Childbirth care in Brazil: a critical situation has not yet been overcome. 1999-2013

Abstract

Objectives:

to analyze the evolution of childbirth care in Brazil, between 1999-2013.

Methods:

a time-series ecological study, using data from Ministry of Health, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, and Interagency Network of Information for Health. 18 indicators were analyzed related to childbirth and mortality.

Results:

there was a reduction in rates of fertility, natality and the total number of births, with increased cesarean surgeries. Growth of prenatal consultation, intensive care beds and reduction of beds in obstetrics sector. The significant growth of caesarean deliveries, prenatal consultation coverage and concentration of births in hospitals occurred simultaneously with the growth: of preventable child deaths by adequate attention, management causes and appropriate delivery, prematurity; low weight; Down's syndrome; and the persistence of maternal deaths due to direct obstetric causes.

Conclusions:

persists hegemonic technocratic model of childbirth care without considering the observed changes in the profile of mothers and births, with slow reduction of perinatal and neonatal deaths and maintenance of high maternal mortality demonstrating that the critical situation of delivery care model in Brazil has not, yet, been overcome.

Key words:
Delivery of health care; Maternal and child health; Health status indicators

Resumo

Objetivos:

analisar a evolução da assistência ao parto no Brasil, entre 1999-2013.

Métodos:

foi realizado um estudo ecológico de séries temporais, utilizando dados dos sistemas de informações do Ministério da Saúde, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e Rede Interagencial de Informações para a Saúde. Analisaram-se 18 indicadores referentes aos nascimentos e óbitos.

Resultados:

percebeu-se redução da fecundidade, natalidade e número total de partos. Houve crescimento dos leitos em UTI adulto, e redução dos leitos de obstetrícia. Identificou-se aumento dos nascimentos entre mulheres com 40 anos e mais, com crescimento maior de 100% de primíparas nesse grupo etário, e 19% de nascimentos de mães adolescentes. O expressivo crescimento dos partos cesarianos, da cobertura de consultas pré-natal e hospitalização dos partos ocorreram simultaneamente com o crescimento: dos óbitos infantis preveníveis por adequada atenção na gestão e parto, da prematuridade; do baixo peso; da síndrome de Down; e da persistência das mortes maternas por causas obstétricas diretas.

Conclusões:

persiste hegemônico o modelo tecnocrático de assistência ao parto, frente às mudanças observadas no perfil das mães e nascimentos, com redução lenta dos óbitos perinatais e neonatais e manutenção de elevada mortalidade materna demonstrando que a situação crítica do modelo de assistência ao parto no Brasil ainda não foi superada.

Palavras-chave:
Assistência à saúde; Saúde materno-infantil; Indicadores básicos de saúde

Introduction

The quality of prenatal, childbirth and postpartum care for women is closely related to maternal and child morbidity and mortality.^1-2 In Brazil, where childbirth care is centered on hospitalization, invasive interventions and excessive use of technology and drugs to speed up labor, avoidable maternal and child deaths are the predominant kind.^3-6

Avoidable maternal deaths are defined as direct obstetric maternal deaths resulting from obstetric complications during pregnancy, childbirth or puerperium, owing to interventions, omissions, incorrect treatment or a chain of events deriving from any of these causes.⁷

The causes of avoidable infant death are considered to be totally or partially preventable by effective action by health services accessible at a certain time and place. The avoidability of deaths of children aged under five years of age is analyzed using groups of basic causes as a reference, according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The Brazilian National Health System (SUS) uses the List of Preventable Causes of Deaths proposed by Malta et al.,⁸ with the following categories: reducible by immunoprevention actions; reducible by adequate care for mother during gestation; reducible by adequate care for mother during childbirth; reducible by adequate care of newborn; reducible by adequate diagnosis and treatment; and reducible by adequate health promotion combined with adequate health care.^8-9

