Characterization of the acute inflammatory response in the hybrid tambacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus male × Colossoma macropomum female) (Osteichthyes)

Caracterização da resposta inflamatória aguda no híbrido tambacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus macho × Colossoma macropomum fêmea) (Osteichthyes)

BIOLOGY

Characterization of the acute inflammatory response in the hybrid tambacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus male × Colossoma macropomum female) (Osteichthyes)

Caracterização da resposta inflamatória aguda no híbrido tambacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus macho × Colossoma macropomum fêmea) (Osteichthyes)

Martins, ML.^I,*; Myiazaki, DMY.^II; Tavares-Dias, M.^III; Fenerick Jr., J.^IV; Onaka, EM.^V; Bozzo, FR.^VI; Fujimoto, RY.^VII; Moraes, FR.^VI,VI

^ILaboratório AQUOS-Sanidade de Organismos Aquáticos, Departamento de Aqüicultura, Centro de Ciências Agrárias - CCA, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFCS, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

^IIPoli-Nutri Alimentos, Rua Américo Vespúcio, 99/109, CEP 06273-070, Osasco, SP, Brazil

^IIIDepartamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, AM, Brazil

^IVCentro de Aqüicultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Km 3, CEP 14870-000, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

^VNúcleo Avançado de Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio do Pescado Continental, Instituto de Pesca, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 445, CEP 15025-970 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil

^VIDepartamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Km 3, CEP 14870-000, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

^VIINúcleo de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, Al. Leandro Ribeiro, s/n, Aldeia, CEP 8600-000, Bragança, PA, Brazil

ABSTRACT

This work evaluated the acute inflammatory response induced by injections of 0.5 mL saline solution (control), 500 µg carrageenin and 0.5 mL thioglycollate 3% in the swim bladder of juvenile tambacu hybrid. Fish were distributed in three treatments, three replications and acclimated for a period of 10 days before assay. The cell characterization from the inflammatory exudate was performed in Giemsa and PAS stained smears. Carrageenin, injected in fish, showed an increase on the total number of cells in the inflammatory exudate when compared to saline and thioglycollate injected. Whereas, for carrageenin-injected fish, the percentage of thrombocyte was higher than thioglycollate. On the other hand, granulocyte percentage in thioglycollate-injected fish was higher than the ones injected using carrageenin. Carrageenin provoked the highest migration of macrophage to the inflammatory site. The PAS method confirmed the presence of three types of granulocytes: eosinophilic granular cell (EGC) type 1 with the characteristics of a special granulocytic cell commonly found in the circulating blood; EGC type 2 shorter than the last one and neutrophil. This study contributes to a better understanding of the inflammatory response and infectious processes in native fish.

Keywords: fish, hybrid tambacu, inflammation, exudate, carrageenin, thioglycollate.

RESUMO

Este estudo avaliou a resposta inflamatória aguda induzida por injeções de 0,5 mL de solução salina (controle), 500 µg de carragenina e 0,5 mL de tioglicolato a 3% na bexiga natatória de juvenis do híbrido tambacu. Os peixes foram distribuídos em três tratamentos, três repetições e aclimatados durante 10 dias antes do ensaio. A caracterização das células do exsudato inflamatório foi feita após coloração com Giemsa e PAS. Peixes injetados com carragenina apresentaram maior número de células no exsudato inflamatório do que com salina e tioglicolato. A porcentagem de trombócitos no exsudato foi maior nos injetados com carragenina quando comparada com a dos injetados com tioglicolato. Por outro lado, o percentual de granulócitos foi maior em animais injetados com tioglicolato do que em animais injetados com carragenina. A carragenina provocou maior migração de macrófagos para o foco inflamatório. O método de PAS confirmou a presença de três tipos de granulócitos: célula granular eosinofílica (CGE) tipo 1 com as características da célula granulocítica especial encontrada no sangue, CGE tipo 2, menor do que esta última, e de neutrófilos. Este estudo contribui para o melhor entendimento da resposta inflamatória e dos processos infecciosos em peixes nativos.

