of HBP in women is also associated with other alterations typical of the aging process such as prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, more specifically, dyslipidemias and immobility characterized by sedentarism, responsible for modern diseases, such as chronic stress, obesity and increase of blood fat(9), which express important information on the health status of this population and decrease in quality of life(9,10).

Non-pharmacological interventions have been mentioned in the literature by their low cost, minimum risk and efficiency in decreasing blood pressure(11).

The aim of the present study was to assess the blood pressure response of hypertensive elderly women in the distinct moments of a supervised physical exercise program.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Subjects selection

This descriptive study of transversal cohort started in August, 2008 with random selection of 41 sedentary hypertensive women, aged 60 years or older, originated from the social group of the Resident Association of the Piçarreira I Neighborhood, members of the Extension Program of the Diferential Full-time Project – FACID, "Surpassing Aging" and the Third Age inaction Program – PTIA of the Federal University of Piauí – UFPI, of Teresina, PI. All elderly women underwent a medical evaluation in the health unit of the neighborhood and were under medication treatment for hypertension, dissociated from other pathologies. Out of these subjects, 50% used the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor – ECA (captopril), and the remaining ones made use of the thiazide diuretics hydrochlorothiazide(5).

There was no alteration in the medication of any elderly woman during the study nor the diet was individually controlled, only speeches on eating focusing on hypertensive subjects were performed.

The classification of the elderly women as hypertensive was done according to the V Guidelines of Arterial Hypertension(11), which consider as "optimum pressure" levels lower than 120mmHg x 80mmHg; as "normal pressure" levels lower than 130mmHg x 85mmHg and as "borderline pressure" 130mmHg to 139mmHg and 85mmHg to 89mmHg levels, for systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP), respectively.

Inclusion criteria were women older than 60 years with independence in performance of daily physical activities, good clinical conditions and who should not have been practicing regular physical activity for a minimum period of six months. The elderly women with any kind of musculoskeletal conditions or neurological problems which could compromise the study and which did not present frequency above 70% in the SPEPwere excluded from the sample.

Subsequently to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a sample of 26 elderly women was composed for the experimental group (EG) who came from the Piçarreira I neighborhood and submitted to the pre-participation evaluation of physical exercise aptitude through the r-PAR-Q questionnaire – Revised Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire(12) at the beginning of the research. The EG was classified in two distinct moments of the research: the group before the Supervised Physical Exercise Program (EG pre-SPEP) and the group after the intervention (EG post-SPEP).

The control group (CG), with origin in the PTIA, was composed of 15 sedentary elderly women presenting the same inclusion criteria of EG, and oriented to keep their daily routines and not to engage in any physical exercise program.

The present study fully met the guidelines for performance of research with humans, Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Board from 10/10/1996(13) and of the Declaration of Helsinki(14). All participants signed the Free and Clarified Consent Form and the project was approved by the COMEP- Ethics Committee in Research Involving Humans of the Castelo Branco University, RJ, under number 0121/2008.

Anthropometrical parameters evaluation

In order to have the sample characterized and evaluated, body mass (kg) and stature (m) were measured with a mechanical scale (Filizola®, Brazil) and stadiometers (Personal Sanny® Caprice-Brazil) respectively, following the guidelines by the ISAK(15), and served as grounding for the calculation of the body mass index – BMI, classified according to the SBEM(16). These measurements were taken at the beginning and after 18 weeks for the EG and for the CG.

Blood pressure evaluation

This measurement was after 10 minutes at sitting position, by the indirect method, through the auscultatory technique with calibrated aneroid sphygmomanometer (Premium, Glicomed-Brazil). In the EG and CG pre-SPEP and CG post, BP was measured only once at the beginning of the research, while in the EG post-SPEP, BP was checked at the beginning of the exercise sessions.

The hypertensive patients considered with BP controlled were those with SBP < 140mmHg and DBP< 90mmHg, according to the Brazilian and International Guidelines(11).

Intervention

The intervention was composed of a Supervised Physical Exercise Program – SPEP with duration of 18 weeks, applied to the EG and developed based on the American College of Sports Medicine(17) which adopted the following criteria: 10 minutes of stretching exercises; 35 minutes of aerobic endurance (gait) and muscular endurance (localized exercises); and 10 minutes of stretching with five minutes of relaxation, performed two times per week (Tuesdays and Thursdays) in a total of 35 sessions of 60 minutes in the morning shift(10).

