CARDIAC AUTONOMIC ALTERATIONS IN DIFFERENT TACTICAL PROFILES OF BRAZILIAN JIU JITSU

ALTERAÇÕES AUTONÔMICAS CARDÍACAS EM DIFERENTES PERFIS TÁTICOS DO JIU JITSU BRASILEIRO

ALTERACIONES AUTONÓMICAS CARDÍACAS EN DIFERENTES PERFILES TÁCTICOS DEL JIU JITSU BRASILEÑO

ABSTRACT

Introduction

Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ) is an individual sport, characterized by intermittent body movements aimed at the submission (defeat) of the opponent. The sport involves two tactical profiles of fighters: the guard (GG) and the passer (PG), which present potential differences in relation to anthropometric patterns and cardiac autonomic modulation.

Objectives

To evaluate the effects of different BJJ fighting styles on cardiac autonomic modulation.

Methods

Twelve PG-style athletes and 12 GG-style athletes, both male, with mean ages of 30.4 ± 1.9 and 30.6 ± 1.3 years, respectively, participated in the study. The following measurements were taken at rest: anthropometric profile, body composition and hemodynamic parameters (blood pressure [BP], basal heart rate [HR] and heart rate variability [HRV], the latter through linear and nonlinear analysis).

Results

The PG fighters had higher waist and hip circumference diameters compared to the GG fighters (p <0.05). There were no differences regarding baseline hemodynamic parameters of HR and BP. Total HRV as well as parasympathetic modulation indices in both the time and frequency domains were significantly lower in the GG fighters than in the PG fighters (p <0.05). In contrast, the sympathovagal modulation markers in the frequency domain, and the sympathovagal index, were higher in GG than in PG (p <0.05). The SD1 index of nonlinear analysis was lower in the GG fighters than in the PG (p <0.05).

Conclusion

In general, guardian style fighters have lower vagal modulation and cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity at rest, compared to passing fighters. Level of evidence IV; Case series.

Sports; Sympathetic nervous system; Sports medicine; Cardiovascular system; Heart rate

RESUMO

Introdução

O jiu jitsu brasileiro (JJB) é um esporte individual, caracterizado por movimentos corporais intermitentes, cujo objetivo é a submissão (derrota) do oponente. Nessa modalidade, há dois perfis táticos dos lutadores, o guardeiro (GG) e o passador (GP), os quais apresentam potenciais diferenças em relação aos padrões antropométricos e à modulação autonômica cardíaca.

Objetivos

Avaliar os efeitos dos diferentes estilos de luta do JJB sobre a modulação autonômica cardíaca.

Métodos

Participaram do estudo 12 atletas com estilo de luta GP e 12 atletas com estilo de luta GG, ambos do sexo masculino e com idades médias de 30,4 ± 1,9 e 30,6 ± 1,3 anos, respectivamente. Foram avaliados, em repouso, o perfil antropométrico, a composição corporal e os parâmetros hemodinâmicos (pressão arterial [PA], frequência cardíaca [FC] basal e a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca [VFC], esta última através de análises lineares e não lineares).

Resultados

Os lutadores do GP apresentaram maiores diâmetros da circunferência da cintura e do quadril em comparação ao GG (p<0,05). Não houve diferenças em relação aos parâmetros hemodinâmicos basais da FC e da PA. A variabilidade total da FC, assim como os índices da modulação parassimpática tanto no domínio do tempo como no domínio da frequência, foram significativamente menores nos lutadores do GG quando comparados aos lutadores do GP (p<0,05). Em contrapartida, os marcadores da modulação simpática no domínio da frequência e o índice simpatovagal foram maiores no GG em relação ao GP (p<0,05). O índice SD1 da análise não linear foi menor nos lutadores do GG quando confrontados ao GP (p<0,05).

Conclusão

Lutadores com estilo predominantemente guardeiro apresentam menor modulação vagal e hiperatividade simpática cardíaca de repouso em comparação aos lutadores passadores. Nível de Evidência IV; Série de casos.