Palavras-chave: peixe, híbrido tambacu, inflamação, exsudato, carragenina, tioglicolato.

1. Introduction

The first observation of fish inflammation was related by Mesnill (1895) with injections of Bacillus anthracis in the visceral cavity. Later, the inflammatory response was evaluated by ink injection (Ellis et al., 1976), complete Freund's adjuvant and Staphylococcus aureus (Finn and Nielsen, 1971), carrageenin (Timur et al., 1977), Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), complete Freund's adjuvant, turpentine and carrageenin (White et al., 1981), Vibrio alginolyticus (MacArthur et al., 1984), liquid paraffin (Suzuki, 1986), Edwardsiella ictaluri LPS (Saeed and Plumb, 1986), Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Aeromonas punctata (Siwicki and Studnicka, 1987), Aeromonas salmonicida (Reite and Evensen, 1994), LPS (Brunetti et al., 1994), Freund's adjuvant and squalene (Jenkins and Klesius, 1998), microcystin (Vajcová et al., 1998), Escherichia coli (Matsuyama et al., 1999), peptidoglican (Kono and Sakai, 2001), beta-glucan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Salmonella typhimurium LPS (Paulsen et al., 2001) and Mycobacterium marinum (Gauthier et al., 2003). In these studies, the inflammation was characterized by showing macrophages, leucocytes, fibroblasts and fibroplasia.

In Brazil, Matushima and Mariano (1996) injected carrageenin in the swim bladder of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) and demonstrated an inflammatory reaction composed of vascular congestion, thrombocytes, rare granulocytes and oedema. Inflammation induced by carrageenin was also reported in the swim bladder of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887) with the presence of macrophages and mainly thrombocytes (Martins et al., 2006). Nevertheless, Martins et al. (2001a) proved carrageenin to be an important inflammatory agent causing haematological changes in the hybrid tambacu. Except for the studies of Martins et al. (2006), little is known about the inflammatory response and infectious processes in Brazilian native fish.

This study evaluated the inflammatory response induced by injections of saline, carrageenin and thioglycollate in the swim bladder of the hybrid tambacu. The characterization of cells involved in the inflammatory response was performed by staining with Giemsa and PAS. This assay contributes to a better understanding of cell migration in the inflammatory and infectious processes of Brazilian fish.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Fish maintenance

This work was developed at the Pathology Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms, Aquaculture Centre, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Fish of 153.44 ± 70.14 g mean weight and 19.79 ± 3.47 cm total length were distributed in 12 aquaria with constant water flow, six animals in each and three replicates. Fish were acclimated for 10 days before assay and daily fed with a commercial diet. During this period water temperature range was 28.09 ± 1.31 ºC; pH 7.64 ± 0.67, electric conductivity 146.46 ± 66.75 µS.cm^-1, dissolved oxygen 4.51 ± 1.21 mg.L^-1 and alkalinity 87.09 ± 3.25 mg.L^-1.

2.2. Injection and collection of exudate cells

The fish were anaesthetized by immersion in benzocaine solution (1 g.10 L^-1) and injected with 500 µg carrageenin (Marine Colloids) dissolved in 0.5 mL sterile saline solution, 0.5 mL thioglycollate 3% and 0.5 mL sterile saline solution (control). After injection, the fish were maintained in the aquaria for 6 hours until the sacrifice. The interior of the swim bladder was washed with complete phosphate buffered saline containing 0.01 mL EDTA 5% and cell suspensions were centrifuged at 150 × gravity for 10 minutes before staining. The total number of cells was determined with a haemocytometer. Smears were made on microscope slides, air-dried, fixed and stained with Giemsa or periodic acid of Schiff (PAS). From the smears the percentages of macrophages, lymphocytes, granulocytes and thrombocytes were determined and cells measured in an image analyzer Videoplan Kontron Elektronic Zeiss.

