nova página do texto(beta)
Inglês (pdf)
Artigo em XML
Curriculum ScienTI
Tradução automática
Citado por SciELO 
Citado por Google 
Similares em
SciELO 
Similares em Google 
Permalink
INTRODUCTION
Beach handball is a new sport in world cenary and it is in a way of beginning an Olympic sport in 2016. This modality emerged in 1992 in Italy and fastly spread for the world coming in Brazil at 90 years1. As many differences than indoor handball1, beach handball trainings and competitions are performed on the beach sand floor, which make activities more wearing. Furthermore, games are played with just three line-mans and many substitutions, so that the movement of the athletes is intense on two sets of 10 minutes of the each game2.
Female Brazilian beach handball team, is nowadays three times champion of the world (2006, 2012, 2014), and the first placed in world ranking (International Handball Federation). Brazilian beach handball committee organizes the schedule to that the athletes are summoned, in the last weeks before more important competitions of the season, to do a pre-competitive period of intensive training, usually with two to four weeks and ending at the last week before the event.
Despite of technical and tactical benefits of this pre-competitive period, the physical wear promoted by intensive training of this modality is a real possibility, so need to be avoid because risk of decrease of athlete's performance, specially considering that the pre-competitive period occurs in the last microcycle before the mains competitions of the season.
On this perspective, was conducted an action-research study, which the researchers independently of Brazilian Handball Confederation (Confederação Brasileira de Handebol) performed a physiological monitoring of 19 days in pre-competitive period as mean of to provide parameter to the coaches and athletes, so that they could modulate training loads in function of the outcomes.
Then, the aim of this study was to offer a description of how Brazilian beach handball athletes respond to a pre-competitive training period physiologically monitored by training loads outcomes, by muscle damage markers, cardiac autonomic nervous activity and mood state, being the training loads influenced by this physiological results.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Was developed an action-research, which partial results of the study was communicated to technical committee that had liberty to change training loads in function of the information of the tests results.
Sample
Study was performed with seventeen female athletes of Brazilian national beach handball team (27,1±3,8 years). The participants were informed about the procedures involved and asked to sign the informed consent form according to resolution 466/12 of the Brazilian National Health Council that follow the Helsinki Declaration. This study was previously approved by the Research Ethics Committee of University Hospital Lauro Wanderley from Federal University of Paraíba, under protocol number 357.246/13.
Study design
The athletes participated to a pre-competitive training period of 18 days that occurred in last three weeks before Beach Handball World Championship (2014). Immediately before of trainings, in 8th and 18th day, blood collection was performed to posterior analysis of muscle damage (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), one electrocardiography register was performed to evaluate the heart rate variability (HRV) and a psychometric test was performed to evaluate the profile of mood state (POMS). Two days after each evaluation, the results were communicated to technical committee, so that they could change training loads in function of obtained results.
Preparation to evaluations
Twenty-four hour after the athletes arrive in city of pre-competitive period and before first training session, was performed the first evaluation (E1). The next evaluations were performed on 8th day (E2) and 18th day (E3) on Monday morning and Friday morning before of first training of days, respectively, preceded by 36 hours of rest.
Blood collection and biochemical analysis
Were collected eight millimeters of blood of the antecubital venom by a trained nurse. The samples were transfer to tubes and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes (Centribio® 80-2B). The supernatant was transferred to microtubes and cooled on −20°C until the analyzes. Enzymes CK and LDH were analyze, using specific commercial kits of Labtest (Lagoa Santa, Brazil) in an automatic analyzer Labtest (Labmax 240 premium).
Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
This measure has been widely used in sportive scope to monitoring physiological training responses of athletes3. Was performed a register of heart rate variability, using a heart rate monitor Polar RS800CX (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland). This portable device was validated by rest electrocardiographic register and during the exercise4,5. Register was performed for three minutes with athletes sitting, after 10 minutes of rest. Data were transferred to computer by polar Pro trainer 5 software and analyzed on Kubios HRV software (version 2.2, Biosignal Analysis and Medical Image Group, Finland).
POMS
Was applied a psychometric evaluation questionnaire (Profile of Mood States). It is an adapted version of original scale that was initially translated to Portuguese by Viana, Almeida e Santos in 20016 and used in many works of psychological evaluation. This tool is a self-supporting form which athletes report, in 0 to 4 scale, how they were felling in the last seven days in relation to tension, depression, hostility, vigor, fatigue and confusion. The application was done in a quiet room and aided by researcher to clarify possible doubts and to warrant that athletes has not disturbed or has saw answers of others.