Esportes; Sistema nervoso simpático; Medicina esportiva; Sistema cardiovascular; Frequência cardíaca

RESUMEN

Introducción

El Jiu Jitsu brasileño (JJB) es un deporte individual, caracterizado por movimientos corporales intermitentes, cuyo objetivo es la sumisión (derrota) del oponente. En esta modalidad, hay dos perfiles tácticos de luchadores, el guardiero (GG) y el pasador (GP), que presentan diferencias potenciales con relación a los patrones antropométricos y a la modulación autónoma cardíaca.

Objetivos

Evaluar los efectos de diferentes estilos de lucha de JJB sobre la modulación autónoma cardíaca.

Métodos

Participaron en el estudio 12 atletas con estilo de lucha GP y 12 atletas con estilo de lucha GG, ambos del sexo masculino y con edades promedio de 30,4 ± 1,9 y 30,6 ± 1,3 años, respectivamente. Fueron evaluados, en reposo, el perfil antropométrico, la composición corporal y los parámetros hemodinámicos (presión arterial [PA], frecuencia cardíaca [FC] basal y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca [VFC], ésta última a través de análisis lineales y no lineales).

Resultados

Los luchadores del GP presentaron mayores diámetros de circunferencia de cintura y cadera en comparación al GG (p <0,05). No hubo diferencias con relación a los parámetros hemodinámicos basales de FC y de la PA. La variabilidad total de la FC, así como los índices de modulación parasimpática tanto en el dominio del tiempo como en el dominio de la frecuencia, fueron significativamente menores en los luchadores del GG cuando comparados a los luchadores del GP (p <0,05). En contrapartida, los marcadores de la modulación simpática en el dominio de frecuencia y el índice simpatovagal fueron mayores en el GG con relación al GP (p <0,05). El índice SD1 de análisis no lineal fue menor en los luchadores del GG cuando comparados al GP (p <0,05).

Conclusión

Los luchadores con estilo predominantemente guardiero presentan menos modulación vagal e hiperactividad simpática cardíaca de reposo en comparación a los luchadores pasadores. Nivel de evidencia IV; Serie de casos .

Deportes; Sistema nervioso simpático; Medicina deportiva; Sistema cardiovascular; Frecuencia cardíaca

INTRODUCTION

Since ancient times, systematic fighting techniques have been developed, either for combat and self-defense purposes or as sporting activities. Known in sports as a gentle olden art, the Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ) is an individual sport characterized by the combat between two athletes who seek the submission of opponent through “chokes”, “finishing”, “immobilizations” and “projections”. If submission of one of the opponents does not occur, the decision is assigned to referee, which determines scores according to specific positions or punishments received during the fight¹ .

The characteristic of BJJ is conceived by intermittent body exercises, so that its practitioners quickly aim for their opponent’s defeat² . In this sense, practitioners of this modality need a good physical condition to resist (defend) or attack successfully. The physical variables that are part of BJJ include flexibility, power, speed, strength, agility, coordination, balance and localized aerobic and muscular endurance³ .

In BJJ there are two types of tactical combat profiles, the pass fighters (PFs) and guard fighters (GFs). The PFs (standing or squatting) aims to overcome the opponent’s guard offensively with explosive force movements. On the other hand, the GFs (with hip on the ground) cadences the combat with lower and upper limb isometric movements⁴ .

Thus, the acute training loads imposed due of these fighting positions differ considerably and may promote distinct autonomic and cardiovascular adaptations. So, some studies have suggested monitoring heart rate markers to assess adaptations to training types⁵ , ⁶ , ⁷ , ⁸ . It is believed that the GFs develop higher levels of isometric strength production due to the constant position of dorsal decubitus to which they are chronically subjected, especially when it has its “past guard”, which promotes greater pressure overload and sympathetic activity increased in cardiovascular system.