2.3. Cytochemistry

This analysis was made by demonstrating glycogen using the method of PAS (McManus, 1946) to blood cells and modified for exudate cells as follows: after being fixed in Gendre solution (85 mL picric acid saturated in ethyl alcohol 96%, 10 mL of formalin 40%, 5 mL acetic acid, the smears were refrigerated for 5 minutes and immersed in periodic acid 1% for 20 minutes, Schiff for 55 minutes, washed three times in sulphured water for 3 minutes, washed quickly in distilled water, stained by Harris haematoxylin for 5 minutes and washed in water. To control the specificity of the method, the smears were treated with saliva amylase, in a wet chamber 37 ºC for 1 hour, washed in water for 10 minutes and had applied to them the PAS method according to Lison (1960).

2.4. Statistical analysis

The comparison of averages was performed by the Tukey test at 5% probability and the percentage of differential counting of exudate cells were transformed in arc sin (√P + 0.5) (Snedecor and Cochran, 1989).

3. Results

Carrageenin and thioglycollate, injected in fish, showed the highest accumulation of inflammatory cells in the exudate of the swim bladder characterized by a yellowish colour and gelatinous consistency. In saline injected (control) the exudate formation was not observed. Carrageenin-injected animals showed significant increase of total cell number in the exudate when compared to saline and thioglycollate. Nevertheless, the total number of cells in fish injected with saline and thioglycollate did not differ between them (Figure 1).

Differential counting of exudate cells showed a predominance of thrombocytes followed by macrophages and lymphocytes (Figure 2). Carrageenin, injected in fish, showed higher thrombocyte percentage than those injected with thioglycollate. On the other hand, the percentage of granulocyte was higher after injection with thioglycollate than with carrageenin and saline. The injections of saline and thioglycollate were also responsible for an increase in the lymphocyte percentage while carrageenin caused the highest migration of macrophage to the inflammatory site.

3.1. Description of the exudate cells in the hybrid tambacu (Figures 3-4)

Eosinophilic granular cell type 1: the largest cell found in the exudate measuring 16.1 ± 4.4 µm diameter, similar to the special granulocytic cell observed in the circulating blood. Its nucleus was eccentric, round to elliptic in shape and of dark colour. Cytoplasm filled with whitish refringent granules when observed with a light microscope. The method with specificity control to saliva amylase stained positively with PAS. In this case, the granules were uniformly arranged and stained intensively with PAS suggesting the presence of neutral glycoproteins.

Eosinophilic granular cell type 2: smaller than EGC 1 this cell measured 9.4 ± 0.6 µm diameter. Eccentric, round to elliptic dark nucleus and cytoplasm showing weak refringency when compared to EGC 1. PAS showed the same characteristics of EGC 1.

Neutrophil: their presence was rare in the smear with intermediate size between EGC and lymphocyte, 12.6 ± 1.9 µm diameter. Nucleus round to bilobed or horseshoe shaped, and not well-delimited. It presented an acidophilic feature and sometimes with inclusions that were not stained. With a light microscope the granule refringency was not observed in their cytoplasm. PAS showed the presence of glycogen granules after digestion with saliva amylase. However, these granules were poorly stained with PAS when compared to EGC. From these characteristics it was possible to confirm this cell as a neutrophil, especially when compared to those found in the circulating blood.

Thrombocyte: smaller than macrophage and granulocyte, 7.6 ± 0.6 µm diameter, eccentric dark nucleus round to elongated shape. Its cytoplasm shows basophilic to slightly greyish staining, lacking granules and vacuoles. With the smear confection its cytoplasm may be found spread to a unique direction for several times. PAS method with specificity control by saliva amylase showed positive reaction with glycogen granules distributed in its cytoplasm concentrated in some area with more or less colour intensity.

Lymphocyte: the smallest cell found in the exudate, 5.8 ± 0.8 µm diameter, round to slightly oval, dark nucleus of dense appearance occupying the whole of the cell. The little cytoplasm that can be seen presents basophilic staining and irregular like lymphocyte from the circulating blood.

