Photophase influence on the reproductive diapause, seasonal morphs, and feeding activity of Euschistus heros (Fabr., 1798) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Influência da fotofase na diapausa reprodutiva, formas sazonais e atividade alimentar de Euschistus heros (Fabr., 1798) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Abstracts

Laboratory studies were conducted to verify the influence of photophase on diapause incidence in the Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (Fabr., 1798), fed with soybean [Glycine max (L.)] Merrill pods. Nymphs were maintained at three different photophases: 10 h, 12 h, and 14 h, with constant temperature of 25 ± 1ºC and relative humidity of 65 ± 5%. With 14 h, aproximately 100% of the adults showed mature reproductive organs; the shoulder (spine) length was significantly greater (2.96 and 2.79 mm for females and males, respectively) than those of bugs maintained at the photophase of 12 h (2.60 mm for females and males) and 10 h (2.59 and 2.53 mm for females and males). At the longer photophase (14 h), E. heros showed better reproductive performance and greater feeding activity than insects reared at 10 h and 12 h; in all photophases bugs tended to reduce feeding from the 1st to the 6th week of life. Body color was considered an unreliable parameter to indicate diapause incidence. However, at 14 h, 60% of the insects were dark brown and 40% were reddish brown. These results indicate that E. heros enters reproductive diapause with photophase of 12 hours or less, showing immature reproductive organs or with intermediate development, with shoulder (spine) less developed and reduced feeding activity.

Neotropical brown stink bug; diapause; photoperiod; reproductive organs; feeding activity

A influência da fotofase na diapausa do percevejo-marrom Euschistus heros (Fabr.) alimentado com soja [Glycine max (L.)] Merrill foi estudada em laboratório. Os experimentos foram conduzidos sob três fotofases, 10 h, 12 h e 14 h, mantendo-se constantes a temperatura (25 ± 1ºC) e a umidade relativa (65 ± 5%). Sob 14 h, cerca de 100% dos insetos apresentaram órgãos reprodutivos maduros; os espinhos pronotais, medidos aos 10 dias de vida adulta, foram significativamente maiores (2,96 e 2,79 mm para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente) que os espinhos dos insetos mantidos sob 12 h (2,60 mm para fêmeas e machos) ou 10 h (2,59 e 2,53 mm para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente). Com a fotofase mais longa, ocorreu desempenho reprodutivo e atividade alimentar maiores do que o observado para adultos criados sob fotofase de 10 h ou 12 h. Em todas as fotofases observou-se tendência de diminuição da atividade alimentar dos percevejos da 1ª à 6ª semana. A coloração do corpo mostrou-se como um parâmetro não confiável para indicar a diapausa, mas, sob 14 h, cerca de 60% dos insetos apresentaram corpo marrom-escuro e os demais marrom-avermelhado. Esses resultados demonstram que esse percevejo entra em diapausa reprodutiva sob fotofase de 12 horas ou menos, apresentando órgãos reprodutivos imaturos ou com desenvolvimento intermediário, espinhos pronotais menos desenvolvidos e redução na atividade alimentar.

percevejo-marrom; diapausa; fotoperíodo; órgãos reprodutivos; atividade alimentar

PHOTOPHASE INFLUENCE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE DIAPAUSE, SEASONAL MORPHS, AND FEEDING ACTIVITY OF Euschistus heros (FABR., 1798) (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)

MOURÃO, A. P. M.¹ and PANIZZI, A. R.²

¹Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Agronomia, C.P. 6001, CEP 86051-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil

²Embrapa-Labex IPM, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA/ARS, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA

Correspondence to: Antônio Ricardo Panizzi, Embrapa-Labex IPM, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA/ARS, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA, e-mail: [e-mail]

Received September 26, 2000 ¾ Accepted December 11, 2000 ¾ Distributed May 31, 2002

(With 3 figures)

ABSTRACT

Laboratory studies were conducted to verify the influence of photophase on diapause incidence in the Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (Fabr., 1798), fed with soybean [Glycine max (L.)] Merrill pods. Nymphs were maintained at three different photophases: 10 h, 12 h, and 14 h, with constant temperature of 25 ± 1^oC and relative humidity of 65 ± 5%. With 14 h, aproximately 100% of the adults showed mature reproductive organs; the shoulder (spine) length was significantly greater (2.96 and 2.79 mm for females and males, respectively) than those of bugs maintained at the photophase of 12 h (2.60 mm for females and males) and 10 h (2.59 and 2.53 mm for females and males). At the longer photophase (14 h), E. heros showed better reproductive performance and greater feeding activity than insects reared at 10 h and 12 h; in all photophases bugs tended to reduce feeding from the 1st to the 6th week of life. Body color was considered an unreliable parameter to indicate diapause incidence. However, at 14 h, 60% of the insects were dark brown and 40% were reddish brown. These results indicate that E. heros enters reproductive diapause with photophase of 12 hours or less, showing immature reproductive organs or with intermediate development, with shoulder (spine) less developed and reduced feeding activity.