Communication of partial results
Partial results of the evaluations were communicated to technical committee 48 hours after each data collection. Thus, the coaches performed modifications in relation of foreseen training on individual way, removing some session or decreasing training loads to regenerative trainings in one or more daily session, but never leaving the athletes without at least one intensive training a day.
Training Loads
Pre-competitive period had 18 days of duration. Until the 8th day the athletes trained three times a day during week (07:00 – 09:00 am, 11:30 am – 13:30pm and 16:00 – 18:00 pm) and one session at Saturdays (08:00 – 10:00 am). Although prevised rest to Sundays, on second Sunday there was a game simulation. It was prevised two sessions of neuromuscular training on morning during week through resistance training. Table 1 show a synthesis of activities performed during this pre-competitive period.
Table 1 Summary of daily training during an inter-season of the athletes of the Brazilian beach handball team.
| Monday, Wednesday and Friday | Tuesday and Thursday | Saturday | Sunday | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Training | Indoor Physical Training | Neuromuscular Training | Technical/Tactical | Rest or Match simulation |
| 2st Training | Technical/Tactical | Technical/Tactical | ||
| 3st Training | Match simulation | Match simulation |
From of 10th day the technical committee promote reduction of training loads, taking in consideration results of physiological tests. This reduction was performed eliminating neuromuscular trainings, adjusting individually the kind of training and improving strategies of recovery of some athletes by cryotherapy and increase the sleep time.
Statistical analysis
Initially data were tested which normality and variability using Shapiro Wilk and Levene tests, respectively. After that, was applied ANOVA to repeated measures with Turkey post hoc. Was adopted significance level p<0.05. For this was used Graphpad Instat 3.0 software (GraphPAd Instat, San Diego, CA, USA).
RESULTS
CK values increased significantly from beginning to middle of pre-competitive period, but keep on similar values until the end, without differences to beginning or anterior moment. On the other hand, LDH value decreasing significantly from middle to end of pre-competitive period, ending this period with minor values than beginning (Table 2).
Table 2 Biochemical markers of muscular damage of athletes of the Brazilian beach handball team during an inter-season period.
| E1 | E2 | E3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CK (U/L) | 131,1±80,9 | 212,9±131,7 # | 212,9±185,6 |
| LDH (mg/dL) | 512,7±190,6 | 590,7±120,2 | 457,8±86,6 * |
Data are mean±standard deviation. CK: creatine kinase, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase.
#Statistical difference in the Kruskal-Wallis test p <0.05.
*Statistical difference in the ANOVA one-way test P <0.05.
Table 3 show behavior of cardiac autonomic nervous activity. Data of RMSSD and PNN50 indicating a discreet fluctuation of parasympathetic, with reduction of this variable on final evaluation of pre-competitive period, but without statistical differences between previous evaluations. This connotation is confirmed by frequency domain (HF) and autonomic balance (LF/HF), that showed stability on results during this study. On the same mode, LF indicated no one significant alterations on cardiac sympathetic activity during the pre-competitive period.
Table 3 Heart Rate Variability of athletes of the Brazilian National Beach Handball team during an interseason period.
| E1 | E2 | E3 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean RR | 918±167 | 876±188 | 822±134 | 0.29 |
| SDNN | 60,7±16,5 | 65,7±30,9 | 87,1±54,1 | 0.34 |
| RMSSD | 50,4±20,6 | 55,4±35,4 | 42,5±19,5 | 0.37 |
| PNN50 | 29,5±18,4 | 27,1±26,5 | 19,7±18,1 | 0.43 |
| LF | 1111±696 | 1556±1871 | 1231±859 | 0.87 |
| HF | 1003±637 | 1114±1197 | 659±653 | 0.39 |
| LF/HF | 1,4±1,1 | 2,1±1,5 | 2,6±1,4 | 0.14 |
Data are mean±standard deviation. Mean RR: mean R-R interval, SDNN - standard deviation of the mean of the RR intervals; RMSSD: root mean square of successive differences; PNN50: percentage of RR intervals with difference greater than 50 milliseconds; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency. Test Kruskal-Wallis, #ANOVA one-way or Kruskal Wallis Test, depending on the variable.
There were no alterations on total mood disturbance during the pre-competitive period. However, was observed an increase of fatigue scale at the middle and end, compared to beginning of pre-competitive period (Table 4).