With a view to making up for these gaps and weaknesses in the childbirth care model, in 2000, the National Health System introduced the Childbirth Humanization Program (PHPN). This sought to promote healthy childbirth and to prevent maternal and perinatal mortality, and ensure improved access, coverage and quality of prenatal supervision, childbirth and puerperium care for mothers and newborns, seen from the point of view of citizenship rights.¹⁰

In the everyday practice of services, however, there are various problems that interfere with the quality of care for women. Health networks are still not consolidated and there is weak integration between prenatal and childbirth care. Access to health services is still difficult, with striking regional and intraregional disparities in the distribution and quality of health services.^3,11,12

Evaluation of the care provided for women during the pregnancy-puerperium cycle is the subject of great interest in the field. The production of information by way of a Health Status Analysis is thus fundamental for guiding health actions and enabling the identification of needs and priorities, as a way of aiding decision making.¹³

Health Information Systems (HIS) are thus valuable tools for planning, organization and evaluation of health services and actions.¹⁴ However, the quality and reliability of the information produced by these systems are directly influenced by the processes of gathering, recording, processing and producing data.¹⁵

Over the 28-year history of the SUS, successive policies have targeted obstetric and neonatal care as a way of assuring appropriate and high quality care for pregnant women and newborns, with a positive impact on mother and child health indicators. The present study thus aims to examine childbirth care in Brazil in the past fifteen years, according to the profile of births, the characteristics of newborns and avoidable maternal and child mortality, using data from Health Information Systems.

Methods

An ecological time series study was carried out of the evolution of childbirth care in the country between 1999 and 2013. Secondary data were gathered from official Ministry of Health systems: the Hospital Information System (SIH), the Live Births Information System (Sinasc) and the Mortality Information System (SIM); from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE); and the Interagency Health Information Network (Ripsa).

Sixteen indicators relating to births and deaths were analyzed. The information on childbirth care (number of normal births and percentage of caesarians) came from the SIH (which records only hospitalizations in SUS units); the data on prenatal care (number of women with seven or more consults) were obtained from Sinasc.

The study used absolute and relative frequencies for primaparous women aged up to 15 years and 40 years or more and newborns (NBs) with: Down syndrome, low birth weight (up to 2499g) and premature birth (gestational age up to 36 weeks), grouped according to the age group of mothers (10 - 19 years; 20 - 39 years; 40 - 49 years and 50 and over).

The coefficients for neonatal mortality (number of deaths of children with up to 27 full days of life per 1000 NBs) and perinatal mortality (number of deaths occurring in the perinatal period - between twenty-two full weeks of gestation and seven full days after birth, per 1000 total births (live births and fetal deaths), were obtained from the SIM.

The data on total population and number of women of fertile age (10 - 49 years) were calculated on the basis of the IBGE census data and intercensus estimates.¹⁶

The total fecundity rate (mean number of live births per woman, in the 15 - 49 year age group), the raw birth rate (number of live births per 1000 inhabitants, in the resident population) and maternal death rate (number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births of women residents) were obtained directly from the indicators matrix produced by Ripsa.¹⁷

Maternal death was defined as the death of a woman during gestation or up to 42 days after the end of gestation, regardless of duration or location of pregnancy, caused by any factor related to or exacerbated by pregnancy or by measures taken in relation to it.⁷

Information on the avoidability of infant deaths and the causes of maternal mortality were taken from the Maternal and Child Mortality Monitoring Panel, the General Coordination for Information and Epidemiological Analyses (CGIAE/SVS/MS).

Using the List of Causes of Deaths Avoidable by Brazilian National Health System Interventions proposed by Malta et al.,⁸ the following were selected as causes of avoidable infant deaths: those reducible by adequate care during gestation and childbirth; by adequate care of the fetus and newborn; by health promotion; and unavoidable deaths. The causes of maternal mortality included: direct obstetric causes (hypertension, hemorrhage, puerperal infection and miscarriage); and indirect obstetric causes (deaths from AIDs and disorders of the circulation, complicating pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium).⁷

For each of the 16 indicators analyzed, the Proportional Variation (PV) Coefficient was calculated using the equation: PV = [(Indicator last year/Indicator first year) - 1] x 100.

