Adequate versus inadequate weight gain and socioeconomic factors of pregnant women followed up in primary care

Abstract

Objectives:

to identify the socioeconomic factors associated with inadequate (excessive and insufficient) weight gain in women followed during prenatal care in Basic Health Units in a Municipality of the Countryside of Ceará.

Methods:

a study was carried out with 189 pregnant women. Data were tabulated in the Excel Program and data analysis was performed in the Stata Program. In the bivariate analysis, the chisquare or Fisher's exact test was used, and the Poisson multivariate regression was used for the association between variables and the excessive or insufficient weight gain.

Results:

insufficient weight gain was associated with the absence of the partner (RR=1.15 CI95% = 1.02 - 1.30) and excessive weight gain was associated with non-working women (RR = 0.90 CI95% = 0.84-0.96).

Conclusions:

absence of partner and lack of work were associated with inadequate weight gain during pregnancy.

Key words
Pregnant women; Prenatal care; Overweight

Resumo

Objetivos:

identificar os fatores socioeconômicos associados a ganho de peso inadequado (excessivo e insuficiente) em mulheres acompanhadas durante o Pré-Natal em Unidades Básicas de Saúde, em um Município do Interior do Ceará.

Métodos:

estudo realizado com 189 gestantes. A tabulação dos dados foi realizada no Programa Excel e a análise dos dados foi realizada no Programa Stata. Na análise bivariada foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, e a regressão multivariada de Poisson para a associação entre as variáveis e o ganho ponderal excessivo ou insuficiente.

Resultados:

o ganho de peso insuficiente esteve associado à ausência do companheiro (RR=1,15 IC95%= 1,02 – 1,30) e o ganho de peso excessivo foi associado a mulheres que não trabalhavam (RR=0,90 IC95%= 0,84 – 0,96).

Conclusões:

a ausência de companheiro e a falta de trabalho estiveram associados ao ganho de peso inadequado durante a gestação.

Palavras-chave
Gestantes; Cuidado pré-natal; Sobrepeso

Introduction

Inadequacies in weight gain during pregnancy are important predictors of complications for mother and child. The weight gain is one of the main changes that occur during pregnancy. It is distributed from the conception until birth in several components, such as fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid, blood volume of the mother, besides uterine and mammary gland enlargement, each one of them being gradually modified during gestation.^1-3

The high variation in weight gain of healthy pregnant women seems to be determined by different maternal characteristics. Among these, adverse socioeconomic conditions are relevant factors that generate gestational risks. In general, these situations are associated with stress and inadequate nutritional conditions.^4,5

Teen pregnancy, pre-gestational low weight, low income, low education level, smoke habit, alcohol and drug consumption during pregnancy contribute to insufficient gestational weight gain.³ However, excessive weight gain during gestation is associated to a minimum age of 35 years, pre-gestational overweight and obesity, presence of companion, alcohol consumption during pregnancy and working outside the home.^6,7

An early identification of possible risk factors associated with inadequate weight gain during preg-nancy is indispensable to allow effective and opportune interventions⁸ that may reverse or ease unfavorable gestation outcomes. Hence, this study aimed to identify socioeconomic factors associated with inadequate weight gain (excessive and insufficient) in women during pre-birth follow ups in basic health units in a city of Ceará State.

Methods

A transversal study was performed with 189 pregnant women distributed among 17 (85%) basic health units in Horizonte city, Ceará State, between August and September 2015. The remaining 15% of the City units were not included due to difficulties the researchers had to access them. Sampling was performed with a questionnaire to acquire data concerning age, marital status, pregnancy planning, occupation, education level, income and habitation. All individuals in waiting rooms for medical consultation of pre-natal exams were invited to participate in the research. Age limits or pregnancy stage were not used as inclusion criteria. After reading and explaining the consent term, pregnant women that agreed to participate were interviewed by the authors of this study. Initially, sampling included 210 individuals, which represented 37.2% of the population of pregnant women in the city at the period, which was of 564 women according to data from the City Health Secretary. For the analysis in this study, 189 pregnant women were selected due to the absence of information concerning pre-gestational weight in 21 record books of the individuals.

During the first interview, pregnant women were instructed to remove their shoes for current weight evaluation, which was assessed in digital scale (FILIZOLA^®) that had a capacity of 180kg and 100g graduation. Height was measured with a SANNY portable stadiometer with a 0.1cm precision. Individuals were asked to remain erect with extended arms lateral to the body. Anthropometric data referring to pre-gestational period were obtained from the record books.