One way to assess cardiovascular autonomic modulation is by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV). This is a simple and noninvasive tool with high clinical applicability, which indirectly quantifies the modulation exerted by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in the heart, as an auxiliary protocol for the assessment of cardiovascular stress⁸ . In general, training involving a larger aerobic component improves parasympathetic modulation of the heart⁹ . However, it is evident that athletes undergoing high training volumes may present a reduction in the vagal component and an increase in sympathetic heart, leading to a decrease in athletic performance. These data suggest that cardiac sympathetic modulation may be affected by training load¹⁰ .

It is interesting to observe that most cardiovascular autonomic modulation studies have mainly addressed adaptations related to sports with aerobic demand, so, little is known about adaptations to sports with anaerobic demand, such as fighting modalities. Regarding martial arts, limited investigations focus on BJJ, especially in the context of health aspects and its influence on quality of life. Currently, there is a paucity of scientific literature that emphasize the effects of different types of combat profiles of BJJ fighters in cardiovascular autonomic parameters.

Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the resting cardiac autonomic modulation in BJJ athletes, analyzing the alteration of indices of this variability as a function of different tactical combat profiles of these fighters.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Participants

Twenty-four male athletes who have practiced BJJ for at least two years with 30.5 ± 5.4 years old and body mass index of 26.4 ± 2.9 m / kg2, volunteered to participate in this study. They were allocated into two groups according to the fighting tactic: pass fighters (PFs, n=12) and guard fighters (GFs, n=12). All participants signed a free and informed consent form. Thus study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (n° 1.249.283/2015).

Experimental design

The study utilized a randomized cross-sectional experimental design. The data collections occurred in two sports training centers that have the BJJ modality in Uberaba city (MG). At initial time of collection, the volunteers answered a semi-structured questionnaire in the sample selection process, with criteria for range grading, combat tactical profile, experience time, training frequency, training duration, other physical exercise practice, supplementation use, medication use, steroid use, nutritional monitoring and family history of diseases. Exclusion criteria were caffeine intake six hours and diet two hours before the test, physical exercise within 24 hours and use of ergogenic nutritional and / or pharmacological resources.

Anthropometric profile and body composition

The body composition was verified through the analysis of the skinfolds by scientific Lange adipometer, with scale from 0 to 60 mm, resolution of 1 mm and exerted pressure of 10 g/mm². The collected regions were the pectoralis segment (in diagonal fold between the axillary line and the nipple), the abdomen (2 cm from the umbilical scar) and the thigh (midpoint between the inguinal region and the patella border). The equation to determine skinfold thickness was established using the Jackson and Pollock protocol (skinfolds: 1.1093800 - 0.0008267 [pectoral + abdominal + thigh] + 0.0000016 [pectoral + abdominal + thigh] ² - 0.0002574 [age])¹¹ . After calculating skinfolds, it is necessary to transpose the value found into the Siri equation (fat %: [(4.95: skinfolds) - 4.5] x 100) to find the estimated fat percentage¹² .

The body mass and height of the fighters were collected by mechanical scale (JB®). Anthropometric circumferences were performed using measuring tape (Sanny®), measuring 0.1 cm and total marking 2 m.

Cardiovascular parameters

Blood pressure (BP) was noninvasively measured after 5 minutes of rest in the supine position using an automatic oscillometric cuff (M3 Intellisense HEM-7051-E; Omron Healthcare, Kyoto, Japan) with a digital display. Heart rate (HR) was monitored by lead II of electrocardiogram (Labchart Pro version 7.3.4, Brazil), beat-to-beat in CM5 position and analyzed by Matlab 6.1.1.450 Release 12.1.2001 software.

Heart rate variability (HRV)

HRV was performed at a stationary segment of at least 5 min of the R-wave interval (RRi) time series. The stationarity was tested by comparing the similarity of the indices obtained in the initial and final half of the chosen segment. HRV was analyzed in the time (TD) and frequency (FD) domains.