Analysis of the tendency of the indicators over time was carried out using simple linear regression models. All decisions were taken based on a level of statistical significance of 5.0%.¹⁸

Tabwin 36b, The R Project for Statistical Computing 3.0.2 and Microsoft Excel 2007 were used to compile and analyze data banks.

The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco (Certificate No. 13161113.7.0000. 5190).

Results

The mean number of children per woman fell continuously to a rate of 1.78 in 2010, which is lower than the rate needed to stabilize the population (2,1). This tendency was accompanied by a fall in the birth rate, which decreased 28.50% between the first and the last year analyzed (Table 1).

Table 1
General population, women of fertile age, birth rate and fecundity. Brazil, 1999 - 2013

Year	Populatio	Women of fertile age
		N	*%	Birth rate	Fecundity rate
1999	163 947 436	53 663 899	32.73	21.86	2.33
2000	169 799 170	55 525 740	32.70	20.32	2.29
2001	172 385 776	56 386 231	32.71	19.49	2.20
2002	174 632 932	57 134 205	32.72	18.73	2.12
2003	176 876 251	57 880 352	32.72	18.23	2.07
2004	179 108 134	58 623 425	32.73	17.88	2.03
2005	184 184 074	60 313 460	32.75	17.47	1.99
2006	186 770 613	61 174 428	32.75	17.00	1.94
2007	189 335 191	61 095 856	32.27	16.60	1.90
2008	189 612 814	60 974 994	32.16	16.26	1.86
2009	191 481 045	61 417 666	32.08	15.98	1.84
2010	190 755 799	62 110 637	32.56	15.78	1.82
2011	192 379 287	62 649 609	32.57	15.63	1.78
2012	193 976 530	63 177 694	32.57	-	-
2013	201 032 714	63 470 428	31.57	-	-
Proportional variation	22.62	18.27	-3.54	-28.50	-23.61
B	-	-	-	-0.47	-0.05
p	-	-	-	<0.001	<0.001

• ^*
  Proportion in relation to total population/year.
• Source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE); Interagency Health Information Network (RIPSA).

According to the SIH, there were more than 32.5 million births, representing 72.42% of births occurring in the country in the whole period evaluated. Paradoxically, there was a significant decrease in vaginal births (p<0.001), with an increase of 63.68% in Caesareans (p<0.001) (Table 2).

Table 2
Normal births, percentage of caesarians and prenatal consults. Brazil, 1999 - 2013

Year	Normal births	*% Caesarian	Pregnant women with 7+ prenatal consults
			N	**%
1999	1 992 568	24.89	1 510 040	46.37
2000	1 906 320	23.92	1 401 585	43.71
2001	1 801 406	25.06	1 419 062	45.55
2002	1 753 659	25.18	1 463 469	47.84
2003	1 664 680	26.39	1 516 553	49.92
2004	1 626 092	27.53	1 573 185	51.98
2005	1 596 483	28.61	1 601 391	52.76
2006	1 498 323	30.14	1 606 185	54.54
2007	1 496 045	32.23	1 613 980	55.82
2008	1 334 663	33.24	1 672 280	56.98
2009	1 292 222	34.77	1 667 192	57.86
2010	1 237 083	36.74	1 733 492	60.57
2011	1 199 623	38.40	1 785 198	61.28
2012	1 132 041	40.18	1 792 629	61.69
2013	1 063 764	40.74	1 812 681	62.42
Proportional	-46.61	63.68	20.04	34.61
variation
B	-64.369	1.29	28.708	1.38
p	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

• ^*
  Proportion in relation to total births occurring in the SUS network /year;
• ^**
  Proportion in relation to total live births /year.
• Source: SIH/MS; SINASC/MS.

Prenatal consults also saw a significant increase (p<0.001), with a mean annual growth of over 28,000 women attending more than seven consults, in the public and private sectors (Table 2).