Weight gain adequacy was evaluated according to the estimated weight gain recommended by the Ministry of Health.⁹ Through the pre-gestational nutritional state, the ideal recommendation until this period was compared to the calculation described in Table 1 and attributed to insufficient, adequate or excessive weight gain categories. A 1kg variation for more or less of the calculated estimate was considered as an adequate weight gain. Superior or inferior variations were considered as excessive or insufficient weight gain, respectively. In the first trimester, independently of previous anthropometric state, pregnant women that lost up until 3kg of weight were classified in the adequate weight gain category.

Table 1
Recommendation of weight gain for pregnant women.

Classification of pre gestational nutritional status	Recommendation of ideal weight gain by quarter and based on previous nutritional status
	Up to 13 GW	14 to 27	27 to 36	From 37
Low weight	2.3	2.3 + 0.5/week	8.8 + 0.5/week	12.5 a 18.0 Kg
Eutrophic	1.6	1.6 + 0.4/week	6.8 + 0.4/week	11.5 a 16.0 Kg
Overweight	0.9	0.9 + 0.3/week	4.8 + 0.3/week	7.0 a 11.5 Kg
Obesity	0.0	0.0 + 0.2/week	2.6 + 0.2/week	5.0 a 9.0 Kg

⁸

For best comprehension, an example is described. A pregnant woman considered eutrophic according to pre-gestational Body Mass Index (BMI) with weight gain of 15kg in the 30^th week of pregnancy (weight gain: actual weight in the 30^th week minus pre-gestational weight verified in the record book). According to the literature (Table 1), the ideal weight gain would be [1.6kg (1^st trimester) + 6.8kg (17 weeks x 0.4kg)], which would render a total of 8.4kg at the 30^th pregnancy week. Hence, this individual was classified in the excessive weight gain category, considering that she had gained 15kg.

For statistical analyses, data were collected and organized in the EXCEL software. Then, data were processed and analyzed with STATA v. 10.0 software, in which the categorical variables were tabulated in simple and percentage frequencies. Numeric variables, such as age and income, were dichotomized to reduce categories. For the bivariate analysis, chisquare test or Fisher’s exact test was used considering a significance level of p<0.05.

The association between evaluated variables and excessive or insufficient weight gain was verified using a Poisson regression model with robust variance. Initially, a bivariate analysis was performed to evaluate possible associations between the socioeconomic variables (independent variables) and gestational weight gain (dependent variable). In this procedure, probability inferior to 5% was considered as a statistic significant level for the selection in the multiple Poisson regression model. Variables that presented statistically significant association with p<0.20 were included in the multiple regression analysis.

This study was performed in accordance with regulation (document 466/12) and approved by the Ethics Committee for Research in the University Center Estácio do Ceará with protocol number 53026015.4.0000.5038. All pregnant women signed the consent form.

Results

From the total of 189 analyzed pregnant women, 97 (51.3%) had excessive weight gain, 30 (15.9%) presented insufficient weight gain and 62 (32.8%) had adequate weight gain in the moment of data collection. Data were analyzed in two ways; by comparing the ones classified as having adequate weight gain with the ones with excessive weight gain (Table 2) and adequate with insufficient weight gain (Table 3).

Table 2
Multivariate analysis between the variables under study and weight gain (adequate versus excessive). Horizonte (CE), 2015.

Variables		Total		Adequate		Excessive		RR	CI95%	p
		n	%	n	%	n	%
Age (years)
< 20		30	100.0	14	46.7	16	53.3	1.02	0.93 - 1.11	0.658
≥ 20		129	100.0	48	37.2	81	62.8
Marital status
With partner		145	100.0	55	38.0	90	62.0	0.99	0.86 - 1.13	0.912
Without partner		14	100.0	07	50.0	07	50.0
Planned pregnancy
Yes		90	100.0	35	38.9	55	61.1	0.98	0.92 - 1.04	0.664
No		69	100.0	27	39.1	42	60.9
Insertion at work
Yes		74	100.0	21	28.4	53	71.6	0.90	0.84 - 0.96	0.002*
No		85	100.0	41	48.2	44	51.8
Schooling
< Middle School		76	100.0	29	38.2	47	61.8	0.97	0.91 - 1.04	0.664
≥ High School		83	100.0	33	39.8	50	60.2
Zone
Urban		126	100.0	48	38.1	78	61.9	0.99	0.92 - 1.07	0.992
Rural		33	100.0	14	42.4	19	57.6
	Total	159	100.0	62	39.0	97	61.0
Income (wages)
≤ 1,5		66	100.0	24	36.4	42	63.6	0.95	0.88 - 1.01	0.150
> 1,5		86	100.0	34	39.5	52	60.5
	Total *	152	100.0	58	38.2	94	61.8

• ^*
  Four pregnant women with adequate weight gain and three pregnant women with a gain above did not respond to income.

Table 3
Multivariate analysis between the variables under study and weight gain (adequate versus insufficient). Horizonte (CE), 2015.