Key words: Neotropical brown stink bug, diapause, photoperiod, reproductive organs, feeding activity.

RESUMO

Influência da fotofase na diapausa reprodutiva, formas sazonais e atividade alimentar de Euschistus heros (Fabr., 1798) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

A influência da fotofase na diapausa do percevejo-marrom Euschistus heros (Fabr.) alimentado com soja [Glycine max (L.)] Merrill foi estudada em laboratório. Os experimentos foram conduzidos sob três fotofases, 10 h, 12 h e 14 h, mantendo-se constantes a temperatura (25 ± 1^oC) e a umidade relativa (65 ± 5%). Sob 14 h, cerca de 100% dos insetos apresentaram órgãos reprodutivos maduros; os espinhos pronotais, medidos aos 10 dias de vida adulta, foram significativamente maiores (2,96 e 2,79 mm para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente) que os espinhos dos insetos mantidos sob 12 h (2,60 mm para fêmeas e machos) ou 10 h (2,59 e 2,53 mm para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente). Com a fotofase mais longa, ocorreu desempenho reprodutivo e atividade alimentar maiores do que o observado para adultos criados sob fotofase de 10 h ou 12 h. Em todas as fotofases observou-se tendência de diminuição da atividade alimentar dos percevejos da 1^a à 6^a semana. A coloração do corpo mostrou-se como um parâmetro não confiável para indicar a diapausa, mas, sob 14 h, cerca de 60% dos insetos apresentaram corpo marrom-escuro e os demais marrom-avermelhado. Esses resultados demonstram que esse percevejo entra em diapausa reprodutiva sob fotofase de 12 horas ou menos, apresentando órgãos reprodutivos imaturos ou com desenvolvimento intermediário, espinhos pronotais menos desenvolvidos e redução na atividade alimentar.

Palavras-chave: percevejo-marrom, diapausa, fotoperíodo, órgãos reprodutivos, atividade alimentar.

INTRODUCTION

The neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (Fabr., 1798), a secondary pest of the soybean [Glycine max (L.)] Merrill during the 1970s (Panizzi et al., 1977), is today the main stink bug pest of this crop. It is more abundant from the northern area of Paraná toward the central-west, soybean cultivation areas in Brazil (Panizzi & Niva, 1994; Cividanes & Parra, 1994).

When soybean or other legumes are not available and temperature and photoperiod decrease, E. heros enters in diapause, remaining on the soil underneath dead leaves, without feeding and reproducing (Panizzi & Niva, 1994; Panizzi & Hirose, 1995). In Central Brazil, this bug has been found in partial diapause between grasses or under dead leaves (Kishino & Alves, 1994).

When entering in diapause, insects stop feeding and reproducing, disperse to shelters, accumulate their fat bodies, and remain in clusters (Denlinger, 1986; Koshiyama et al., 1994). When in diapause, some hemipterans will show change in color and body morphology (e.g., McPherson, 1974, 1975, 1977).

In previous reports, Mourão & Panizzi (2000a, b) studied the diapause versus different seasonal morphs of E. heros in the field, as well as the photosensitivity of nymphal stages in induction of diapause in the laboratory. In this paper, we report the influence of different photophases on the reproductive diapause, on the stage of development of reproductive organs of females and males, and on the adult body morphs. Body coloration and feeding activity of adults, in diapause or not, were also studied.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Two experiments were conducted in the Laboratory of Entomology of the National Soybean Research Center of Embrapa (Embrapa Soja), in Londrina, PR, from October 1997 to June 1998.

Experiment 1

E. heros adults were field collected on soybeans at the Field Experiment Station, and taken to the laboratory. Female and male pairs were put individually in plastic boxes (11.0 cm x 11.0 cm x 3.5 cm), and were fed with immature soybean pods cv. BR-16. The bugs were kept in an environmental chamber at 25 ± 1ºC, 65 ± 5% RH and 14 h of photoperiod. Egg masses obtained were separated in three groups to avoid maternal effect, and were put in Petri dishes (9.0 cm x 1.5 cm) lined with moistened filter paper. Egg masses were kept at three different photophases: 10 h, 12 h, and 14 h, at a temperature of 25 ± 1ºC and RH of 65 ± 5%.

