Sampling at Pampulha Reservoir in Minas Gerais State in August of 2012 found
Moina macrocopa, until now reported for South America only in a
temporary pond in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil (Elmoor-Loureiro et al., 2010ELMOOR-LOUREIRO, LMA., SANTANGELO, JM., LOPES, PM. and BOZELLI, RL.,
2010. A new report of Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera,
Anomopoda) in South America. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 70, no. 1,
p. 225-226.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842010000100031.
PMid:20231982
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842010...
) and similar environments in South America
(Valdivia-Villar, 1988VALDIVIA-VILLAR, RS., 1988. Checklist of freshwater Cladocera from
Perú. Amazoniana, vol. 10, p. 283-297.; Elias-Gutiérrez and Zamuriano-Claros, 1994ELIAS-GUTIÉRREZ, M. and ZAMURIANO-CLAROS, R., 1994. Primer
registro de Moina macrocopa (Daphniiforme: Moinidae) em Bolivia.
Revista de Biología, vol. 42, no. 1/2, p. 385.;
Paggi, 1997PAGGI, JC., 1997. Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1920)
(Branchiopoda, Anomopoda) in South America: another case of species
introduction? Crustaceana, vol. 70, no. 8, p. 886-893.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854097X00500.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854097X0050...
). The most recent inventory
(checklist) of cladocerans for Minas Gerais State (Santos-Wisniewski et al., 2011SANTOS-WISNIEWSKI, MJ., MATSUMURA-TUNDISI, T., NEGREIROS, NT.,
SILVA, LC., SANTOS, RM. and ROCHA, O., 2011. O estado atual do conhecimento da
diversidade de Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) nas águas
doces do estado de Minas Gerais. Biota Neotropica, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 287-301.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000300024.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011...
) did not mention this species,
indicating recent appearance.
Pampulha Reservoir is a eutrophic medium-sized reservoir with an area of
1.82km2 and mean depth of 5.0m (Bezerra-Neto and Pinto-Coelho, 2010BEZERRA-NETO, JF. and PINTO-COELHO, RM., 2010. Nova batimetria do
Reservatório da Pampulha com estimativa do volume de dragagem do
compartimento z<1,0m. Relatório Técnico- Científico.
São Paulo: AMBITEC. 23 p.), corresponding to the depth of the
sampling site (Figure 1). Recent studies
on this reservoir (Pinto-Coelho, 1998PINTO-COELHO, RM., 1998. Effects of eutrophication on seasonal
patterns of mesozooplankton in a tropical reservoir: a 4-year study in Pampulha
Lake, Brazil. Freshwater Biology, vol. 40, no. 1, p. 159-173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00327.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.19...
; Jaramillo and Pinto-Coelho, 2011JARAMILLO, JC. and PINTO-COELHO, RM., 2011. Novo Atlas dos
Organismos Zooplanctônicos do Reservatório da Pampulha, Belo
Horizonte, MG. Available from:
<http://ecologia.icb.ufmg.br/∼rpcoelho/atlas/atlas.htm>.
Access in: 20 May 2013.
http://ecologia.icb.ufmg.br/...
) have
reported Moina micrura among the Moinidae. In August of 2012, specimens
of Moina macrocopa were also found in the central compartment of the
reservoir, representing around 1% of the cladocerans. Samplings carried out in
2013, showed fluctuations in its numerical densities, with an increase in April
(13% of total cladocerans) and reduction in May and June (0.03%
in both months), suggesting an initial colonisation process for the species.
Bathymetry of Pampulha reservoir and sampling site of the present study (*) adapted from Bezerra-Neto and Pinto-Coelho (2010)BEZERRA-NETO, JF. and PINTO-COELHO, RM., 2010. Nova batimetria do Reservatório da Pampulha com estimativa do volume de dragagem do compartimento z<1,0m. Relatório Técnico- Científico. São Paulo: AMBITEC. 23 p..
