FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW CONCERN ABOUT FALLING IN PHYSICALLY ACTIVE OLDER PEOPLE

FATORES ASSOCIADOS À BAIXA PREOCUPAÇÃO EM CAIR DE IDOSOS PRATICANTES DE ATIVIDADE FÍSICA

FACTORES ASOCIADOS A LA BAJA PREOCUPACIÓN DE CAERSE DE PERSONAS DE LA TERCERA EDAD PRACTICANTES DE ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Fear of falling is one of the main consequences of falls in the elderly; therefore, it is important to investigate the factors associated with the reduction of this fear.

Objective:

The objective of this study consisted of verifying the associated factors that best explain the low concern about falling in physically active older people.

Methods:

A total of 162 elderly people with a mean age of 69.95 (SD = 6.69) participated in the study. The diagnostic data sheet, the Falls Efficacy Scale-International, the Senior Fitness Test and anthropometric measurements were used to obtain data. Binary Logistic Regression was used in the data analysis to estimate the Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The p <0.05 Omnibus Test was used to assess the quality of the adjusted model, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test was applied to verify the explanatory power of the model.

Results:

In the crude analysis, normal weight elderly subjects (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.32-6.20) with good levels of lower limb strength (OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.38-5.06), are more likely to have low fear of falling. In the adjusted analysis, the model was able to explain 75% of endpoint occurrence.

Conclusion:

It is concluded that among the variables analyzed, age, BMI and lower limb strength best explain the low concern about falling in the elderly. Level of Evidence III; Study of nonconsecutive patients; without consistently applied reference “gold” standard.

Keywords:
Elderly; Motor activity; Fear; Accidental falls

RESUMO

Introdução:

O medo de cair é uma das principais consequências de quedas em idosos, portanto, é importante investigar os fatores associados à diminuição desse medo.

Objetivo:

O objetivo desse estudo consistia em verificar os fatores associados que melhor explicam a baixa preocupação com o medo de cair dos idosos praticantes de atividade física.

Métodos:

Participaram do estudo 162 idosos com média de idade de 69,95 (DP=6,69). Para obtenção dos dados foi utilizada a ficha diagnóstica, o Falls Efficacy Scale-International, o Senior Fitness Test e as medidas antropométricas. Na análise de dados, utilizou-se a regressão logística binária para estimar a razão de chances (odds ratio, OR) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). Para avaliar a qualidade do modelo ajustado foi utilizado o Teste Omnibus p<0,05 e o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow para verificar o poder explicativo do modelo.

Resultados:

Na análise bruta, os idosos que possuem peso normal (OR=2,86; IC 95%= 1,32-6,20) e apresentam bons níveis de força dos membros inferiores (OR=2,64; IC 95%=1,38-5,06) são aqueles que possuem mais chances de apresentar baixo medo de cair. Na análise ajustada, o modelo foi capaz de explicar 75% da ocorrência do desfecho.

Conclusão:

Conclui-se que entre as variáveis analisadas, a faixa etária, o IMC e a força dos membros inferiores são as que melhor explicam a baixa preocupação com o medo de cair nos idosos. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos; sem padrão de referência “ouro” aplicado uniformemente.

Descritores:
Idoso; Atividade motora; Medo; Acidentes por quedas

RESUMEN

Introducción:

El miedo a caerse es una de las principales consecuencias de caídas en personas de la tercera edad, por lo que es importante investigar los factores asociados a la disminución de este miedo.

Objetivo:

El objetivo de este estudio consistía en verificar los factores asociados que mejor explican la baja preocupación con el miedo de caerse de personas de la tercera edad practicantes de actividad física.

Métodos:

En el estudio participaron 162 personas de la tercera edad con un promedio de edad de 69,95 (DP = 6,69). Para la obtención de los datos se utilizó la ficha diagnóstica, el Falls Efficacy Scale-International, el Senior Fitness Test y las medidas antropométricas. En el análisis de los datos, se utilizó la regresión logística binaria para estimar la razón de chances (odds ratio, OR) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Para evaluar la calidad del modelo ajustado se utilizó el Omnibus Test p <0,05 y el test de Hosmer-Lemeshow para verificar el poder explicativo del modelo.

Resultados:

En el análisis bruto las personas de la tercera edad que poseen peso normal (OR = 2,86, IC 95% = 1,32-6,20) y presentan buenos niveles de fuerza de los miembros inferiores (OR = 2,64, IC 95% = 1,38-5,06), son aquellos que tienen más probabilidades de presentar bajo miedo de caerse. En el análisis ajustado, el modelo fue capaz de explicar 75% de la ocurrencia del desenlace.