In TD, the mean standard deviation indices of all RR intervals (SDNN - indicative of cardiac sympathetic modulation), square root mean square of differences between RR intervals (RMSSD) and percentage of adjacent RR intervals were calculated. duration difference greater than ٥٠ milliseconds (pNN٥٠), both indicative of cardiac parasympathetic modulation⁶ .

In FD, the time series were decomposed by the autoregressive method. With this procedure, the total spectral power was calculated and the powers of each relevant spectrum component quantified (low frequency [LF = 0.04 to 0.15 Hz] and high frequency [HF = 0.15 to 0.4 Hz]). The power of each component was calculated in absolute and normalized terms (value of each component divided by the total value of the spectrum subtracted by the very low frequency component [VLF <0.04 Hz] multiplied by 100). The HF values were considered as indicative of cardiac parasympathetic modulation, while the normalized LF value was interpreted mainly as a result of cardiac sympathetic modulation. The LF/HF ratio was considered as the cardiac sympathovagal balance¹³ .

Statistical analysis

The normality of data distribution was analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The unpaired Student’s t test or the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the groups (GFs and PFs). Values of p <0.05 were considered significant. Data are presented as mean ± SE.

RESULTS

Both groups presented similar characteristics and body composition ( Table 1 ). Regarding the anthropometric profile, the fighters with the pass tactical fight style showed higher waist and hip circumference diameters compared to the guard fighters (p <0.05).

Table 1
Anthropometric profile and body composition of BJJ athletes with different fighting styles evaluated in the study. Values are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (epm), median values (25.75 and percentiles).

	Guard Fighters (n=12)	Pass Fighters (n=12)	p
Age (years)	30.4 ± 1.9	30.6 ± 1.3	0.940
BJJ Practice Time (years)	11.8 ± 3.1	9.7 ± 2.5	0.723
Weight (kg)	84.5 ± 3.9	85.6 ± 1.9	0.798
Height (cm)	179.0 [177.0-180.0]	175.0 [173.2-179.0]	0.075
BMI (kg/m2)	26.8 ± 0.5	27.1 ± 0.9	0.842
Fat Percentage (%)	22.8 ± 2.2	25.3 ± 1.5	0.357
Muscle Mass (kg)	64.6 ± 2.1	63.8 ± 1.5	0.782
Fat Mass (kg)	19.9 ± 2.7	21.8 ± 1.5	0.548
Neck (cm)	40.5 ± 0.8	40.8 ± 0.7	0.761
Pectoralis (cm)	100.0 [95.1-105.7]	99.0 [97.1-101.0]	0.761
Right Arm (cm)	33.0 [31.8-35.0]	32.7 [31.2-33.7]	0.429
Left Arm (cm)	34.0 [31.3-34.7]	30.5 [30.0-31.7]	0.056
Right Forearm (cm)	30.7 ± 0.3	30.2 ± 0.4	0.412
Left Forearm (cm)	29.5 ± 0.8	28.8 ± 0.4	0.681
Right Thigh (cm)	55.0 [52.5-58.1]	59.5 [55.6-60.0]	0.146
Left Thigh (cm)	56.5 [52.6-58.5]	58.0 [55.2-59.7]	0.525
Right Leg (cm)	39.5 [34.5-40.7]	37.0 [34.0-39.1]	0.440
Left Leg (cm)	39.0 [34.1-41.0]	37.0 [37.0-38.7]	0.494
Waist (cm)	84.1 ± 1.0	91.0 ± 1.3	0.001
Abdomen (cm)	87.8 ± 1.5	91.7 ± 1.3	0.105
Hip (cm)	100.0 [98.2-101.0]	106.0 [102.0-106.0]	0.020
Waist/Hip Ratio (cm)	0.85 ± 0.01	0.87 ± 0.01	0.221

• BMI: body mass index.

