Epidemiological profile of patients with congenital and gestational syphilis in a city in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract

Objectives:

to assess the epidemiological profile of congenital and syphilis during pregnancy in residents of São José do Rio Preto in São Paulo State.

Methods:

ecological study of the epidemiological profile of patients with congenital and gestational syphilis, based on the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Information System for Notifiable Diseases) from 2007 to 2016.

Results:

there were 396 cases of syphilis reported in pregnant women and 290 of congenital syphilis. In 2016, the rate of detecting syphilis in pregnant women was 13.2 cases/1,000 live births, while congenital syphilis the incidence rate was 6.5 cases/1,000 live births. For gestational syphilis, 54% of the diagnosis was performed in 2nd or 3rd trimester and 85% were reported at the primary care. Adequate treatment for pregnant women occurred in 96% of the notifications with 52% of partners treated. In congenital syphilis, 82% of the mothers underwent prenatal care. However, 94% of the pregnant women were treated inadequately while 82% of the partners did not receive any treatment.

Conclusions:

there has been an increase in the number of cases of gestational syphilis in pregnant women and a decrease in the cases of congenital syphilis from 2014. These results showed that the goal of 0.5 case/1,000 live births proposed by World Health Organization is still far from being achieved in this city.

Key words
Vertical transmission of infectious diseases; Pregnant women; Epidemiological surveillance; Notifiable diseases

Resumo

Objetivos:

conhecer o perfil epidemiológico da sífilis congênita e em gestantes nos residentes de São José do Rio Preto/SP.

Métodos:

estudo ecológico do perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com sífilis congênita e gestacional, a partir de dados coletados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação entre 2007 e 2016.

Resultados:

foram notificados 396 casos de sífilis em gestantes e 290 de sífilis congênita. Em 2016, a taxa de detecção da sífilis em gestantes foi 13,2 casos/1.000 nascidos vivos, enquanto a sífilis congênita, a taxa de incidência foi 6,5 casos/1.000 nascidos vivos. Para sífilis gestacional, 54% do diagnóstico foram realizados no 2° ou 3° trimestre e 85% notificadas na atenção primária. O tratamento adequado das gestantes ocorreu em 97% das notificações, com 52% dos parceiros tratados. Na sífilis congênita, 82% das mães realizaram o pré-natal, entretanto, 94% das gestantes foram tratadas inadequadamente e 82% dos parceiros não realizaram o tratamento.

Conclusões:

foi observado o aumento no número de casos de sífilis em gestantes e uma queda dos casos de sífilis congênita a partir de 2014. Com esses resultados, é notório que a meta de 0,5 caso/1.000 nascidos vivos proposta pela Organização Mundial da Saúde ainda está distante de ser alcançada no município.

Palavras-chave:
Transmissão vertical de doença infecciosa; Gestantes; Vigilância epidemiológica; Notificação de doenças

Introduction

Syphilis is an infectious disease with chronic evolution and often asymptomatic, caused by the Treponema pallidumbacterium. Transmission occurs by sexual intercourse without any protection, vertically or by contaminated blood transfusion.¹

It is estimated that over 11 million new cases of syphilis occur each year worldwide, with high incidence rates specially in Latin America, Africa and Asia.² In Brazil, the disease constitutes as a serious public health problem, especially in the maternal and child population.^3,4

In Brazil, between 2007 and 2016, there has been an increase in the number of notifications and epidemiological rates of syphilis at pregnancy and congenital syphilis. In pregnant women, the detection rate was 2.5 cases/1,000 live births in 2007 to 12.4 cases/1,000 live births in 2016. For congenital syphilis, the incidence rate was 1.9 cases/1,000 live births in 2007 and increased to 6.8 cases/1,000 live births in 2016.⁵

During 2007 to 2011, there were 49,166 cases of syphilis in pregnant women and 33,763 cases of congenital syphilis. From 2012 to 2016, there was a considerable increase in syphilis cases in pregnant women in the country, totaling 137,497 cases. The same was observed for congenital syphilis, with 226,460 cases that occurred in this period.⁵ Only in 2016, 37,436 cases of syphilis in pregnant women and 20,474 cases of congenital syphilis were reported, causing the death of 185 children under one year of age.⁶