Macrophage: cell of intermediate size between lymphocyte and thrombocyte, 6.5 ± 0.6 µm diameter, nucleus strongly basophilic showing coloured areas. Its cytoplasm is slightly basophilic with irregular areas and sometimes the presence of phagocyted material can be seen.

4. Discussion

Macroscopically the exudate showed a yellowish colour and gelatinous consistency in the carrageenin and thioglycollate injected in fish, corroborating the findings of Martins et al. (2006) in P. mesopotamicus. On the other hand, macroscopically, it seems that tambacu showed lower response when compared to P. mesopotamicus studied by the last author.

Total number of cells from the inflammatory exudate of the hybrid tambacu was lower than that observed in P. mesopotamicus by Martins et al. (2006) after carrageenin injection. Differential counting of exudate cells showed the highest values of thrombocytes in saline injected tambacu when compared to P. mesopotamicus (Martins et al., 2006). But, concerning lymphocyte, tambacu showed values from 10 to 20 times greater than the ones observed in P. mesopotamicus. Therefore, the great percentage of macrophage here related after carrageenin injection was according to Martins et al. (2006). Not only lymphocyte but also thrombocyte migrated to the inflammatory focus in tambacu after injection with the substances. This was contrary to the answers previously obtained in P. mesopotamicus when the presence of these cells was not up to 2.4% in the exudate smear. In the present work, saline and thioglycollate injections recruited a great number of lymphocyte and granulocyte. Following this view, this was an important difference when comparing tambacu and P. mesopotamicus studied by Martins et al. (2006). Although the total number of cells found in the tambacu exudates had been reduced, several types of cells other than those found in P. mesopotamicus were observed.

The predominance of thrombocyte followed by a low number of macrophage in the swim bladder of carrageenin injected in fish supported the results obtained by Matushima and Mariano (1996) in O. niloticus. Contrarily, 15.9% of recovered tambacu macrophages were different from that author. The resident population of cells in the cavity of Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792 showed 33 to 39% of macrophage, 46 to 56% of lymphocyte, 1.3 to 2.2% of granulocyte and rarely thrombocyte (Afonso et al., 1997). As related by Martins et al. (2006), in native fish, P. mesopotamicus, this trial did not observe resident cells in the hybrid tambacu. Consequently, it was necessary to stimulate the swim bladder to obtain response. In contrast, Flores Quintana (2002) observed 43% macrophage and 56% lymphocyte in the visceral cavity of unstimulated P. mesopotamicus. Another reason for this difference in the resident cell is that the swim bladder is an organ separated from organs in the visceral cavity. However, carrageenin injection increases the macrophage population in the swim bladder of tambacu and P. mesopotamicus. The choice of swim bladder for this assay was due to the advantage of low influence of contamination by other organs during the application of irritant as emphasized by Chen et al. (1998).

Low percentage of macrophage observed in this assay corroborated the findings of Ellis et al. (1976) after intraperitoneal injection with ink in Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758. However, the injection with turpentine can cause inflammation in mammals but White et al. (1981) did not observe the same response in P. platessa. These authors verified that LPS injection in that fish increased the concentration of C-reactive protein indicating inflammatory response as well as that related in this assay with carrageenin and thioglycollate. Carrageenin injection caused the highest inflammatory reaction in the tropical fish tambacu six hours after whereas White et al. (1981) related the same response in P. platessa four days after carrageenin injection. By supporting the above statement, the hypotheses that fish from a tropical climate respond more rapidly to inflammation and wound healing than those maintained in a temperate climate must be emphasized (Finn and Nielsen, 1971). LPS and E. coli intraperitoneally injected in P. platessa provoked a migration three times superior than the normal leucocyte number, as related by MacArthur et al. (1984). Martins et al. (2006) reported the highest accumulation of cells in the inflammatory focus of carrageenin injected P. mesopotamicus. As in the present assay, carrageenin and thioglycollate injected in tambacu showed more inflammatory response than in control fish. Despite the fact that saline injection provoked migration of inflammatory cells to the swim bladder, the response was significantly reduced in comparison to carrageenin injected in fish. On the other hand, thioglycollate was not responsible for a great accumulation of inflammatory cells in the exudate when counted in haemocytometer, being sometimes similar to saline injection.

