Morphological profile of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu elite athletes

Abstracts

Athletes from many sports that are categorized by body mass tend to reduce it to fit in lower categories. Such reduction can compromise the athlete's performance and health. In order to determine the most appropriate category, the body composition is highly relevant, especially to avoid excessive reduction. Thus, this study analyzed the morphological profile of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu elite athletes. The sample was composed of 11 athletes, aged 25.8 ± 3.3 years, medalists in national and/or international competitions. The analysis was performed to determine the anthropometric body composition and somatotype. Body fat score from this population was 10.3 ± 2.6 % fat, a high percentage of muscle mass (61.3 ± 1.5 %), and predominant mesomorphic component (5.5 ± 1.0) was observed. The points of highest and lowest fat accumulation were respectively abdominal (15.7 ± 6.3 mm) and chest (6.8 ± 1.5 mm) regions. It can be concluded that athletes from this sport showed higher body mass during the preparatory period than in competitive conditions (4.4 ± 2.4 %); however, they showed low body fat, high muscle mass percentage and predominant mesomorphic component.

high performance; anthropometry; physical evaluation

Atletas de diversas modalidades esportivas categorizadas pela massa corporal a reduzem para se enquadrarem em categorias inferiores. Essas reduções podem comprometer o desempenho e a saúde dos atletas. Para a determinação da categoria mais adequada é de suma importância o conhecimento da composição corporal, para que se evite a redução excessiva. Desta forma, o presente estudo buscou analisar o perfil morfológico de atletas de elite de Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. A amostra constitui-se de 11 atletas com 25,8 ± 3,3 anos, medalhistas em competições de nível nacional e/ou internacional. Realizou-se análise antropométrica para determinação de composição corporal e somatotipo. Observou-se percentual de gordura (10,3 ± 2,6%) dentro das indicações para esta população, alto percentual de massa muscular (61,3 ± 1,5%), assim como componente mesomórfico predominante (5,5 ± 1,0). Os pontos de maior e menor acúmulo de gordura foram as regiões abdominal (15,7 ± 6,3mm) e peitoral (6,8 ± 1,5mm), respectivamente. Conclui-se que atletas desta modalidade em período preparatório apresentam peso superior ao peso competitivo (4,4 ± 2,4%), embora apresentem níveis de massa gorda dentro das recomendações, alto percentual de massa muscular e componente mesomórfico predominante.

alto rendimento; antropometria; avaliação física

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

EXERCISE AND SPORTS SCIENCES

Morphological profile of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu elite athletes

Leonardo Vidal Andreato^I,II; Emerson Franchini^I; Solange Marta Franzói de Moraes^II; João Victor Del Conti Esteves^II; Juliana Jacques Pastório^II; Thaís Vidal Andreato^II; Tricy Lopes de Moraes Gomes^II; José Luiz Lopes Vieira^II

^IUniversity of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP

^IIState University of Maringá - UEM; Maringá-PR

Mailing address

ABSTRACT

Athletes from many sports that are categorized by body mass tend to reduce it to fit in lower categories. Such reduction can compromise the athlete's performance and health. In order to determine the most appropriate category, the body composition is highly relevant, especially to avoid excessive reduction. Thus, this study analyzed the morphological profile of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu elite athletes. The sample was composed of 11 athletes, aged 25.8 ± 3.3 years, medalists in national and/or international competitions. The analysis was performed to determine the anthropometric body composition and somatotype. Body fat percentage from this population was 10.3 ± 2.6 % fat, a high percentage of muscle mass (61.3 ± 1.5 %), and predominant mesomorphic component (5.5 ± 1.0) was observed. The points of highest and lowest fat accumulation were respectively abdominal (15.7 ± 6.3 mm) and chest (6.8 ± 1.5 mm) regions. It can be concluded that athletes from this sport showed higher body mass during the preparatory period than in competitive conditions (4.4 ± 2.4 %); however, they showed low body fat, high muscle mass percentage and predominant mesomorphic component.

Keywords: high performance, anthropometry, physical evaluation.

INTRODUCTION

It is crucial to know the body composition in combat sports modalities in order to control and define the weight category. Moreover, higher body fat percentage is negatively correlated with performance in locomotion and technical entrance activities^1,2. Some studies distinguish different competitive levels in athletes concerning their body composition, reporting that athletes of lower competitive level present higher fat mass percentage³. Thus, the maximization of the lean mass percentage within the upper threshold of a weight category could provide advantages to an athlete on his/her physical performance⁴.

In order to fit in a given category, many athletes of combat sports modalities adopt weight loss^5-8, making use of different methods and can refer to caloric restriction, hydric restriction, dehydration by saunas, running wearing clothes which decrease heat exchange with the environment, use of plastic outfits, use of diuretic, laxative and/or stimulating medication, as well as vomiting induction. These methods can cause decrease in physical performance, negatively affect the cognitive aspect, damage health and even cause death^6,9,10.

Many studies have tried to investigate the effects of the body mass reduction on performance^11-15, the anthropometric alterations^8,12,15, the humoral responses^7,16,17, the cognitive effects⁹ and physiological responses¹¹, differentiating the reduction method into gradual and fast^18,19.