Despite the decrease in the proportion of births among mothers aged up to 19 years, the rate of pregnancy in adolescence is still high in the country (19.28%). On the other hand, an increase was noted in the proportion of live births in the other age groups, especially the 40 - 49 (35.03%) and 50+ years (175%) age brackets. A large significant increase was found in primiparous women with 40 or more years of age (p<0.001), with a mean increase of 490 births per year (Table 3).

Table 3
Live births according to age group of mother. Brazil, 1999 - 2013

Year	Live Births	Age group					First child/Age group
		Adolescents	20 - 39 years	40 - 49 years	50 + years		Up to 15 years		40 + years
		*%	*%	*%	*%		n	**%	n	**%
1999	3 256 433	23.16	73.65	1.77	0.00		53 109	62.12	4 555	7.88
2000	3 206 761	23.40	74.13	1.88	0.00		55 730	62.91	4 952	8.19
2001	3 115 474	23.27	74.34	1.92	0.00		55 736	63.34	5 549	9.27
2002	3 059 402	22.65	75.15	1.95	0.00		52 647	62.48	5 521	9.25
2003	3 038 251	22.15	75.68	1.98	0.00		53 297	63.26	5 883	9.78
2004	3 026 548	21.85	75.92	2.06	0.00		54 169	66.48	6 704	10.76
2005	3 035 096	21.78	76.01	2.05	0.00		53 740	66.57	6 748	10.84
2006	2 944 928	21.49	76.37	2.12	0.01		57 946	72.03	7 998	12.75
2007	2 891 328	21.11	76.71	2.16	0.01		59 101	73.46	8 129	12.98
2008	2 934 828	20.42	77.40	2.17	0.01		62 791	76.42	9 021	14.10
2009	2 881 581	19.95	77.83	2.21	0.01		63 368	78.37	9 394	14.70
2010	2 861 868	19.31	78.44	2.24	0.01		62 341	79.34	9 707	15.09
2011	2 913 160	19.25	78.46	2.27	0.01		61 754	77.62	10 213	15.33
2012	2 905 789	19.28	78.37	2.34	0.01		61 779	77.50	10 794	15.79
2013	2 904 027	19.28	78.32	2.39	0.01		62 775	78.89	11 068	15.89
Proportional	-10.8	-16.75	-6.34	35.03	175.00		18.20	27.05	142.99	101.27
variation
B	-24.541	-0.34	0.36	0.04	0.0007		806	1.49	490	0.64
p	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

• ^*
  Proportion in relation to total births / year;
• ^**
  Proportion in relation to total births in age group / year.
• Source: SINASC/MS

In case of children with Down syndrome, the largest increase was among mothers aged 40 years or over (223.88%), a proportion 30 times greater than that found in other age groups, in 2013 (Table 4)

Table 4
Live births with Down syndrome, low birth weight and prematurity, according to age group of mother. Brazil, 1999 and 2013

Variables					1999 - 2013
	1999		2013		Proportional	Trend
	n	*%	n	*%	Variation	B	p
Down syndrome
10 -19 years	27	0.00	66	0.01	144.44	0,7	0,53
20 -39 years	251	0.01	530	0.02	111.16	12	0,06
40 + years	67	0.17	217	0.31	223.88	7	0,01
Low birth weight
10 -19 years	66 201	8.78	53 159	9.49	-19.70	-1.198	<0,001
20 -39 years	170 807	7.12	185 570	8.16	8.64	1.092	<0,001
40 + years	6 318	10.93	8 393	12.05	32.84	127	<0,001
Premature birth
10 -19 years	32 841	4.35	74 396	13.29	126.53	1480	0,03
20 -39 years	84 034	3.50	248 504	10.93	195.72	8184	<0,001
40 + years	2 618	4.53	10 548	15.14	302.90	412	<0,001

• ^*
  Proportion in relation to total number of births in age group /year.
• Source: SINASC/MS

The proportional variation in low weight births was also higher among women of the older age group (32.84%), while there was a significant reduction among the children of adolescents (p<0.001). Prematurity was the most striking variation with a significant growing tendency in all age groups (Table 4).