Jenkins and Klesius (1998) related more macrophage migration in Freund's adjuvant and squalene injected in Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, 1818 than the ones that received thioglycollate. Contrarily, this assay related thioglycollate as a stimulator of thrombocyte, granulocyte and lymphocyte migration to the inflammatory site. From this point of view, Afonso et al. (1998) verified an increase in macrophages and neutrophil migration in the visceral cavity of incomplete Freund's adjuvant and Yersinia ruckeri killed by formalin injected in O. mykiss. The present result was according to the findings of Matsuyama et al. (1999) who injected E. coli killed by formalin in the swim bladder of O. niloticus. The authors also observed macrophage and lymphocyte migration to the inflammatory focus.

Chadzinska et al. (2000) reported increased number of total leucocytes after injection with thioglycollate in the peritoneal cavity of Carassius auratus Linnaeus, 1758 in relation to non-injected fish. Consequently, this work has demonstrated the low action of thioglycollate in tambacu that can be seen by the similar values of saline injected. Suzuki and Hibiya (1988) reported infiltration of neutrophils in the orbital of carp one day after injection with arabic gum. In this assay, neutrophill migration was more pronounced by saline and thioglycollate injections which were also corroborated by the findings of Do Vale et al. (2002). Finally, these results might explain the migration of cells involved in the inflammatory response caused by parasites in native fish (Martins et al., 2000, 2001b).

The PAS analysis confirmed the presence of three types of granulocytes in the exudate. Eosinophilic granular cells (EGC) type 1 and 2 were differentiated by their size and intensity of staining. These cells from the swim bladder exudate showed the same characteristics of the special granulocytic cell found in the circulating blood. These characters were confirmed after saliva amylase digestion. As a result of its granule characteristics in the granulocytes, the presence of glycoproteins was observed (Carvalho, 2002). The presence of neutrophils was rare but also confirmed by PAS. Supporting this view, this is the first report on the presence of EGC in the exudate of the tambacu hybrid. Until then, in the studies with P. mesopotamicus (Martins et al., 2006) the presence of these cells had not been verified. The morphology and staining intensity of granulocytes found in tambacu were similar to EGC described by Matsuyama and Iida (1999) in the swim bladder exudate of O. niloticus. According to Carvalho (2002) the presence of thrombocytes by morphology and staining was confirmed in this assay. In this case, the cytoplasm showed positive reaction determined by the red colour of the granules especially in the peripheral region. In addition, glycogen granules in the thrombocyte cytoplasm were distributed in all the cytoplasm but in variable concentration. Such as observed in this work, thrombocyte morphology from the exudate was slightly different from that observed in the circulating blood, as also supported by Matushima and Mariano (1996).

Further studies with cytochemistry of the exudate cells in Brazilian fish must be encouraged because of its importance in the defense organism system. Moreover, other fish species must be explored to compare the exudate composition and intensity of the inflammatory response. This work demonstrated that the cells in exsudate of tambacu hybrid are different from those described for P. mesopotamicus (Martins et al., 2006). In conclusion, future studies with vitamins and immunostimulants supplementation might be performed to evaluate the intensity of the inflammatory response in Brazilian fish and its relation with fish health status.

Acknowledgements - The authors thank FAPESP (00/12566-9) and CNPq (520211/00-6, 502177/04-7, 301072/07-8) for financial support. Dr. Euclides Braga Malheiros and Dr. Áureo Evangelista Santana (FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP) respectively, for statistical analysis and photomicrographys.

Received March 6, 2008

Accepted July 15, 2008

Distributed August 31, 2009 (With 4 figures)

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  24 Sept 2009
• Date of issue
  Aug 2009

History

• Received
  06 Mar 2008
• Accepted
  15 July 2008