Since the Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu is a sport in which the athletes are divided in nine weight categories, besides the category termed absolute²⁰, they use body mass reduction to fit in the upper threshold of a given category. Steen and Brownell²¹, in a study with North-American Olympic wrestling athletes (n = 63), mentioned that 41% of the athletes reported weight fluctuations from 5.0 to 9.1kg in one week. Brito et al.²² investigated 120 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fighters (14 women and 106 men) aged 21.4 ± 5.3 years, in pre-competitive season, and identified that 29% of them adopted some kind of fast reduction of pre-competition body mass. However, until the present moment no indication of the magnitude of body mass reduction in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes has been found in the literature.

Generally speaking, the athletes of domain combat sports modalities have presented body fat below the population mean ^4,16,23. Specifically concerning Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Del Vecchio et al.²⁴ reported that the modality's athletes (n = 7) presented values of 9.8 ± 4,2% of body fat.

Besides the body composition in the fight modalities, Carter and Heath²⁵ suggest that the somatotype and sports success are positively correlated. In combat sports modalities, the mesomorphy component has been highlighted as the most relevant for performance^4,26, allowing in fact identifying athletes of different performance levels²⁷. Nevertheless, little is known about the somatotypology in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes and only one study²⁴ which reported predominant mesomorphic component in this population was found (n = 7; 7.9 ± 1.4).

Considering the previous information and since Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu is not a sport extensively studied concerning anthropometric aspects, the present study had the aim to analyze the morphological profile presented by elite athletes of this sport.

METHODS

Sample

The sample of this research was composed of 11 male elite Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes, aged 25.8 ± 3.3 years, from the male adult category, with brown and black belt graduations. In order to fit into this group, they have been medalists in national and/or international competitions. Out of these athletes, one was from the feather category (up to 67kg), four from the light category (up to 73kg), three from the middleweight category (up to 79kg), two from the heavy category (up to 91kg), and one from the super heavy category (up to 97kg).

All subjects, after having been informed about the procedures to which they would be submitted to, signed a Free and Clarified Consent Form. Subsequently, data were collected in the Laboratory of Exertion Physiology (Labfise) of the State University of Maringá (UEM), between August 1^st and 17^th September, 2008. In that period, the athletes were in preparation season. This work research was approved by the Permanent Ethics in Research with Humans Committee (COPEP) of the State University of Maringá, legal resolution # 175/2007.

Measure instruments

The athletes had their weight (body mass) checked on a Filizola^® scale with 0.1kg precision, and height was determined on a Seca^® stadiometer with 0.1cm precision, according to protocol by Lohman et al.²⁸. After the weight and height values were set, the body mass index (MBI) was determined by the use of the body mass/stature² quotient (kg/m²).

The thorax, waist, abdomen, hip, forearm, thigh and leg perimeters were obtained following the techniques described by Lohmanet al.²⁸, except for the relaxed arm perimeters, in which the widest circumference and perimeter of the relaxed arm were considered, which were measured on the point of biggest volume, at the end of a maximum biceps voluntary contraction. All perimeters were determined with a Seca^® measuring tape with 0.1cm precision. The bone diameters of the femoral bicondyle and humeral bicondyle were obtained with a pachimeter with 0.1cm precision, according to the description by Lohmanet al.²⁸.

The skinfolds were determined (chest, mid-axillary, tricipital, subscapular, abdominal, suprailiac and mid-thigh) three times, using the mean value, following standardization by Lohman et al.²⁸. The Harpenden plicometer (John Bull British Indicators^®, England) with constant pressure of 10g/mm and 0.2mm precision was used.

From the skinfolds thickness, the body density (BD) was determined by the formula by Jackson and Pollock²⁹:

where ∑7SFT is the sum of the thickness of seven skinfolds (chest, mid-axillary, tricipital, subscapular, abdominal, suprailiac and thigh).

Once the body density was set, the Siri equation³⁰ was used for body composition estimation:

Where %F is the body fat percentage.

Muscle mass (MM) was estimated by the equation proposed by Martin et al.³¹:

Where H is height, P_T is the thigh perimeter corrected by the thigh skinfold thickness, P_FA is the forearm perimeter and P_C is the calf perimeter corrected by the skinfold thickness of the mid-leg, and all measurements were in centimeters. The thigh and calf perimeters were corrected by subtraction of the values found by the π value multiplied by the respective skinfolds thickness.

The somatotype was obtained using the proposal by Carter and Heath²⁵ which considers body mass, stature, bone diameters (humeral and femoral bicondyles), perimeters (contracted arm and mid-leg), and skinfolds thickness (tricipital, subscapular, suprailiac and mid-leg).

STATISTICS ANALYSIS

The data obtained were statistically analyzed in the Excel^® program and presented as mean, standard deviation (SD), mean standard error of the mean(SEM), confidence interval of 95% (CI95%) and amplitude (minimum and maximum values).