Conclusión:

Se concluye que entre las variables analizadas, el grupo de edad, el IMC y la fuerza de miembros inferiores son las que mejor explican la baja preocupación con el miedo a caerse en las personas de la tercera edad. Nivel de evidencia III; estudio de pacientes no consecutivos; sin patrón de referencia “oro” aplicado uniformemente.

Descriptores:
Anciano; Actividad motora; Miedo; Accidentes por caídas

INTRODUCTION

The fear of falling is one of the main consequences of falls¹. The possibility of falling is considered a constant concern and is a limiting factor in the performance of activities of daily living². In addition to falls, changes in health and balance, cognitive and behavior factors, and visual deficiencies also increase the fear of falling and compromise the interaction with the environment inside and outside the home^3-4.

The fear of falling has different negative implications, including low health perception^5-6, decreased quality of life, reduced mobility, functional decline, increased fragility, and depressive symptoms⁴. In addition, the difficulty in getting up from a chair, the need for assistive gait devices, the difficulty in using public transport, and self-reported balance problems are also associated with the fear of falling⁵.

With this context, older adults with greater fear of falling are more likely to have limitations in activities of daily living, a fact that can influence their quality of life⁷. Interestingly, a population-based study conducted in Ireland showed that 26.6% of the elderly population are afraid of falling⁸. Another study reported a rate of the fear of falling of 40.6% among healthy older adults⁹. It should be noted that the prevalence of the fear of falling is also higher among women^7-10.

This high prevalence highlights the importance of knowledge about factors that can be modified to reduce the fear of falling⁸. Among these factors, individuals with lower performance in physical capacity tests have greater concern about falling^11-12. In addition, older adults with fear of falling exhibit a lower walking speed and shorter step length, factors that can interfere with their daily life⁸. However, it remains unknown which physical capacities (strength, balance, flexibility, and aerobic endurance) explain the low fear of falling in physically active older adults. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the factors that explain low fear of falling in older adults participating in physical activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study design and participants

This was a quantitative, exploratory, cross-sectional study. The population consisted of 187 older adults who participated in the university extension program (GETI) of the State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC). The GETI program offers educational and training projects as well as different physical activity modalities for the elderly population.

Using intentional, non-probability sampling, the following inclusion criteria were adopted: age ≥ 60 years and participation in one of the physical activity projects of GETI. The sample was composed of 162 older adults.

Instruments

The following instruments were used:

Diagnostic chart: An interview was held to obtain data regarding participant identification (gender, age, and education level).

Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I-BRAZIL): This scale is used to assess the fear of falling in older adults. It consists of 16 items related to activities of daily living and the concern about falling when performing these activities is scored from 1 (not at all concerned) to 4 (very concerned). The instrument shows excellent psychometric properties (Cronbach's α = 0.96, ICC = 0.96)¹³ and transcultural adaptation to Brazilian older adults¹⁴.

Anthropometry: Body weight and height were measured according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK)¹⁵. Body weight was measured with a Millenium^® scale (model CA6000) to the nearest 0.1 kg. Height was measured with a WCS^® stadiometer (model Wood) to the nearest 0.1 cm. These data were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI) as weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m).

Senior Fitness Test (SFT): This test battery was developed by Rikli and Jones¹⁶ to assess physical fitness in older adults. The SFT was validated and acceptable values of the criterion were obtained (r = 0.71 to 0.81). Reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation procedures (R) and R values ranged from 0.80 to 0.97¹⁶. The test battery consists of six measures of physical capacity: upper body strength (arm curl test), lower body strength (chair stand test), upper body flexibility (back scratch test), lower body strength (chair sit and reach test), agility/dynamic balance (8-ft up-and-go test), and aerobic endurance (6-minute walk test or stationary walking). The 6-minute walk test was chosen in the present study to assess aerobic endurance.

Ethical aspects

The present study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of Resolution No. 466/12 of the Brazilian National Health Council. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Research Involving Humans of UDESC (Protocol No. 185/07). All participants signed the free informed consent form and anonymity was guaranteed.

Data collection procedure

The data were collected by previously trained researchers. The instruments were applied in the form of a circuit in a sports gym, in the following order: 1) diagnostic chart; 2) FES-I-BRASIL; 3) anthropometry, and 4) SFT.