The elimination of congenital syphilis is one of the goals proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) expected from the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), stipulating an incidence rate of 0.5 cases per 1,000 live births.^7,8 Syphilis is a notifiable disease, being reported in Brazil since 1986. However, in pregnant women, the notification is mandatory since 2005, and for congenital syphilis, since 2010.⁹

Syphilis in pregnant women is treatable; consequently, congenital syphilis can be prevented. Its occurrence is indicative of failures in the prenatal care, diagnosis, or treatment.¹⁰ Transmission to the fetus can have serious implications and it is important that cases of syphilis in pregnant women are detected and treated in a timely manner, together with their sexual partners.¹¹

Given the impact of syphilis in public health and the increasing number of cases, it is extremely important that the cities know the real occurrence of the disease in their population so that prevention and control actions can be taken. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the epidemiological profile of mandatory notifications of congenital syphilis in pregnant women registered and living in the city in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil, from 2007 to 2016.

Methods

This is an ecological study, using data contained in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) (Information System for Notifiable Diseases) from mandatory notifications of syphilis cases in pregnant women and congenital syphilis in residents in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil, from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2016.

The Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) (Live Birth Information System) was used to retrieve the number of live births in this city during the study period and to calculate incidence and detection rates. All the data from Sinan and Sinasc were collected at the Vigilância Epidemiológica da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (Epidemiological Surveillance Service at the Municipal Secretary of Health).

Cases of syphilis in pregnant women and congenital syphilis cases were defined according to precepts of the Ministry of Health and data presented from the Sinan notification/investigation forms. Regarding to pregnant women, cases are notified during prenatal care when presenting clinical evidence or positive serology.

Cases of congenital syphilis are notified for newborns, stillbirths or miscarriages from women with untreated or improperly treated syphilis. In addition, cases of children under 13 years old with clinical, serological or microbiological evidence of infection are also notified.⁷

In this study, all syphilis notification forms from residents in São José do Rio Preto in the period of analysis were included. All forms were analyzed, including the ones with missing information. Those cases are mentioned in Results and in Discussion.

Thereby, 396 notifications forms of syphilis in pregnant women and 290 notifications of congenital syphilis were analyzed. The assessed parameters were chosen according to the greatest epidemiological impact and to the literature on this subject. Firstly, the data was exported from Sinan and tabulated using the TabWin^® software. Epi Info® and Microsoft Office Excel^® were used for calculation of distribution free statistics and epidemiological rates.

The detection rate of syphilis in pregnant women was calculated by the number of reported cases per year divided by the number of live births in the same year/place and multiplied by 1,000. To calculate the incidence rate of congenital syphilis, the number of new cases per year was used, divided by the number of live births of the same year/place and multiplied by 1,000.

In the notifications of syphilis in pregnant women, the analyzed variables were: sociodemographic characteristics (age, race, schooling, and occupation), health unit which notified the case, clinical classification of the disease, and treatment of pregnant women and partners. For congenital syphilis, the mother's epidemiological antecedents (prenatal care and time of diagnosis), the mother’s and partners' treatment, the child's laboratory tests and clinical information, treatment, and evolution were considered.

The forms utilized in this research did not present the names of the individuals; therefore, their identity was kept confidential. There was no need for the Informed Consent Form. This project was approved by the Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (Municipal Secretary of Health) and the Ethics Committee in Research of the School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) under the document number 2.106.872 (CAAE: 68727317.9.0000.5415).

Results

Between 2007 and 2016, 396 cases of syphilis were reported from pregnant women with a clear increase in the number of notifications, from 10 cases (2.5%) in 2007 to 71 cases (18%) in 2016. Consequently, there was an increase in the detection rate of the disease in pregnant women, with 13.2 cases/1,000 live births in 2016, the highest rate in the studied period (Table 1). Regarding the sociodemographic profiles from the pregnant women, there was a higher occurrence in white women (57%), between the ages of 20 to 29 years old (55%), with incomplete elementary schooling (27%), and housewives (46 %) (Table 2).