Variables		Total		Adequate		Insufficient		RR	CI95%	p
		n	%	n	%	n	%
Age (years)
< 20		20	100.0	14	70.0	06	30.0	1.05	0.94 - 1.17	0.346
≥ 20		72	100.0	48	66.7	24	33.3
Marital status
With partner		78	100.0	55	70.5	23	29.5	1.15	1.02 - 1.30	0.021*
Without partner		14	100.0	07	50.0	07	50.0
Planned pregnancy
Yes		49	100.0	35	71.4	14	28.6	1.02	0.93 - 1.11	0.586
No		43	100.0	27	62.8	16	37.2
Insertion at work
Yes		32	100.0	21	65.6	11	34.4	0.97	0.89 - 1.07	0.674
No		60	100.0	41	68.3	19	31.7
Schooling
< Middle School		45	100.0	29	64.4	16	35.5	0.98	0.89 - 1.09	0.833
≥ High School		47	100.0	33	70.2	14	29.8
Zone
Urban		67	100.0	48	71.6	19	28.4	1.09	0.99 - 1.20	0.050*
Rural		25	100.0	14	56.0	11	44.0
	Total	92	100.0	62	68.0	30	32.0
Income (wages)
≤ 1,5		37	100.0	24	64.9	13	35.1	1.02	0.91 - 1.14	0.664
> 1,5		49	100.0	34	69.4	15	30.6
	Total *	86	100.0	58	67.4	28	32.6

• ^*
  Four pregnant women with adequate weight gain and two pregnant women below the recommended did not respond to income.

Table 2 presents the comparison between pregnant women that had adequate weight gain with those that had excessive rates and independent variables. In this first analysis, individuals with insufficient weight gain were excluded. Results demonstrated that 39% of pregnant women had adequate weight gain and 61% presented excessive weight gain. The excessive weight gain was predominant in adults (62.8%), in women with companions (62%) and in those that worked (71.6%) in comparison to teens, respectively.

Concerning the planning of pregnancy, education level, location of the house and income, percentage values presented for each dichotomized variable were similar between women with adequate and excessive weight gain (Table 2). Therefore, there was no statistical significance.

In the multivariate Poisson analysis, results demonstrated that women that did not work presented less chance for an excessive weight gain [RR=0.90 (CI95% = 0.84 – 0.96)].

Table 3 demonstrates the association between pregnant women with adequate weight gain versus those with insufficient weight gain and remaining variables. For this analysis, those with excessive weight gain were excluded. Hence, 68% presented adequate weight gain and 32% were insufficient. Insufficient gestational weight gain was more frequent in adults (33.3%); with no companion (50%); unplanned pregnancy (37.2%); employed (34.4%); unfinished high school (35.5%); rural area residents and those with income lower than 1.5 minimum salaries (35.1%).

Multivariate Poisson analysis confirmed that women with no companion presented higher chance of having insufficient weight gain [RR=1.15 (CI95%= 1.02 – 1.3)]. In addition, women in rural areas also presented a tendency for insufficient weight gain [RR=1.09 (CI95% = 0.99 – 1.20)].

Discussion

In this study, results demonstrated frequent occurrence of inadequate gestational weight gain, in which excessive (51.3%) and insufficient (15.9%) cases occurred. Hence, only 32.8% of pregnant women had adequate levels of weight gain. The increase of excessive weight gain during gestation is frequently associated with obesity among women.

Studies demonstrate that the extra weight acquired during pregnancy is usually maintained after birth, leading to obstetric and perinatal negative consequences.^10,11 Therefore, an early intervention in pregnant women with excessive weight gain is important, considering that it may have a positive impact and diminish frequency of obesity among women in the future.¹⁰ In addition, it is important to note that the investigation of inadequate weight gain in this study was performed during gestation and, therefore, the individuals were performing pre-natal exams.

A prospective transversal study performed in Aracaju City, Sergipe State, with 214 pregnant women in a public maternity hospital revealed that excessive weight gain was identified in 57.6% of the individuals and only 25.2% had adequate values.¹² Those results are similar to the values presented here, in which excessive weight gain was identified in 61% of the investigated women. Another transversal study performed in 21 health units of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia State, with 328 pregnant women revealed that 51.9% of them presented excessive weight gain.¹³ These data were also similar to the results identified here, in which more than half of the investigated pregnant women presented excessive gestational weight gain (51.3%).

This condition suggests that such women did not receive adequate nutritional care or did not follow up the recommendations. It has been demonstrated that excessive weight gain presents a negative impact on growth and development of the infant and may generate complications in pregnancy and consequences for the mother after birth.^14,15 The monitoring of weight gain may be jeopardized in the absence of a nutritionist professional in many Brazilian cities, which may affect prenatal followups.