Data analysis

For analysis of the data, the participants were divided into age groups (60 to 69 years, 70 to 79 years, and > 80 years). The cut-off points proposed by the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)¹⁷ were used for the evaluation of BMI: < 22.0 kg kg/m²: low weight; 22.0 to 27.0 kg/m²: normal weight; > 27.0 kg/m²: overweight/obesity.

For evaluation of the FES-I-BRAZIL, the cut-off points suggested by Delbaere et al.¹⁸ were applied: score 16 to 22, low fear of falling; score 23 to 64, high fear of falling.

In the SFT, the percentiles proposed by Rikli and Jones¹⁹ were used to classify the subjects. Values < 50^th percentile were classified as “poor” and values ≥ 50^th percentile were classified as “good” (the inverse analysis was performed for the agility and dynamic balance test).

Descriptive and inferential analysis was performed. The chi-squared test was applied to verify possible associations between variables and binary logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (94% CI). Variables with p ≤ 0.20 were entered into the model by backward selection using Wald's test. The quality of the adjusted model was evaluated using the Omnibus test (p < 0.05). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to verify the explanatory power of the model. All analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS^Ⓡ 20.0 software, adopting a level of significance of 5%.

RESULTS

Eighty-two (50.6%) of the 162 older adults participating in the study had high fear of falling, while 80 (49.4%) had low fear. The mean age of the participants was 69.95 (SD=6.69) years; the group with low fear of falling had a mean age of 69.11 (SD=6.63) years and the group with high fear had a mean age of 70.78 (SD=6.68) years. There was no significant difference in age between groups (p=0.09), with the present sample thus being homogenous in terms of this variable.

In crude analysis, older adults who had normal weight (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.32-6.20) and those who exhibited good levels of lower body strength (OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.38-5.06) were significantly more likely to have low fear of falling. In addition, older adults aged 70 to 79 years had 49% lower odds of having low fear of falling. However, it should be noted that in the present study variables such as gender, education level, upper body strength, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness were unable to explain the low fear of falling. (Table 1)

Table 1
Crude analysis of factors associated with low fear of falling in older adults participating in physical activity (n = 162).

Variable	n	Crude analysis OR (95% CI)	p-value
Gender
Male	32	1
Female	130	0.51 (0.23-1.13)	0.10
Age group
60 to 69 years	85	1
70 to 79 years	65	0.51 (0.26-0.99)	0.04
≥ 80 years	12	0.77 (0.23-2.58)	0.67
Education level
≤ 8 years	79	1
> 8 years	83	1.82 (0.97-3.39)	0.06
BMI
Overweight/obesity	100	1
Normal weight	40	2.86 (1.32-6.20)	<0.01
Low weight	13	0.86 (0.26-2.82)	0.80
Falls in the last year
Yes	33	1
No	86	1.92 (0.84-4.38)	0.12
Lower body strength
Poor	77	1
Good	78	2.64 (1.38-5.06)	<0.01
Upper body strength
Poor	77	1
Good	79	1.05 (0.56-1.97)	0.87
Lower body flexibility
Poor	81	1
Good	74	1.47 (0.78-2.77)	0.23
Agility and dynamic balance
Poor	105	1
Good	49	0.90 (0.45-1.77)	0.76
Right upper body flexibility
Poor	98	1
Good	55	1.09 (0.56-2.11)	0.79
Left upper body flexibility
Poor	122	1
Good	32	0.68 (0.31-1.50)	0.34
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Poor	93	1
Good	52	1.25 (0.63-2.47)	0.51

• Note: n = frequency; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index.

In adjusted analysis, the model was able to explain 75% of the occurrence of the outcome, as shown in Table 2. The variables that fit the model were: lower body strength, age group, gender, education level, BMI, and falls in the last year. Thus, older adults with good lower body strength and normal weight were 2.89 times more likely to have no or low fear of falling.

Table 2
Adjusted analysis of factors associated with low fear of falling in older adults participating in physical activity (n = 162).

Variable	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Lower body strength
Poor	1
Good	2.89 (1.14-7.28)	0.02
Age group
60 to 69 years	1
70 to 79 years	3.35 (0.51-21.86)	0.20
≥ 80 years	1.22 (0.18-8.14)	0.83
Gender
Male	1
Female	0.59 (0.20-1.74)	0.34
Education level
≤ 8 years	1
> 8 years	0.78 (0.32-1.88)	0.58
BMI
Overweight/obesity	1
Normal weight	2.89 (1.04-8.05)	0.04
Low weight	1.03 (0.18-5.82)	0.96
Falls in the last year
Yes	1
No	1.70 (0.66-4.41)	0.27

• Note: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index. Omnibus test = 0.01.