Table 1
Cases of congenital syphilis, cases of syphilis in pregnant women, detection rate of gestational syphilis and incidence rate of congenital syphilis, according to year of diagnosis. São José do Rio Preto, Brazil, 2007-2016.

	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Gestational syphilis
N†	10	13	15	34	40	46	58	46	63	71
%	2.53	3.28	3.79	8.59	10.10	11.62	14.65	11.62	15.91	17.93
DR GS‡	2.1	2.6	2.9	6.5	7.7	8.6	10.8	8.1	11.1	13.2
Congenital syphilis
N*	6	3	4	19	30	41	55	63	34	35
%	2.07	1.03	1.38	6.55	10.34	14.14	18.97	21.72	11.72	12.07
IR CS**	1.2	0.6	0.8	3.6	5.7	7.7	10.3	11.1	6.0	6.5

• ^†
  Total number of cases of syphilis in pregnant woman corresponds to 396;
• ^‡
  Detection rate of gestational syphilis;
• ^*
  Total number of cases of congenital syphilis corresponds to 290;
• ^**
  Incidence rate of congenital syphilis.

Table 2
Sociodemographic, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics of notified pregnant women. São José do Rio Preto, Brazil, 2007-2016.

Characteristics	N=396	%
Sociodemographic
Age group (years)
≤ 19	92	23.23
20 -29	217	54.80
≥ 30	87	21.97
Race
Caucasian	227	57.32
Mixed	115	29.04
Black	40	10.10
Unknown/blank	14	3.54
Schooling
Unknown/blank	66	16.67
Illiterate	2	0.51
Incomplete elementary degree	108	27.27
Elementary degree	35	8.84
Incomplete high school degree	81	20.45
High school degree	91	22.98
Incomplete higher education degree	5	1.26
Higher education degree	8	2.02
Occupation
Housewife	182	45.96
Student	13	3.28
Receptionist	12	3.03
Housekeeper	12	3.03
Cook	3	0.76
Manicure	6	1.52
Sex worker	7	1.77
Saleswoman	4	1.01
Unemployed	3	0.76
Administrative assistant	3	0.76
Others	27	6.82
Unknown/blank	124	31.31
Clinical and epidemiological
Notifying health unit
Primary care	338	85.35
Tertiary care	34	8.59
Specialized care	22	5.56
City Secretary of Health	2	0.51
Gestational trimester
1st trimester	163	41.16
2nd trimester	134	33.84
3rd trimester	80	20.20
Unknown gestational age	10	2.53
Unknown/blank	9	2.27
Clinical stage of the disease
Unknown/blank	89	22.47
Primary	149	37.63
Secondary	36	9.09
Tertiary	40	10.10
Latent	82	20.71
Treatment for pregnant women
Yes	383	96.72
No	12	3.03
Unknown/blank	1	0.25
Treatment for the partner
Yes	207	52.27
No	152	38.38
Unknown/blank	37	9.34
Reason the partner did not treat
Unknown/blank	244	61.62
No relation with the pregnant woman	40	10.10
Partner did not attend	25	6.31
Partner with non-reactive serology	20	5.05
Partner was not notified by the health service	4	1.01
Partner refused treatment	2	0.51
Other reasons	61	15.40

From the reports of syphilis in pregnant women, 338 (85%) were performed at the primary care units, and 54% of the pregnant women were notified in the 2^nd or 3^rd trimester of pregnancy. The primary stage of the disease was registered in 38% of the pregnant women and, in most cases (97%), the treatment was performed, using benzathine penicillin in three doses was the most common therapeutic approach (Table 2).

In relation to the pregnant women’s partners, 52% chose to receive the treatment, and 38% did not. In 10% of the case, the information was not available. Among the reasons for not receiving the treatment, there are facts that the partners were not in a relationship with the pregnant women anymore (10%), and non-attendance of the partner at the Basic Health Units (6%). However, 62% of the notifications were ignored data (Table 2).