The exercise choice varied daily, including exercises for the elbow, shoulder, knee and hip joints and spine, as shown in table 1.

Exercise intensity during the SPEP was monitored by the subjective perceived exertion through the Borg's scale and was kept in weak to moderate, corresponding hence to indices between 7 and 12(18).

Stretching exercises intensity was controlled with the perceived exertion in flexibility scale as base (PERFLEX)(19). It was observed that the perceived exertion of the EG members indicated forcing between levels 31 and 60. The result of the final mean as well as the standard deviation of the perceived exertion of each of the members of the group was EG= 45.3 ± 4.2.

Statistics

Descriptive statistics with mean and standard deviation was used; sample normality was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk's test. The analysis of the responses of the intragroup variables was performed by the paired t test, while the intergroup ones was through the two-way ANOVA with Kruskal-Wallis test. The p < 0.05 level was adopted for statistical significance and the Excel program and the SPSS 18.0 statistical package were usedfor evaluation of the results.

RESULTS

The elderly women of the experimental group (EG) presented age mean of 68.7 ± 8.4 years while the ones in the control group (CG) presented 67.3 ± 6.3 years.

Figure 1 presents the prevalence of classification overweight of BMI in the EG pre (46.4%) and post-SPEP (53.6%) and of normality in the CG (43.7%). This percentage increase of elderly women with overweight observed in the EG post-SPEP probably occurred due to alterations in the body mass with increase of elderly women with normal classification (+3.6%) and decrease of obese elderly women (-10.7%).


The BMI variable did not present significant alteration in the intergroup (EG and CG) and intragroup (EG and EG; CG and CG), and some possible causes for the alterations the lack of control of the daily food consumption as well as the insufficient intervention time (18 weeks).

The assessment of readiness to physical activity through the rPAR-Q questionnaire in the EG pre-SPEP presented 12.5% of the elderly women with negative results and 87.5% with positive results, characterizing hence the need for a previous medical evaluation for the practice of physical exercise, a pre-requisite which was fulfilled.

Concerning the classification of arterial hypertension in the study groups, the EG presented 55.17% of the elderly women with controlled blood pressure (normal) and 44.83% with increased blood pressure (borderline), differently from the CG which presented 81.20% of the elderly women with BP above the level considered normal (borderline) and only 18.8% with controlled blood pressure (normal).

Significant correlation was also observed between BMI and SBP(r = 0.456; p = 0.01) and between SBP and DBP(r = 0.380; p = 0.01), illustrating that high levels of SBP are directly correlated with the increased BMI and DBP indices.

Table 2 exposes the comparisons concerning the pre-SPEP period between the control and experimental groups. Similar initial characteristics were observed between groups, besides normal data distribution only of BMI. Differences of SBP and DBP have been found in the comparisons between groups in this period, except for the BMI; nevertheless, this relation was altered after the SPEP, making hence the groups different (table 3).

Table 3

Figure 2 shows the intragroup comparisons with significant differences between pre and post-SPEP EG for SBP (p = 0.001) and DBP (p = 0.0430) and showing the positive effect of SPEP for this group of hypertensive elderly women, with mean decrease of SBP of 9.615mmHg and of DBP of 1.25mmHg. However, in the pre and post-SPEP control group, significant differences have not been observed, which implies that the absence of SPEP did not alter this relation.


DISCUSSION

Aging adds up to increasing health, functionality as well as social participation risks to women. These risks may partly occur due to biological factors, life style, disease history and social isolation. Factors such as blood pressure and BMI above normal parameters are predictors of cardiovascular diseases and modify quality of life.

Systemic arterial hypertension is considered a public health problem in Brazil, and such information may be considered alarming, since chronic increase of blood pressure is an important factor of cardiovascular risk. Therefore, there is a series of interventions (pharmacological and non-pharmacological ones) in the treatment of HBP. The non-pharmacological ones are related to alterations in life style(11) such as inclusion of physical exercises, which according to the American College of Sports Medicine(17), constitute in the "cornerstone" in the primary prevention and control of high blood pressure already established.

Studies with normotensive individuals point that at 55 years old they will present 90% of risk to develop high blood pressure; thus, the pre-hypertensive subjects (SBP of 120-139mmHg or DBP of 80-89mmHg) will require alterations in life style, with practice of PA to avoid progressive increase of blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases(20).

Increase in BP represents an independent, linear and continuous risk factor for cardiovascular disease(21). After 65 years old, the mortality rate by cardiac diseases in women surpasses the one in men, as well as the prevalence of HBP in 29.2% of men and in 40.8% of women(22).