Table 4 Psychological parameters of athletes of the Brazilian National beach handball team during an interseason period.
| E1 | E2 | E3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TMD | 92,06±12,03 | 91,82±8,99 | 97,5±14,3 |
| Tension | 4,82±3,57 | 3,88±2,34 | 4,9±2,8 |
| Depression | 1,41±2,21 | 1,06±1,75 | 1,6±3,0 |
| Hostilities | 2,53±2,37 | 1,41+1,46 | 2,4±2,9 |
| Vigor | 16,82±4,60 | 17,65±3,64 | 16,0±5,2 |
| Fatigue | 2,06±2,61 | 4,82±4,05* | 5,5±4,8* |
| Confusion | -1,94±2,68 | -1,71±1,86 | -1,0±2,2 |
| TDS | 0,88±1,93 | 0,41±1,23 | 1,5±3,0 |
Data are mean±standard deviation. TMD = Total Mood Disturbance. TDS: Training Distress Scale
*indicates p = 0.0163.
DISCUSSION
This study showed that athletes of elite beach handball respond to 18 days of pre-competitive intensive training and multiple daily sessions with increase of muscle damage, but followed by restauration at the end of this training. This discreet fluctuation on muscle damage was accompanied by increase in just one (fatigue) of dimensions of mood state test. This data indicating a physiological response without abnormal perturbations during this training.
The life routine of athletes of the Brazilian Beach Handball team have had abrupt changing near to competition. Before this pre-competitive period the athletes just have one training a day and during the three weeks they have three sessions a day. This procedure is standard to this team, always before main competitions.
Abrupt changes in training routine are accepted with one factor causers of overtraining7–9. Usually is expected a training routine with multiple daily sessions in pre-season in many sports, to stimulate adaptative mechanisms that improve the performance. However, this pre-season is applied far way of competitions, while it is opposite in the beach handball, once that a pre-competitive period with increase of training loads is performed near the main competitions of this sport. In fact, literature recommends the opposite before competitions, ie a reduction of training loads in pre-competitive period10–12.
Despite of this apparent contradictions between theorical presupposes and procedures adopted by this national team, data of this study showed that the athletes responded physiologically to this pre-competitive trainings. Muscle damage occurred after seven days of trainings no longer appeared in the end of pre-competitive period, take considering CK values. Furthermore, LDH values, another muscle damage marker presented minor values in the last day of this period, being statically minor than middle and descriptively minor than beginning.
According Smith theory13, overreaching is characterized by local inflammatory process (muscle), which evolves to systemic proportion. Such as result, occurred various neuro-immune-endocrines, which increase cardiac sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous activity and causes comportamental disturbances. While this, psychometric test adopted revealed that the athletes do not presented any mood alteration. Take this together, data indicate that the athletes did not had systemic perturbations of overreaching and overtraining.
On the other side, precisely fatigue sensation dimension of psychometric was the only dimension that increase during the inter-season. This result can be understood with an obvious response, given of high intensity and volume of training load of this period, but the others data of this study showed that did not occur repercussion in the others dimensions or physiologic variables.
Absence of physiological wear, even with abrupt increase in training loads, can be explained by fact of the athletes passed for this process, after many training months, so that they presented enough time of training to support this training demand, which does not occur when this training protocol is applied in athletes in beginning of season. In fact, previous data show that athletes with more time of training support better the training loads14.
It is important highlight that monitoring presented to coaches, represented a important element in this inter-season, because it induced technical committee to decrease training loads in function of physiological individual situation. In fact, it was consolidated by reduction in training load from 10° day of inter-season. Moreover, athletes that presented individual values more altered received special attention to bigger sleep time, to reduction of training loads and use of physiotherapy tools (e.g. cryotherapy).
Although we have showed absence of systemic imbalance indicative of overreaching or overtraining, should be that this study had limitations on variables included. While muscle damage markers, heart rate variability and mood state were evaluated, it is known that other tools are indicators of overtraining13,15 such as hormonal alterations, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation16–19. Therefore, markers to theses variables are proposed to future studies.
CONCLUSION
Data of this study showed that athletes from the Brazilian national beach handball team respond physiologically to the training loads of an inter-season close to a competition when the coaching staff modulates the training loads individually or collectively according to the results of physiological tests, even in abrupt increase on training loads for 18 consecutive days.