Nymphs were raised to adults in plastic boxes and fed soybean pods. At adult emergence, females and males were put as pairs in plastic boxes and fed soybean pods. On days 10, 20, and 30 of adult life, 120 females and 120 males were killed by freezing at each age, dissected, and the stage of development of the reproductive organs were ranked in one of three categories for females: immature: ovaries with no differentiation or no development, and no vitellary constriction (Fig. 1A); intermediate: ovaries with differentiation with visible chambers and vitellary constriction with oocytes (Fig. 1B); and mature: ovaries totally developed, with oocytes well-developed and yellow, present in the oviducts (Fig. 1C).

For males, the reproductive organs were classified as: immature: testes undeveloped of no more than 1 mm in length (Fig. 2A); and mature: testes well-developed of more than 1 mm in length filling most of the abdominal cavity (Fig. 2B). Several authors have classified the developmental stages of the reproductive organs of hemipterans (e.g., Kiritani, 1963; Banerjee & Chatterjee, 1985; Koshiyama et al., 1994); we used the one proposed by Solbreck (1972), who worked with the pentatomid Lygaeus equestris (L., 1758). Ali & Ewiess (1977) reported small differences in the male reproductive organs of the pentatomid Nezara viridula (L., 1758).

Other recorded characteristics of E. heros adults were: length of the pronotum shoulder, using n = 20 individuals for each sex and insect age, which was measured under a stereomicroscope considering the point of junction of the pronotum to the scutellum until the far end of the pronotum spine; and body color (reddish brown or dark brown) (n = 60).

Experiment 2

Egg masses of E. heros were obtained from the rearing colony maintained at Embrapa Soja. They were separated into three groups to avoid maternal effect and nymphs were reared to adulthood following the procedures described for Experiment 1.

When nymphs reached the adult stage, each group of 15 pairs were submitted to three photophases, i.e., 10 h, 12 h, and 14 h, at a temperature of 25 ± 1ºC and RH of 65 ± 5%. Each pair was kept in a plastic box (11.0 cm x 11.0 cm x 3.5 cm), and was fed with immature soybean pods cv. BR-16.

Survivorship of adults and fecundity of females was monitored daily, and the feeding activity of adults recorded weekly. After 45 days of adult life, the reproductive performance of females was calculated, including percentage of females reproducing, time for first oviposition, mean number of egg masses and eggs per female, and percentage of egg hatchability.

To measure feeding activity, the bugs were allowed to feed on a soybean pod for 24 h each week (day 7 to day 42), and the number of flanges (or stylet sheaths) was recorded. After this feeding period, soybean pods were immersed in an acid fuchsin solution (1 g of fuchsin + 10 ml of alcohol + 500 ml of water) for 30 minutes to stain the flanges. After this period, the pods were washed with running tap water, and the number of flanges recorded using a stereomicroscope.

Data were analyzed statistically using the SAS program (SAS Institute, 1981). Means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test, for more than one mean, and Student's t test when comparing two means (p £ 0.05).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Degree of development of reproductive organs

The results obtained indicated that at photophases of 10 h and of 12 h, both females and males, presented over 75% of individuals with immature reproductive organs. With a photophase of 14 h, over 90% of females and 100% of males showed mature reproductive organs (Fig. 3).

These results are in agreement with the photophase during winter in northern Paraná (latitude 23º11'S, longitude 51º11'W) which is 10.5 h. Similarly, the results obtained with the 14 h photophase, when the majority of bugs have mature reproductive organs, are in agreement with the photophase of summer (13.4 h), when bugs are reproductively active in the field. Kishino & Alves (1994) refer to undeveloped ovaries of females E. heros in short photophases. It is known that adult diapause is characterized by development degree of the reproductive organs (e.g., Tauber et al., 1986; Kotaki & Yagi, 1989), and a main factor driving this development is photophase (Ali & Ewiess, 1977). Results obtained here, with E. heros showing undeveloped reproductive organs when exposed to short photophases, is also reported for other pentatomids elsewhere, such as Piezodorus hybneri (Gmelin, 1789) (Higuchi, 1994), Eurydema rugosa (Motschulsky, 1861) (Numata & Yamamoto, 1990; Ikeda-Kikue & Numata, 1992), and Graphosoma lineatum (Breddin, 1896) (Nakamura et al., 1996).

Length of pronotum shoulder (spine) and body coloration

Adult E. heros showed significantly greater pronotum spine with a 14 h photophase than bugs reared with photophases of 10 h or 12 h (Table 1). These differences occurred for both females and males at the three different ages, i.e., 10, 20, and 30-day old adults. Considering the bugs reared at 10 h and 12 h of light, the length of the pronotum spine tended to be greater for bugs at 12 h light, except for males at day 30, when this difference was significant.

When considering the age of adult E. heros, some differences were observed with regard to the length of the pronotum spine. Females of 30 days showed spines significantly longer in photophase 10 h and 12 h, than those reared in photophase 14 h (Table 1).