The maternal mortality rate saw a mean annual reduction of 1.09 to 64.75 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2011. Child mortality rates also fell. The neonatal mortality coefficient fell from 13.49 to 9.20/1.000 and perinatal mortality from 22.95 to 17.79/1000 births (Table 5).

Table 5
Maternal and infant mortality by group of causes. Brazil, 1999 - 2013

Year	*Maternal Death Rate	**Neonatal Death Coefficient	**Perinatal Death Coefficient	Avoidable infant death			Total	Unavoidable infant deaths	Maternal deaths		Total
				Adequate care during gestation and childbirth	Adequate care of fetus or newborn	Health promotion actions			Direct Obstetric Causes	Indirect Obstetric Causes
				%	%	%			%	%
1999	92.26	13.49	22.95	40.42	31.31	13.98	48 541	20 804	70.99	26.02	1 868
2000	73.30	13.60	22.71	41.01	32.11	12.93	46 490	21 709	75.19	21.23	1 677
2001	70.91	12.92	22.31	41.28	32.98	12.57	42 760	19 183	76.60	19.78	1 577
2002	75.87	12.64	21.75	43.29	31.63	12.44	40 959	17 957	73.41	23.75	1 655
2003	72.99	12.27	21.41	44.26	29.75	12.78	39 679	17 861	74.57	21.76	1 553
2004	76.09	11.86	20.80	45.82	29.78	11.67	37 290	16 893	70.93	24.44	1 641
2005	74.68	11.33	19.76	46.22	29.32	11.67	36 193	15 351	73.70	22.72	1 620
2006	77.16	11.07	19.70	50.56	26.64	10.82	34 036	14 296	71.78	25.75	1 623
2007	76.99	10.66	19.02	51.17	27.54	9.73	31 957	13 412	74.03	23.40	1 590
2008	68.73	10.28	18.62	52.08	27.56	9.21	30 755	13 345	71.15	25.34	1 681
2009	72.00	10.14	18.67	51.82	28.28	8.65	29 722	12 920	63.25	34.67	1 872
2010	68.20	9.67	18.06	54.15	27.00	8.30	27 565	12 305	66.72	30.66	1 719
2011	64.75	9.45	17.85	53.46	27.59	7.77	27 469	12 247	66.46	29.88	1 610
2012	-	9.33	17.97	53.20	27.63	8.04	26 899	12 224	65.57	31.27	1 583
2011	-	9.20	17.79	53.76	26.00	8.48	26 930	12 036	68.03	2853	1 686
Proportional variation	-29.82	-31.80	-22.48	33.00	-16.96	-39.34	-44.52	-42.15	-4.17	9.65	-9.74
Β	-1.09	-0.34	-0.41	1.11	-0.43	-0.46	-1593	-712	-0.68	0.70	-1.46
p	0.02	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.80

• ^*
  Por 100.000 Nascidos Vivos;
• ^**
  Por 1.000 Nascidos Vivos; RN= recém-nascido.
• Fonte: Rede Interagencial de Informações para a Saúde (RIPSA; SIM/MS).

The number of infant deaths fell significantly, however, approximately 70% were of avoidable causes, affecting more than 26,900 children in 2013. The group of causes related to adequate care during gestation and childbirth saw a significant increase (p<0.001) with a proportional variation of 33% (Table 5).

Most maternal deaths were connected with direct obstetric causes, with a mean annual reduction of 0.70% in number of deaths (Table 5).

Discussion

In the fifteen years studied, almost 3/4 of all births occurred within the SUS network. There was a substantial increase in caesarian sections in this sector. Rates far higher than the maximum of 15% recommended by the WHO means that Brazil leads the world ranking in terms of surgical births. This is a critical and challenging state of affairs for childbirth care.