The prenatal technical manual¹⁶ of the Ministry of Health describes the importance of care for pregnant women aiming to reduce morbidity and mortality rates in mothers and children by means of improvement of access, cover and quality of medical care. In addition, this document emphasizes the roles of the physician, nurse, health agent and nurse assistant in Family Health Strategy teams in the care of pregnant women. According to the description, the nutritional assistance must be attributed to the physician and/or nurse, which in many cases may not be prepared for a specific nutritional conduct.

It is important that individualized nutritional care to pregnant women is performed by professional nutritionists from the improved Health Family Support Nucleus or through the elaboration of protocols for consultation and referral. Furthermore, these professionals may aid in the formation and continued education of the professionals from Family Health Strategy teams.^17,18

Concerning the companion issue, the absence of family stability throughout pregnancy may affect negatively the psychological and financial state of the mother.^11,13 In this study, the risk for excessive weight gain in women with companions and the risk for insufficient weight gain for women without companions were assessed and confirmed by Poisson regression [RR=1.15 (CI95% = 1.02 – 1.30)]. This may be explained by the fact that the marital status is an important aspect to be considerate and the absence of a father figure may bring less financial stability, which may constitute as a risk factor for the mother’s nutritional status, causing a decrease in the birth weight of newborns.¹⁹

As for pregnancy planning, there was no significant difference between groups. The incidence of adequate weight gain versus excessive and insufficient was very similar. Analyzing the employment status revealed that 71.6% presented a higher risk of excessive weight gain, compared to 51.8% [RR=0.90 (CI95% = 0.84 – 0.96)] of individuals that were unemployed. This finding was superior to a transversal study with 212 pregnant women in Botucatu City, São Paulo, in which 54.3% of women that were employed had excessive weight gain. In addition, 30.5% of individuals that had adequate weight gain were unemployed.¹⁴ This may be associated with the fact that unemployed women have more time for pursuing a healthy diet, better prenatal followups and physical activities. In addition, working may generate stress, which can lead to inadequate consumption of food. Employment was not significant for insufficient weight gain.

Concerning insufficient weight gain versus adequate weight gain and the remaining variables, this study verified a 30% rate of insufficient weight gain. A similar value was identified by Andreto et al.,²⁰ which reported a rate of 31.1%. Although many studies emphasize that excessive weight gain is a matter that requires immediate attention in prenatal care,¹⁵ it is also troublesome to observe that an elevate rate of pregnant women presented insufficient weight gain, which is frequently associated with premature birth and low weight at birth.^20-22

This fact reinforces the importance of nutritional monitoring in prenatal care, which must focus on modifiable factors, such as weight gain and diet. Both of these benefits women at risk of excessive and insufficient weight gain alike through the monitoring of weight gain and orientations of healthy diet practices.^23-25

In this study, insufficient weight gain was observed in adults (33.3%), with unfinished high school (35.5%) and with an income up to 1.5 minimal salaries (35.1%). A study performed in São Paulo demonstrated that the low weight indicated very similar values. In this report, low weight was observed in 33% of adults with less than 8 years of study (26.7%) and with an average income of 1 minimum salary.¹⁴ These findings reinforce the impact of low education level and low income in the low weight during pregnancy, considering that the lack of financial resources and lack of instruction inhibits women from seeking medical assistance, information on diet and nutrition during this period, in addition to the lack of resources necessary for guaranteeing an adequate diet.

Analyzing the habitation of pregnant women and comparing excessive with adequate weight gain, there was no significant difference between rural and urban zone individuals. However, when insufficient gain versusadequate gain were associated with habitation, a tendency of pregnant women from the rural area presenting a risk for insufficient weight gain was observed, 44% [RR=1.09 (CI95% = 0.99 – 1.20)], compared to 28.4% of risk for those living in the urban area. It might be considered that pregnant women living in locations far from the urban area may have difficulties in access to prenatal care, havin less access to assistance in this moment; in addition to this, the lifestyle with restriction on energetic consumption of women in the rural area in comparison to those in the urban area have been demonstrated by the POF26 research of 2008-2009. In this report, the deficit of weight in women of the rural area (5.5%) surpasses 5% in Northeastern Brazil, which is critical and higher than the urban area women (4.5%).

Socioeconomic factors that were mostly associated with excessive weight gain in pregnant women in this study were age, marital status and employment status. On the other hand, insufficient weight gain was mostly associated with marital status, education level, income and habitation.

In conclusion, the results indicate that socioeconomic characteristics must be considered when monitoring weight gain during pregnancy. These factors seem to determine weight gain, whether excessive or insufficient. Considering that one of the objectives of prenatal care is identifying early risk factors for unfavorable pregnancy outcomes, understanding such factors is indispensable.

References

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jan-Mar 2019

History

• Received
  19 Mar 2018
• Reviewed
  21 Oct 2018
• Accepted
  28 Nov 2018