The morphological features of the specimens (Figures 2-8) are
similar to the ones described by Goulden
(1968)GOULDEN, CE., 1968. The systematics and evolution of the Moinidae.
Transactions of American Philosophical Society, vol. 58, no. 6, p. 1-101.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006102
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006102...
for Moina macrocopa of the Old World,
differing only in the number of setae on the ventral rim, from 70 to 77, close to what
was described by Paggi (1997)PAGGI, JC., 1997. Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1920)
(Branchiopoda, Anomopoda) in South America: another case of species
introduction? Crustaceana, vol. 70, no. 8, p. 886-893.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854097X00500.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854097X0050...
and Elmoor-Loureiro et al. (2010)ELMOOR-LOUREIRO, LMA., SANTANGELO, JM., LOPES, PM. and BOZELLI, RL.,
2010. A new report of Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera,
Anomopoda) in South America. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 70, no. 1,
p. 225-226.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842010000100031.
PMid:20231982
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842010...
. The mean
female and male lengths correspond to 1.14 ± 0.06mm (1.05-1.20mm;
n=10) and 0.92 ± 0.05mm (0.85-0.97mm; n=4). Ephippia were
not found in females from the reservoir nor in attempts to induce their production in
the laboratory.
Moina macrocopa from Pampulha reservoir in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais state. 2) parthenogenetic female; 3) male; 4) detail of hairs on the head; 5) seta on the ventral margin; 6) postabdomen; 7) basal segment of antenna ramus; 8) first trunk limb, detailing the toothed setae of the penultimate segment and two terminal seta.
The studied environment corresponds with habitat descriptions of Moinidae,
especially with regard to M. macrocopa, found mostly in temporary,
shallow and/or eutrophic environments (Paggi,
1997PAGGI, JC., 1997. Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1920)
(Branchiopoda, Anomopoda) in South America: another case of species
introduction? Crustaceana, vol. 70, no. 8, p. 886-893.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854097X00500.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854097X0050...
; Thorp and Covich, 2001THORP, J. and COVICH, A., 2001. Ecology and Classification of North
American Freshwater Invertebrates. London: Academic Press. 1028
p.; Petrusek, 2002PETRUSEK, A., 2002. Moina (Crustacea: Anomopoda, Moinidae)
in the Czech Republic: a review. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, vol. 66,
p. 213-220.). Laboratory experiments
conducted with field and culture water at 25°C have shown high reproduction and
rapid turnover for this species (unpublished data). Mean fecundity of field
and culture water treatments corresponded, respectively, to 37.0 ± 6.8
(26-44) and 120.6 ± 48.3 (55-203) neonates, and primiparous
individuals were found within less than 3 days. This signifies very high reproductive
ability, suggesting a high level of competitiveness if other pelagic cladocerans are
kept in low densities.
Representatives of Moinidae are considered ruderal species (Romanovsky, 1985ROMANOVSKY, YE., 1985. Food limitation and life-history strategies in cladoceran crustaceans. Archiv für Hydrobiologie – Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie, vol. 21, p. 363-372.), showing high biotic potential but with a need for high food concentrations, being preferably found in productive or disturbed environments. Maia-Barbosa and Bozelli (2006)MAIA-BARBOSA, PM. and BOZELLI, RL., 2006. Community structure and temporal dynamics of cladocerans in an Amazonian lake (Lake Batata, PA, Brazil) impacted by bauxite tailings. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, Botucatu, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 67-75., studying a lake impacted by bauxite (Lake Batata, Pará State, Brazil), found Moina minuta in abundance, especially in periods with higher amounts of organic detritus and algae attached to bauxite tailings.
On the other hand, Pampulha reservoir, besides being eutrophic, is highly contaminated by industrial effluents. Comparative sensitivity tests using NaCl conducted in the laboratory showed CE50 values of 1.0mg.L–1 and 1.7mg.L–1 for M. macrocopa and D. similis, respectively, indicating that M. macrocopa may be more sensitive than other cladocerans.