Baseline characteristics of hemodynamic parameters are shown in Figure 1 , no significant differences were observed in the resting heart rate of guard fighters (64.3 ± 1.1 bpm) when compared to pass fighters (62.4 ± 0.9 bpm; p = 0.505) ( Figura 1A ), as well as the baseline systolic (127.9 ± 1.7 mmHg in GFs vs. 123.8 ± 2.7 mmHg in PFs; p = 0.214) ( Figura 1B ), diastolic (80.7 ± 0.7 mmHg in GFs vs. 79.7 ± 0.9 mmHg in PFs; p = 0.418) ( Figura 1C ) and mean blood pressure (96.4 ± 0.7 mmHg in GFs vs. 94.4 ± 1.2 mmHg in PFs; p = 0.170) ( Figura 1D ).

Figure 1
Baseline hemodynamic parameters of BJJ athletes with different fighting styles, heart rate (1A), systolic blood pressure (1B), diastolic blood pressure (1C) and mean blood pressure (1D).

GFs: Guard Fighters; PFs: Pass Fighters. Values are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (epm).

Regarding the heart rate variability index ( Table 2 ), the TD total variance index was significantly higher in the guard fighters when compared to the pass style fighters (p <0.05). In contrast, the RMSSD and pNN50 index (both markers of cardiac parasympathetic modulation in TD) were significantly lower in guard fighters group compared to pass fighters group (p <0.05). When analyzing the FD indexes, the spectrum of the LF band component (marker of cardiac sympathetic modulation) was higher in GFs than PFs (p <0.05). Similar result was observed in LF/HF ratio components (marker of sympathovagal balance over the heart), which was also higher in the guard style fighters (p <0.005). On the other hand, the spectrum of the HF band component (marker of cardiac parasympathetic modulation) was reduced in the guard fighters group (p <0.05). The SD1 index, which assesses vagal activity by nonlinear method of heart rate variability, is also reduced in guard fighters (p <0.05).

Table 2
Heart rate variability indexes measured in BJJ athletes with different style fighting.

	Guard Fighters (n=12)	Pass Fighters (n=12)	p
RR interval (ms)	892.8 ± 11.0	891.3 ± 17.6	0.944
Total Variance (ms2)	1961.9 ± 264.2	3112.9 ± 387.6	0.022
SDNN (ms)	56.6 ± 7.2	51.1 ± 3.6	0.579
RMSSD (ms)	30.3 ± 2.7	47.7 ± 4.7	0.003
pNN50 (%)	19.8 [12.5-26.8]	41.2 [33.1-60.3]	0.003
VLF (ms2)	578.3 ± 78.5	589.3 ± 56.1	0.921
LF (ms2)	877.2 ± 44.2	639.9 ± 47.1	0.003
LF (nu)	53.0 ± 2.9	43.6 ± 5.8	0.132
HF (ms2)	464.4 [328.9-571.5]	514.0 [470.4-531.6]	0.469
HF (nu)	43.0 ± 2.5	58.1 ± 3.4	0.002
LF/HF	1.9 [1.6-2.2]	1.1 [1.0-1.4]	0.037
SD1 (ms)	25.9 ± 1.8	34.4 ± 1.2	0.005
SD2 (ms)	57.1 ± 5.6	70.9 ± 4.9	0.108
SD1/SD2	0.48 ± 0.03	0.49 ± 0.03	0.805

• Values are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (epm), median values (25.75 and percentiles). SDNN: Standard deviation of the average of all RR intervals; RMSSD: Square root mean square of the differences between RR intervals; pNN50: Percentage of adjacent RR intervals with duration difference greater than 50 milliseconds; VLF: Very low frequency; LF: Low Frequency; HF: High frequency; LF/HF: sympathovagal relationship; nu: normalized units; SD1: standard deviation of instantaneous beat-by-beat variability; SD2: Long-term standard deviation of continuous R-R intervals.

DISCUSSION

The main findings of this study were that BJJ athletes with predominance of guard tactical profile showed, in relation to the fighters with pass tactical style, cardiac alterations represented by reduced frequency variability, attenuated vagal activity and high sympathetic modulation.