Concerning congenital syphilis, 290 cases were registered with the highest incidence in 2014 (63 cases, 22%), corresponding to 11.1 cases/1,000 live births. The incidence rate increased between 2007 and 2014. However, in 2015 and 2016 the rates were lower, respectively, 6.0 and 6.5 cases/1,000 live births (Table 1).

The epidemiological record of congenital syphilis showed that 82% of the pregnant women received prenatal care, and 63% of them were diagnosed during this period. However, in 34% of the cases, the disease was only identified at the moment of giving birth or at curettage. In 274 cases (94%), the treatment for pregnant woman was considered inappropriate or not performed, and 82% of the partners were not treated (Table 3).

Table 3
Characteristics of prenatal care and treatment for the pregnant woman and partner, clinical and laboratory aspects of the child, and evolution of the cases of congenital syphilis. São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil, 2007-2016.

Characteristics	N=396	%
Background of pregnant woman and partner
Prenatal care
Yes	237	81.72
No	53	18.28
Diagnosis of the pregnant woman
During prenatal care	183	63.10
During birth/curettage	98	33.79
After birth	8	2.76
Not performed	1	0.34
Partner treated
No	239	82.41
Yes	31	10.69
Unknown/blank	20	6.90
Treatment for pregnant women
Inadequate/Not treated	274	94.48
Adequate	12	4.14
Unknown/blank	4	1.38
Child's clinic and laboratorial
Clinical diagnosis
Asymptomatic	207	71.38
Symptomatic	23	7.93
Not applicable	33	11.38
Unknown/blank	27	9.31
Non-Treponemal test (blood)
Reagent	178	61.38
Not reagent	59	20.34
Not performed	32	11.03
Unknown/blank	21	7.24
Non-Treponemal test (cerebrospinal fluid)
Reagent	7	2.41
Not reagent	175	60.34
Not performed	81	27.93
Unknown/blank	27	9.31
Cerebrospinal fluid alterations
No	157	54.14
Yes	26	8.97
Not performed	70	24.14
Unknown/blank	37	12.76
Long bones alterations
No	184	63.45
Yes	42	14.48
Not performed	39	13.45
Unknown/blank	25	8.62
Child's treatment scheme and outcome
Newborn Treatment
Crystalline Penicillin G 100.000-150.000UI/kg/day, for 10 days	127	43.79
Penicillin G Procaine 50.000 UI/kg/day, for 10 days	91	31.38
Penicillin G Benzatin 50.000 UI/kg/day, single dose	9	3.10
Other scheme	7	2.41
Not performed	36	12.41
Unknown/blank	20	6.90
Outcome
Alive	241	83.10
Death from syphilis	4	1.38
Death of other cause	2	0.69
Abortion	26	8.97
Stillbirth	14	4.83
Unknown/blank	3	1.03

Nontreponemal blood tests for newborns were reactive in 61% of cases and nonreactive in 20% (Table 3). In cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, most were non-reactive (N=175), but 9% of cases presented changes in CSF analysis. Bone complications were present in 14% of the cases.

The most common treatment scheme for newborns was with crystalline penicillin G, 100,000 to 150,000 UI/kg/day, for 10 days (44%), followed by penicillin G procaine, 50,000 UI/kg/day, for 10 days (31%). The outcomes of congenital syphilis cases were classified as: alive (83%), abortion (9%), stillbirth (5%), death from syphilis (1%) and death from other causes (1%) (Table 3).

Discussion

According to the national and state data from 2007 to 2016, there was an increase in the number of syphilis notifications in pregnant women, both in the city object of the study and Brazil.⁵ Nevertheless, in 2016, São José do Rio Preto exhibited a syphilis detection rate in pregnant women of 13.2 cases/1,000 live births, above the national and state of São Paulo rates, respectively, 12.4 and 12.9 cases/1,000 live births, in the same year.⁶

An increased number of notifications of syphilis in pregnant women may be associated with several factors, such as a reduction of underreporting, access of pregnant women to prenatal care, and effective diagnosis.^13,14 Plans and strategies developed by the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (Public Health System), such as the “Rede Cegonha” (Stork Network) and the implementation of rapid tests for screening syphilis in the primary care, improving the diagnosis and increasing the detection rate of syphilis in pregnant women.⁴ In this study, 85% of the pregnant women were notified in the primary care. However, most pregnant women (54%) were diagnosed only during the 2^nd and 3^rd trimesters of pregnancy, indicating that improvements in early diagnostic actions are still needed.