The prevalence of high blood pressure in the group of elderly subjects, in a study by Victor et al.(1) on the sociodemographic and clinical profile of these individuals seen in a Family Basic Health Unit, was of 68.6%, similar to the results found in another study performed on the prevalence of high blood pressure in elderly subjects in the city of Bambuí, Minas Gerais (61.5%)(23). However, these results expressively differ from what was observed in the Brazilian elderly population based on the PNAD (National Research by Household Sampling) (43.9%).

Considering the magnitude of the risk provided by the increase in BP, it is probable to conclude that its control would lead to an important impact over the mortality rates by cardiovascular diseases and improvement in quality of life. Thus, the fifth report of the Joint National Committee(24) proposes that obesity treatment, decrease in salt intake, increase of potassium intake, decrease in alcohol consumption and performance of dynamic physical exercises are efficient non-pharmacological measures to decrease BP and consequently, the risk to develop cardiovascular diseases.

The positive effect of the decrease of the BP levels may be observed in this study, in which the presence of a supervised physical exercise program – SPEP of 18 weeks – altered the characteristics, initially similar, of the groups of the hypertensive elderly women, presenting alterations in the levels of SBP and DBP with significant reductions. These results corroborate with epidemiological evidence which support the positive effect of an active life style and/or the engagement of individuals in physical activity programs (PA) or physical exercises in prevention and decreasing of the deleterious effects of sedentarism and aging(25-27).

Further research which corroborates the favorable effect of dynamic exercise, of light and moderate intensities in the reduction of blood pressure in hypertensive subjects, also indicates the need of a follow-up by specialists(28,29). This recommendation was followed in this study, in which the SPEP applied to the elderly women was carried out by a skilled professional after a clinical evaluation in the community health center. Decrease in BP levels in the present study was also found in a review article which, after four to eight weeks of regular physical activity presented decrease of SBP of 10 to 15mmHg and diastolic BP of 5 to 10mmHg(30). Another study also highlighted that physical activity mean reduction of 11 and 8mmHg in systolic and diastolic blood pressure respectively, besides reducing or even eliminating the need to use medication(31).

These chronic effects of physical exercise, also named adaptations, result in autonomic and hemodynamic alterations which will influence the cardiovascular system and guide the pressoric decrease (32,33).

According to the Brazilian Guideline of Arterial Hypertension(11), which considers "optimum pressure" levels lower than 120mmHg and 80mmHg; "normal pressure" levels lower than 130mmHg x 85mmHg; and "borderline pressure" 130mmHg to 139mmHg levels for systolic and 85mmHg to 89mmHg for diastolic pressure, reduction of the BP levels in the present study demonstrate improvement in the blood pressure control of the experimental group.

Although there is a wide therapeutic selection for the treatment of HBP, only one third of hypertensive patients under treatment have their levels controlled(34). In Brazil, the prevalence studies which report patients with controlled BP under anti-hypertensive treatment present rates of 10.4% to 33%, a range which is below the result obtained in this research, which was of 55.2% for the EG(20).

The prevalence of elderly women with HBP with uncontrolled BP levels identified in the CG of this study, even when participating in drug treatment, may be explained by the deficient information about the disease and by the resistance to change life style.

Nevertheless, clinical essays on the effects of physical exercise in the prevention and treatment of HBP suggest that medication is more efficient than non-pharmacological interventions to prevent clinical manifestations, although they accept the idea that exercise is a benefit to health(35), contrary to the results found in this study.

Concerning the BMI, the results of this study do not demonstrate significant difference after the SPEP with mean BMI above the normality level and prevalence of overweight for the hypertensive group, reflecting hence the data observed in world studies in which the increase of HBP prevalence concomitantly occurs with the increase of overweight and obesity in the population(36,37).

The prevalence of overweight in the groups and the correlation between BMI and BP observed in the EG have confirmed the need of the individuals with BMI > 25kg/m2 to be treated with non-pharmacological measurements for HBP the same way that individuals with higher BMI, according to the World Hypertension League(34).

Therefore, the prevention and treatment of hypertension through non-pharmacological interventions have gained many followers, doctors and patients who have used this the therapeutic strategy more frequently, enjoying their medium and long term benefits (32,33,37).

It is concluded that the proposal of a supervised physical exercise program, as the one presented in this study, is an important strategy of non-pharmacological treatment for HBP in elderly women and presents positive responses of SBP and DBP levels.