Chronic aerobic exercises are effective in controlling and / or increasing heart rate variability, mainly because they cause increased of cardiac vagal modulation¹⁴ , ¹⁵ . However, this cardioprotective effect of exercise training on autonomic function seems to be associated with the modality of exercise¹⁵ , ¹⁶ , ¹⁷ . The fighters evaluated in our study practice BJJ, which is characterized as a fighting sport with anaerobic predominance, coupled with considerable strength recruitment and high isometric component. This fact could partly explain our findings, that is, the reason because the guard fighters exhibited attenuated resting cardiac vagal activity.

Usually, the pass style fighters are stronger and / or heavier who benefit from this biotype to generate greater mechanical overload on their opponent. On the other hand, the guard fighters are generally larger fighter and more flexible, with advantages for applying levers from the strength of the opponent, and thus they perform the isometric force for a longer time of fight.

The literature is scarce regarding the changes produced in cardiac autonomic modulation due to the usual practice of BJJ. Previous study did not show any change in HRV spectral measurements in BJJ fighters compared to sedentary individuals, and the authors demonstrated that BJJ training is not associated with changes in cardiovascular autonomic modulation in any of the training periodization phases¹⁹ .

In the practice of strength exercises with high isometric component, cardiac sympathetic modulation remains high, while parasympathetic modulation is lower²⁰ , ²¹ , which may increase the risk of acute cardiovascular events²² . Strength exercises (including BJJ) promote increased sympathetic modulation and attenuation of cardiac parasympathetic modulation, especially in the most intense fight²³ .

While it is important to understand how different factors of strength training can alter autonomic responses, many of these training had not been documented. As an example, the type of muscle contraction may alter autonomic modulation. During isometric exercise, sympathetic activity is driven by the amount of muscle mass used. In this context, this fact can be transposed to the guard position in the BJJ, where this fighting style causes a high recruitment of muscle groups, which chronically may affect the intrinsic control of sympathetic modulation²⁴ .

Cardiac autonomic dysfunction is characterized in part by a decrease in cardiac vagal modulation²⁵ , ²⁶ , which may provoke the onset and aggravate the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases²⁷ . In fact, cardiac vagal impairment, detected by reduced parasympathetic modulation, is a marker of cardiac electrical instability and has been shown to be an independent prognostic factor for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. In the clinical scenario, sudden death resulting from cardiac arrhythmias is an important cause of mortality²⁸ . The onset of large arrhythmias is generally considered an unpredictable phenomenon, often associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors.

It was also evidenced in our study that the guard fighters have a greater cardiac sympathetic modulation in the rest situation. The performance of strength exercises (including BJJ) is known to promote changes in cardiac autonomic modulation, which remain for a long period after the end of the session²³ , ²⁹ .

High levels of sympathetic activity are present in several cardiovascular diseases (such as acute myocardial infarction, chronic congestive heart failure and hypertension), and are reinforced by the dysregulation of control pathways and central integration of autonomic balance30. In addition, several academic reports demonstrate that sympathetic hyperactivity plays an important role in the genesis and progression of hypertension and target organ damage. The mechanisms involved in the blood pressure response were not studied in the present study. However, it can be predicted that in the strength exercise session, there may possibly be a greater reduction in venous return, disabling the cardiopulmonary receptors²⁰ .

It is interesting to note that, although greater cardiac sympathetic modulation was observed in the guard fighters (represented by the higher LFnu spectral band indexes and the LF / HF component ratio), these values are not considered exacerbated in the context of the clinical aspect in respect to cardiovascular health. However, more research is needed, with consistent evidence to better understand this topic.

CONCLUSION

BJJ athletes with predominance of guard fight style exhibit lower vagal modulation and resting cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity compared to pass fighters.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  01 June 2020
• Date of issue
  May-Jun 2020

History

• Received
  18 Nov 2018
• Accepted
  26 Aug 2019