DISCUSSION

Among the variables investigated in the present study, good performance in the lower body strength test best explained the low fear of falling. In addition, a normal BMI was associated with higher odds of low fear of falling. In agreement with our results, strength²⁰ and BMI⁵ have been shown to be associated with the fear of falling.

The present results showed that older adults with good muscle strength levels were three times more likely to have low fear of falling. According to Delbaere et al.²¹, reduced quadriceps muscle strength can explain the risk of falls perceived by older adults. Sarcopenia is known to increase with age due to a reduction in volume and death of some muscle fibers, which are replaced with fibrous or adipose connective tissue²². Yamada et al.²³, comparing older adults with and without sarcopenia, found a higher prevalence of the fear of falling in sarcopenic older adults. Furthermore, according to Trombetti et al.²⁰, the decline in muscle mass, strength, power and physical performance contributes to increase the fear of falling.

In addition to muscle strength, in the present study, the age group of 70 to 79 years had 49% lower odds of having low fear of falling than older adults aged 60 to 69 years. However, participants older than 80 year were not less likely to have low fear of falling than older adults aged 60 to 69 years. Similarly, in a systematic review, Denkinger et al.¹⁰ reported the lack of consensus in the literature regarding the relationship between age and fear of falling. Among the 11 articles investigated in the review that evaluated the association between age and fear of falling, only five found such association, while six reported no significant association between age and fear of falling. Thus, high fear of falling probably has a multifactorial etiology, including sociodemographic factors, a history of falls and functional performance⁵, and even pain²⁴. Thus, age is not the only variable that explains the fear of falling.

Education level was also evaluated in the present study. Despite the lack of a statistically significant association, there was a trend in the crude analysis (p = 0.06) of participants with 8 years or more of schooling having low fear of falling. Studies conducted in Brazil to evaluate the association of different variables with the fear of falling found education level to be associated with the outcome in crude analysis^25,26. However, as in the present study and in the adjusted models of these studies^25,26, education level did not explain the fear of falling, but was part of the adjusted model. These findings suggest that education level is an important variable to diagnose fear of falling. However, when other variables are considered, education level does not seem to be as relevant to explain the fear of falling.

In addition to strength and age, the adjusted model showed that participants with normal weight were 2.89 times more likely to have low fear of falling than older adults with overweight/obesity. Our results corroborate the findings of Kumar et al.⁵ who observed increased odds of fear of falling in subjects with higher mean BMI. However, that study did not include low-weight subjects. In the present study, older adults with low weight were afraid of falling when compared to participants with overweight/obesity. One possible explanation is that severe leanness may also be associated with greater concern about falling in daily living.

The report of falls in the last year by the older adults of this study was not associated with low fear of falling. Although Hoang et al.²⁷ indicated a relationship between a history of falls and fear of falling, such relationship was not found in the study of Kumar et al.⁵. Furthermore, a systematic review¹⁰ indicated the lack of consensus in the literature regarding this issue.

In view of the importance for older adults of the topic “fear of falling” in activities of daily living⁷, strategies to reduce the high fear of falling must be elaborated²⁰. Muscle strength training, such as weight training, may be beneficial to reduce the fear of falling². Strength training combined or not with balance exercises has also shown benefits²⁹. Thus, strength exercises may be an important tool to reduce the fear of falls in older adults.

Limitations of this study include the lack of control for diseases and medications consumed by the older adults. In addition, although the sample consisted of physically active older adults participating in a university extension program, the level of physical activity was not measured directly, a variable that could be associated with the fear of falling.

CONCLUSION

The present results show that the variables that best explain the low fear of falling are muscle strength, BMI and age. Among these variables, it should be highlighted that strength and BMI are modifiable and can be developed in older adults in order to reduce the fear of falling, improving the quality of life of these individuals. In this respect, studies controlling for the level of physical activity, diseases and medications that influence the fear of falling should be conducted. In addition, longitudinal studies are necessary to determine the effects of strength training, and particularly interventions designed to reduce BMI, on the fear of falling.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jan-Feb 2019

History

• Received
  01 Oct 2018
• Accepted
  09 Dec 2018