Other studies related to cladocerans introduced into lakes and reservoirs have
discussed the factors involved in the establishment of daphnids. Daphnia
lumholtzi, introduced into lakes of North America (Work and Gophen, 1999WORK, KA. and GOPHEN, M., 1999. Factors which affect the abundance
of an invasive cladoceran, Daphnia lumholtzi, in U.S. reservoirs. Freshwater
Biology, vol. 42, no. 1, p. 1-10.; Dzialowski et al., 2000DZIALOWSKI, AR., O'BRIEN, WJ. and SWAFFAR, SM., 2000. Range
expansion and potential dispersal mechanisms of the exotic Cladoceran Daphnia
lumholtzi. Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 22, no. 12, p. 2205-2223.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/22.12.2205
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/22.12.2...
), as well as into lakes and reservoirs
of Brazil (Zanata et al., 2003ZANATA, LH., ESPÍNDOLA, ELG., ROCHA, O. and PEREIRA, RHG.,
2003. First record of Daphnia lumholtzi (SARS, 1885), exotic
cladoceran, in São Paulo State (Brazil). Brazilian Journal of
Biology, vol. 63, no. 4, p. 717-720.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400019.
PMid:15029383
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003...
; Simões et al., 2009SIMÕES, NR., ROBERTSON, BA., LANSAC-TÔHA, FA., TAKAHASHI,
EM., BONECKER, CC., VELHO, LFM. and JOKO, CY., 2009. Exotic species of
zooplankton in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Daphnia lumholtzi Sars,
1885 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 69,
no. 2, sup. Suppl, p. 551-558.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000300010.
PMid:19738962
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009...
), has been favoured
in oligo-mesotrophic environments, with higher temperatures (subtropical
environments) and low densities of potential competitors.
Biological invasions have been considered one of the main causes of
biodiversity loss (Wittenberg and Cock,
2001WITTENBERG, R. and COCK, MJW., 2001. Invasive alien species. How to
address one of the greatest threats to biodiversity: a toolkit of best
prevention and management practices. Wallingford: CAB International. 228
p.; Simberloff, 2003SIMBERLOFF, D., 2003. Erradication-preventing invasions at the
outset. Weed Science, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 247-253.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0247:EPIATO]2.0.CO;2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745...
). The presence
of Moina macrocopa in the Pampulha Reservoir is of concern, not only
because it is an opportunistic species but also with regard to environmental
connectivity and dispersion possibilities (Rocha et
al., 2005ROCHA, O., ESPÍNDOLA, ELG., FENERICH-VERANI, N., VERANI, JR.
and RIETZLER, AC., 2005. O problema das invasões biológicas em
águas doces. In ROCHA, O. (Ed.). Espécies invasoras em
águas doces - estudo de caso e propostas de manejo. São Carlos:
EdUFSCar. p. 9-12.). A subject for future investigations should certainly be
whether M. macrocopa establishes itself and succeeds in this and other
reservoirs.
Acknowledgements – We wish to thank Dr. Lourdes Elmoor-Loureiro for confirming our identification of Moina macrocopa.
References
- BEZERRA-NETO, JF. and PINTO-COELHO, RM., 2010. Nova batimetria do Reservatório da Pampulha com estimativa do volume de dragagem do compartimento z<1,0m. Relatório Técnico- Científico. São Paulo: AMBITEC. 23 p.
- DZIALOWSKI, AR., O'BRIEN, WJ. and SWAFFAR, SM., 2000. Range expansion and potential dispersal mechanisms of the exotic Cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi. Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 22, no. 12, p. 2205-2223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/22.12.2205
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/22.12.2205 - ELIAS-GUTIÉRREZ, M. and ZAMURIANO-CLAROS, R., 1994. Primer registro de Moina macrocopa (Daphniiforme: Moinidae) em Bolivia. Revista de Biología, vol. 42, no. 1/2, p. 385.