RESULTS

The anthropometric characteristics of the Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes are presented in table 1. The great variations concerning body mass (83.1 ± 8.7kg) and stature (180.1 ± 6.5cm) are mainly due to the different competitive categories of these athletes.

The results indicated low body fat level; however, with great variation between the extreme values. The points of highest and lowest accumulation were the abdominal and chest regions, respectively. The athletes presented mesomorphic component and high muscle mass percentage.

DISCUSSION

Body composition is an essential component for the control and definition of the weight categories in combat sports modalities.However, few studies have investigated the morphological profile of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes. Thus, the main difficulty when analyzing the results found in studies with Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fighters is the lack of indicators in studies published in indexed journals. Therefore, due to this limitation, data obtained in similar modalities (judo and Olympic wresting) were used to perform possible comparisons.

Another difficulty in the data analysis is that there is no homogeneity concerning the training period of the athletes, the equation for estimation of the body density, the equation for estimation of body fat percentage and, whenever the skinfolds thickness method was adopted, the kind of calipers.

However, concerning the method of body composition measurement, the majority of the studies uses the skinfolds thickness method for body density estimation. This study adopted the Jackson and Pollock²⁹ equation, originally developed for individuals aged between 18 and 61 years. Although this equation is has not been sensitive to identify slight alterations in body composition of judo fighters submitted to weight loss³², it has been widely used in studies with combat sports modalities athletes^4,26 and other athletes^33,34.

Despite these limitations, a comparison of the results of this study with results obtained in other studies involving fighters is presented in table 2.

The results found are in agreement with previous studies which state that domain combat practitioners present fat percentage below the population mean^4,16,23. When the athletes in this study are compared with studies involving Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fighters and others from similar modalities, it can be observed that they are within the mean presented by this population, and the lowest and highest values of fat percentage were 7.3%¹⁶ and 15.0%¹⁴, respectively. When the Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes are analyzed in isolation, great similarity is found in the obtained results in comparison with those reported by Del Vecchio et al.²⁴ (~10%).

Divinding the athletes from the same nationality^1,2,24, with the purpose to discard possible ethnic differences, similarities between the results in this study and in the study by Del Vecchio et al.²⁴ and Franchini et al.², were found; however, with discrepancy when compared with the judo fighters from the college judo team (n = 13; ~14%)¹.

The point of highest fat accumulation in the present sample was the abdominal region. Elite judo fighters (n = 43; 15.8 ± 11.5mm) and non-elite ones (n = 93; 15,4 ± 10,7mm)³⁸ presented similar values in addition to have presented the abdominal region as the point of highest body fat accumulation. Such fat accumulation in the central region is common in the male gender, which presents the android model as fat distribution characteristic, especially concerning hormone characteristics³⁹.

The BMI analyzed in isolation classifies the athletes as presenting overweight. However, this classification is not the best to be used for athletes, since only considers body mass and stature and does not identify the body composition constituents. Predominant values of high muscle mass and low body fat level mesomorphy indicate that this high BMI is a product of remarkable muscle mass development found in fighters of the present study.

Carter and Heath²⁵ suggest that somatotype and sports success are positively correlated. In domain combat sports modalities, the mesomorphy component has been highlighted as the most relevant for performance^4,26, allowing also the discrimination of athletes of different performance levels²⁷. Therefore, our results concerning somatotype indicate that Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fighters present predominant mesomorphic component.

A somatotipological comparison between the results in this study and others involving fighters is illustrated in table 3.

When the result in this study is compared with other studies involving Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fighters and fighters of similar modalities (judo and Olympic wrestling) it can be seen that the athletes in this study presented the highest mesomorphic component value. In the other studies, the lowest mesomorphy value found was 5.6 in judo fighters from a lighter category (n = 18)⁴⁰; conversely, the highest value was 7.9 in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes (n = 7)²⁴.

The athletes were evaluated in preparatory season, and it was observed that all of them were above the upper threshold of body mass in their categories (4.4 ± 2.4%), with amplitude range between 1.0% and 9.2%. These values are compatible with what was reported in other modalities such as Olympic wrestling^6,21,42. The fact that the athletes were above the upper threshold of the competitive category deserves attention, since fast decrease in body mass in order to fit in their categories may bring damage to health⁴³ and harm performance⁴⁴, especially due to the fact that these athletes present fat mass compatible with the indications for fighters and predominant mesomorphic component. Thus, strategies that restrain remarkable reduction which were successful in other combat sports modalities^45,46 should be implemented among high performance Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes. In addition to that, further investigation is necessary in order to identify the profile of athletes of this modality, since there is a low number of studies involving Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu^22,24,47.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that the elite Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes present fat mass percentage within the recommendation for this population, high muscle mass and predominant mesomorphic component. Although the elite Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes present this morphological profile, since the training period corresponds to the preparatory season, they presented body mass higher than the upper threshold of their competitive categories, indicating hence the need to refer to body mass reduction in order to fit in their competitive categories.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers Leonardo Vidal Andreato, João Victor Del Conti Esteves and Juliana Jacques Pastório thank the CNPQ and CAPES organs for scholarships.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  29 May 2012
• Date of issue
  Feb 2012