The association between BMI and BP identified in this study is another impact factor for the development of cardiovascular risk factors and should also be fought.

The lack of information on the disease (HBP) and the difficulty in controlling diet, seasonal factors and alteration of medication which did not occur, did not affect the development of the groups in the present study, but it is a reality which should serve as a warning to the health planners in order to organize an awareness program on the HBP problem in the elderly population as well as promote interventions in this group so that a change in their life habits can be introduced.

The majority of the randomized studies shows that even slight reduction in weight, from 3% to 9%, is associated to significant reduction of SBP and DBP of approximately 3mmHg in individuals with overweight. A diet with decrease in sodium intake has been historically considered a critical alteration for decrease in blood pressure(38).

From the physiological point of view, seasonal (climatic) reasons, which cause increase of decrease in temperature, can generate a set of alterations which boost disease situations, especially in older populations, in patients of chronic disease or with fragile immune system. Fletcher et al.(39) identified a seasonal variation of the arterial pressure variation among hypertensive patients, in which the blood pressure increased during the winter months.

In the present study, the analysis of the blood pressure variability as well as atmospheric conditions was not carried out considering the behavior of the climatic parameter, since the region has only two seasons, that is to say, winter and summer, or drought and raining seasons, and did not present at the time of the study (August to December), significant temperature alteration.

Although studies with this characteristic can be generalized, its relevance is unarguable for professionals from the health field as well as local providers, since they enable the implementation of disease prevention measures and health promotion.

Finally, further investigation involving the health status of the hypertensive subjects should be carried out not only to focus on the causes which lead them to the increase of pressure levels, but also to research on the difficulties to access the health units and the physical exercise programs, as well as their satisfaction concerning the health promotion programs.