In relation to the pregnant women profiles, there was a predominance of women aged 20 to 29 years old (55%), similar as to São Paulo state, Brazil, and other locations, maybe because it is the most intense sexual life phase. These results highlight the need of actions focused on health education, safer sex practices, and family planning.

Regarding race and schooling, results were comparable to the data from São Paulo state.^6,18 Higher frequency was observed for Caucasian pregnant women (57%) with incomplete elementary schooling (27%). As for occupation, 46% of the pregnant women were referred to as housewives, in agreement to other studies,^14,15 although this information is often overlooked in the forms.

The maternal profiles observed in this study reflects the social context of syphilis, affecting individuals with higher social vulnerabilities, since most of women are not employed and do not have degree. Other researches point out that this context is related to social exclusion, the lack of prenatal care and difficulty to have access to information and schooling.^12,15,17 Thus, educational actions should focus on this population group, beginning at school age.

The incidence rates of congenital syphilis in Brazil and São Paulo state showed a linear and constant increase over the analyzed period (1.9 and 1.4 cases/1,000 live births in 2007, and 6.8 and 5.8 cases/1,000 live births in 2016, respectively).⁶ In comparison, the incidence rate in São José do Rio Preto was 1.2 cases/1,000 live births in 2007 and reached its peak in 2014 (11.1 cases/1,000 live births). However, in 2015 and 2016, there was a decrease in the incidence rate (6.0 to 6.5 cases/1,000 live births, respectively). It is suggested that this decrease may be the result of the efforts on prevention and early diagnosis of pregnant women in the city.

In contrast, some surveillance actions implemented by SUS may explain the high number of notifications of congenital syphilis, despite the decrease in recent years in this city. For example, improvement in diagnosis and mandatory serological tests at the moment of birth. However, there are still deficiencies in the primary care, especially in prenatal care, which also contribute to the increase in reported cases. Nonetheless, there are still deficiencies in the primary care, especially in prenatal care, which are also responsible for the increase in the number of cases.¹⁵ These deficiencies can be noted by the fact that 34% of mothers whose newborns were notified for congenital syphilis were only diagnosed at birth. Similar data is reported in other areas in Brazil^19-21.

Analyzing the treatment of the pregnant women, in 94% of the cases it was considered inadequate and, in 82% of the cases, their partners were not even treated. This is frequently reported in the literature.^14,19,22,23 Inadequate treatment of pregnant women and their partners is a key point in the occurrence of congenital syphilis. Despite that, still lacks efforts from public agencies to overcome this problem.

Epidemiological indicators are essential for carrying out surveillance actions and they should be analyzed in many contexts. A low number of cases of congenital syphilis does not necessarily indicate that vertical transmission is under control, since the disease may be occurring but without being notified. On the other hand, elevated numbers may suggest failures in the healthcare process, such as difficulties to access the services and inadequate treatment of pregnant women and their partners.^13,22,23

Elimination of congenital syphilis can be achieved by the cities through projects in line with the proposals of WHO. Actions for prevention, addressed at women of childbearing age, breaking the chain of acquired syphilis, consolidation of prenatal care conducts, and follow-up of pregnant women are crucial for controlling the disease.

Other strategies may include: training health professionals, sexually transmitted infections prevention campaigns, and raising awareness about this problem. In addition, health surveillance programs are important to reduce the underreported cases.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  13 Jan 2020
• Date of issue
  Oct-Dec 2019

History

• Received
  13 Feb 2019
• Reviewed
  19 June 2019
• Accepted
  01 Aug 2019