With the highest prevalence of caesarian births in the world (56.7%),19 Brazil is followed by Turkey (50.4%), Mexico (45.2%), Chile (44.7%) and compares unfavorably with much lower rates in Denmark (22.2%), Sweden (16.4%) and the Netherlands (15.6%).²⁰

The technocratic care model overvalues medical technology and the medicalization and hospitalization of childbirth and, although births are still predominantly vaginal in the public sector, "care is excessively ritualistic and interventionist and not based on scientific evidence".²¹

The number of births fell over the fifteen years evaluated, although the rate of adolescent pregnancy is still high. Among women aged 40 years or older, primiparous pregnancies increased more than 100%, indicating that women are putting off the birth of the first child in the country.

In this age group, age is an independent risk factor for placenta praevia, premature detachment of placenta, caesarian birth and perinatal mortality, including stillbirth. The role of routine prenatal surveillance among these women thus requires more in-depth investigation.²²

Down syndrome was more frequent among the children of women aged 40 years or over, along with low birth weight (LBW), which exceeded the 10% acceptable according to the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of the Child.²³ Premature birth saw a marked increase among mothers of all age groups. These factors pose a direct risk of morbidity, mortality and underdevelopment in children.

The birth of children with low weight is associated with low quality and inequality in prenatal care, excessive medical interventions and the increase in premature birth. Prevention of premature birth requires adequate and timely prenatal care and control of caesarian sections without technical indication.^2,3,23,24

The significant growth in the number of prenatal consults identified in the study reveals the expansion of access to care during gestation. However, studies have shown that, despite high coverage, prenatal care is of unsatisfactory quality and thus compromises the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of mothers and babies.^12,25,26

The reduction in neonatal and perinatal deaths occurred gradually at a rate of around 0.3 deaths/ 1,000 live births per year. There was also an increase in avoidable causes of infant death related to adequate care during gestation and childbirth. The slow decrease in neonatal deaths compared to the substantial reduction in infant mortality points to a lack of integration between prenatal care and childbirth and high rates of, often unnecessary, caesarian births. The predominance of causes of death preventable by adequate care during gestation and childbirth shows the need to improve care during these periods.^5,27

The maternal death rate remained persistently high and most deaths were related to direct obstetric causes, principally hypertension and hemorrhage, which are mostly preventable with prenatal supervision and childbirth care and high quality birth. This suggests shortcomings in terms of the adequacy and quality of obstetric care, from the prenatal period to immediate postpartum.²⁷ Around the world in the past decades, maternal mortality has decreased at a much faster rate than that observed in Brazil. Countries where such deaths are at acceptable levels, according to the WHO classification, the causes of death are predominantly indirect.^6,28,29

The results of the present study point out potential problems regarding the quality of hospital and prenatal obstetric care, since an increase in coverage of these has occurred simultaneously with a rise in infant deaths preventable by adequate care during gestation and childbirth, in premature births, low weight, and Down syndrome, and an unchanged maternal mortality rate for direct obstetric causes.

In the fifteen years studied, there were major changes, which show that the critical situation regarding the childbirth care model in Brazil has still not been resolved and still poses a serious challenge. The technocratic model of childbirth care is still hegemonic despite changes observed in the profile of mothers and births, with a gradual reduction in perinatal and neonatal deaths and a continuingly high maternal mortality rate. This shows that the system needs to be designed in such a way as to solve old problems and meet new demands, directing efforts to ensuring care that guarantees the right to safe and healthy childbirth.

References

• ¹
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• ¹¹
  Silva ALA, Mendes ACG, Miranda GMD, Sá DA, Souza WV, Lyra TM. Avaliação da assistência hospitalar materna e neonatal: índice de completude da qualidade. Rev Saúde Pública. 2014; 48 (4): 682-91.
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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Apr-Jun 2016

History

• Received
  14 Dec 2015
• Accepted
  07 Apr 2016