REFERENCES

  • 1. Victor JF, Ximenes LB, Almeida PC, Vasconcelos FF. Perfil sociodemográfico e clínico de idosos atendidos em Unidade Básica de Saúde da Família. Acta Paul Enferm [online] 2009;22:49-54.
  • 2. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Sistema Único de Saúde. 2006 http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br. Acesso em: 12/06/2008.
    » link
  • 3. Bruntland GH. From the World Health Organization. Reducing risks to health, promoting healthy life. JAMA 2002;288:1974.
  • 4. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR, Deckelbaum RJ, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-99.
  • 5. Scott KA. Hypertension in older adults. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology. v 14, p. 189-198, 2004. Disponível em http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract
  • 6. World Health Organization, International Physical Activity Questionnaires. IPAQ Scoring Protocol. Geneva, 2001. [acesso em jun 2008]. Disponível em: http://www.ipaq.ki.se
  • 7. Lebrão ML, Laurenti R. Saúde, bem-estar e envelhecimento : o estudo SABE no município de São Paulo. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2005;8:127-41.
  • 8. Zaitune MPA, César CLG, Goldbaum M, Carandina L, Barros MBA. Arterial hypertension in the elderly: prevalence, associated factors, and control practices. In: Congress of the International Association of Gerontology, 2005, Rio de Jasneiro. Gerontology-International Journal of Experimental, Clinical and Behavioral Gerontology, 2005.
  • 9. Pereira JC, Barreto SM, Passos VM. O perfil de saúde cardiovascular dos idosos brasileiros precisa melhorar: estudo de base populacional. Arq Bras Cradiol 2008;9:1-10.
  • 10. Dantas EHM, Oliveira RJ. Exercício, Maturidade e Qualidade de Vida. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Shape, 2003.
  • 11
    SBH-Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertensão. V Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão Arterial, 2006.
  • 12. Thomas S, Reading J, Shephard RJ. Revision of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Can J Sports Sci 1992;17:338-45.
  • 13
    Brasil. Normas para a Realização de Pesquisa em Seres Humanos. C. N. D. Saúde. Resolução 196/96. 1996.
  • 14
    WMA.World Medical Association. DECLARATION OF HELSINKI. Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. 59th WMA General Assembly, Seoul, October 2008.
  • 15. Marfell-Jones, M. et al. International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment (2006). ISAK: Potshestroom, South Africa.
  • 16. SBEM Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. Índice de Massa Corporal. Disponível em: http://www.endocrino.org.br/conteudo/publico/imc.php Acesso em 15 de ago. de 2008.
  • 17. ACSM. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 7th ed. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37:2018.
  • 18. Borg GAV, Noble BJ. Perceived exertion. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, Hargerstown 1974;2:131-53.
  • 19. Dantas EHM, Salomão PT, Vale RGS, Achour Júnior A, Simão R, Figueiredo NMA. Scale of perceived exertion in the flexibility (PERFLEX): a dimensionless tool to evaluate the intensity? Fit Perf J 2008;7:289-94.
  • 20. Lee I, Paffenbarger RS. Associations of light, moderate, and vigorous intensity physical activity with longevity. Am J Epidem 2000;151:293-9.
  • 21. Firmo JOA, Barreto SM, Lima-Costa MF. The Bambui Healt and Aging Studie (BHAS): Factors associated with the treatment of Hypertension in older adults in the community. Cad Saúde Pública 2003;19:817-27.
  • 22. Alves LC, Leite IC, Machado CJ. Perfis de saúde dos idosos no Brasil: análise da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 2003 utilizando o método grade of membership. Cad Saúde Pública 2008;24:535-46.
  • 23. Fuchs FD, Moreira WD, Ribeiro JP. Efeitos do exercício físico na prevenção e tratamento da hipertensão arterial: avaliação por ensaios clínicos randomizados. Rev Bras Hipertensão 2001;4: 91-3.
  • 24. Chobanian AV, Barkis GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo Jr JL, et al. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003;42:1206-252.
  • 25. Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, et al. Physical Activity and Public Health in Older Adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007;28:1-12.
  • 26. Paterson DH, Stathokostas L. Physical activity, fitness and gender in relation to morbidity, survival, quality of life and independence in older age. In: Shephard RJ (org.). Gender, Physical Activity and Aging. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 2002;99-120.
  • 27. Friedewald A, Levy A, Frederickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499-502
  • 28. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R, for the Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysisof individual data for one milion adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002;360:1903-13.
  • 29
    National Center for Health Statistics. Technical appendix. Vital statistics of the United States: Mortality. Washington, DC. Published annually. 2006. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/pubd/ta.htm Acesso em 22/11/2008.
  • 30. Araújo CG. Fisiologia do exercício físico e hipertensão arterial: uma breve introdução. Hipertensão. 2001;4:78-83.
  • 31. Rondon MUPB, Brum PC. Exercício físico como tratamento não farmacológico da hipertensão arterial. Rev Bras Hipertens 2003;10:134-7
  • 32. Negrão CE, Rondon MUPB, Kuniyosh FHS, Lima EG. Aspectos do treinamento físico na prevenção da hipertensão arterial. Rev Bras Hiperten. 2001;4.
  • 33. Monteiro MF, Sobral Filho DC. Exercício físico e o controle da pressão arterial. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2004;10:513-6.
  • 34. WHO-Weight control in the management of hypertension. World Hypertension League. Bulletin of the WHO 1989;67:245-52.
  • 35. Gus I, Harzheim E, Zaslavsky C, Medina C, Gus M. Prevalence, awareness, and control of systemic arterial hypertension in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Arq Bras Cardiol 2004;83:429-33.
  • 36. Francischetti EA, Genelhu VA. Obesity-hypertension: an ongoing pandemic. Int J Clin Pract 2007;61:269-80.
  • 37. Jardim PCBV, Gondim MRP, Monego ET, Moreira HG, Vitorino PVO, Souza WKSB, et al. Hipertensão arterial e alguns fatores de risco em uma capital brasileira. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007;88:452-7.
  • 38. Olmos RD, Benseñor IM. Dietas e hipertensão arterial: Intersalt e estudo DASH. Rev Bras Hipertens 2001;8:221-4.
  • 39. Fletcher RD, Papademetriou V, Amdur R, et al. Control of hypertension in 15 medical centers from the Department of Veterans Affairs. American Society of Hypertension 2010 Scientific Meeting; May 14, 2010; New York, NY. Abstract OR-22.
  • Blood pressure after supervised physical exercise program in elderly women with hypertension

    Adriana Ribeiro de O. N. do RêgoI; André L. M. GomesII; Renato P. VerasIII; Edmundo de Drummond A. JúniorIV; Rodolfo Alkimin M.N.V; Estélio H. M. DantasI
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      20 Jan 2012
    • Date of issue
      Oct 2011
    Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Exercício e do Esporte Av. Brigadeiro Luís Antônio, 278, 6º and., 01318-901 São Paulo SP, Tel.: +55 11 3106-7544, Fax: +55 11 3106-8611 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
    E-mail: atharbme@uol.com.br