Older males also tended to have longer pronotum spines than younger ones at all photophases, but these differences were not significant. Clearly, additional studies are needed to elucidate this point.

These results on the length of the pronotum spine of E. heros being greater in longer photophase are in agreement with previous studies reported by Kishino & Alves (1994). McPherson (1974) with Euschistus tristigmus (Say, 1831), and Albuquerque (1989) with Oebalus poecilus (Dallas, 1851), which found summer bugs showing longer spines than winter bugs.

Body color of adult E. heros was variable and two typical colors were observed: dark brown and reddish brown.

At photophases 10 h and 12 h, no significant differences were observed considering the percentage of bugs with the two distinct colors. However, at the longest photophase (14 h) a significantly greater number of bugs showed dark brown body color (65.0%) than reddish brown (35.0%) (Table 2). Despite this last difference, body color was considered an unreliable parameter to indicate diapause incidence at shorter photophases. Panizzi & Niva (1994) stated that during winter, the majority of the bugs were found to be dark brown in the field, which we did not find to be true. This probably occurred because of the small number of bugs examined and because body color is an unreliable trait, as mentioned. For other species of pentatomids such as N. viridula (Harris et al., 1984) and O. poecilus (Albuquerque, 1989) body color is considered a more reliable parameter indicating adult diapause, compared to E. heros.

Seasonal dimorphism is very important, and knowledge of its effect among species may prevent taxonomic mistakes with descriptions of new species or subspecies. This occurred with E. tristigmus specimens collected during spring/fall which were identified as E. t. tristigmus, and those collected during summer and identified as E. t. pyrrhocerus (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1842) (McPherson, 1974). A similar mistake occurred with Oebalus grisescens (Sailer, 1944), a hibernating morph of Oebalus ypsilongriseus (De Geer, 1773) (Del Vecchio et al., 1994).

Reproductive performance

Females E. heros showed a much greater reproductive performance at 14 h photophase than females at shorter photophases. At the longest photophase, nearly 70% of the females reproduced, while at 12 h of light, no females reproduced; with 10 h of light, ca. 27% of females laid eggs, but these did not hatch (Table 3).

For those females that laid eggs at 10 h light, the pre-oviposition period was significantly longer, and fecundity (number of egg masses and eggs/female) was significantly reduced, compared to females at 14 h of light.

With other pentatomids such as N. viridula, no difference in reproductive parameters was observed among bugs reared at 10 h and 14 h of light (Ali & Ewiess, 1977). However, it is known that N. viridula, which is a cosmopolitan species, is much more adapted to lower temperatures than the neotropical stink bug E. heros (Cividanes & Parra, 1994). For another pentatomid, Dolycoris baccarum (L., 1758), Hodek & Hodková (1993) reported greater fecundity and shorter pre-oviposition period for bugs reared at longer photophase, than those reared at shorter photophase.

Feeding activity

Feeding activity, indicated by the number of flanges (stylet sheaths) recorded on soybean pods, increased with the length of the photophase period, and decreased, or tended to, with insect age (Table 4).

For instance, during the lst week of adult life, the mean number of flanges laid on a soybean pod during 24 h by an E. heros pair was 28.1 at 14 h photophase; this value decreased to 21.2 at 12 h photophase, and to 9.1 at 10 h photophase.

After 6 weeks, these values were 13.7, 1.9, and 1.8, respectively (Table 4), results supporting previous reports on the low feeding activity of E. heros during periods of partial diapause, with accumulation of body lipid reserves (Panizzi & Hirose, 1995). The accumulation of fat bodies is an indication of diapause (Tauber & Tauber, 1970; Kotaki & Yagi, 1989).

The decrease in the feeding activity with age, particularly from the 1^st to the 2^nd week, is known to occur among hemipterans. For example, N. viridula adults will show the peak of feeding activity at day 4 of adult life, decreasing during the 2^nd week and levelling off thereafter (Panizzi, 1995).

In conclusion, these results demonstrate that photophase is a key factor governing the biology of the neotropical brown stink bug, E. heros, with shorter photophases with decreased or no reproduction and feeding activity. Photophase is also the driving factor determining the seasonal morphs observed in this species of pentatomid.

Acknowledgments — We thank Gilberto S. Albuquerque (UENF), Amarildo Pasini (UEL), Beatriz S. Corrêa-Ferreira and José B. França Neto (Embrapa Soja), for critical review of the manuscript. This is article number 031/2000 of Embrapa Soja, published with permission of the Head of Research and Development.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  26 Aug 2002
• Date of issue
  May 2002

History

• Accepted
  11 Oct 2000
• Received
  26 Sept 2000