- ELMOOR-LOUREIRO, LMA., SANTANGELO, JM., LOPES, PM. and BOZELLI, RL., 2010. A new report of Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera, Anomopoda) in South America. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 70, no. 1, p. 225-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842010000100031. PMid:20231982
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842010000100031 - GOULDEN, CE., 1968. The systematics and evolution of the Moinidae. Transactions of American Philosophical Society, vol. 58, no. 6, p. 1-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006102
» http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006102 - JARAMILLO, JC. and PINTO-COELHO, RM., 2011. Novo Atlas dos Organismos Zooplanctônicos do Reservatório da Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG. Available from: <http://ecologia.icb.ufmg.br/∼rpcoelho/atlas/atlas.htm>. Access in: 20 May 2013.
» http://ecologia.icb.ufmg.br/ - MAIA-BARBOSA, PM. and BOZELLI, RL., 2006. Community structure and temporal dynamics of cladocerans in an Amazonian lake (Lake Batata, PA, Brazil) impacted by bauxite tailings. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, Botucatu, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 67-75.
- PAGGI, JC., 1997. Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1920) (Branchiopoda, Anomopoda) in South America: another case of species introduction? Crustaceana, vol. 70, no. 8, p. 886-893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854097X00500.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854097X00500 - PETRUSEK, A., 2002. Moina (Crustacea: Anomopoda, Moinidae) in the Czech Republic: a review. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, vol. 66, p. 213-220.
- PINTO-COELHO, RM., 1998. Effects of eutrophication on seasonal patterns of mesozooplankton in a tropical reservoir: a 4-year study in Pampulha Lake, Brazil. Freshwater Biology, vol. 40, no. 1, p. 159-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00327.x.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00327.x - ROCHA, O., ESPÍNDOLA, ELG., FENERICH-VERANI, N., VERANI, JR. and RIETZLER, AC., 2005. O problema das invasões biológicas em águas doces. In ROCHA, O. (Ed.). Espécies invasoras em águas doces - estudo de caso e propostas de manejo. São Carlos: EdUFSCar. p. 9-12.
- ROMANOVSKY, YE., 1985. Food limitation and life-history strategies in cladoceran crustaceans. Archiv für Hydrobiologie – Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie, vol. 21, p. 363-372.
- SANTOS-WISNIEWSKI, MJ., MATSUMURA-TUNDISI, T., NEGREIROS, NT., SILVA, LC., SANTOS, RM. and ROCHA, O., 2011. O estado atual do conhecimento da diversidade de Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) nas águas doces do estado de Minas Gerais. Biota Neotropica, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 287-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000300024.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000300024 - SIMBERLOFF, D., 2003. Erradication-preventing invasions at the outset. Weed Science, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 247-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0247:EPIATO]2.0.CO;2.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745 - SIMÕES, NR., ROBERTSON, BA., LANSAC-TÔHA, FA., TAKAHASHI, EM., BONECKER, CC., VELHO, LFM. and JOKO, CY., 2009. Exotic species of zooplankton in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Daphnia lumholtzi Sars, 1885 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 69, no. 2, sup. Suppl, p. 551-558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000300010. PMid:19738962
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000300010 - THORP, J. and COVICH, A., 2001. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. London: Academic Press. 1028 p.
- VALDIVIA-VILLAR, RS., 1988. Checklist of freshwater Cladocera from Perú. Amazoniana, vol. 10, p. 283-297.
- WITTENBERG, R. and COCK, MJW., 2001. Invasive alien species. How to address one of the greatest threats to biodiversity: a toolkit of best prevention and management practices. Wallingford: CAB International. 228 p.
- WORK, KA. and GOPHEN, M., 1999. Factors which affect the abundance of an invasive cladoceran, Daphnia lumholtzi, in U.S. reservoirs. Freshwater Biology, vol. 42, no. 1, p. 1-10.
- ZANATA, LH., ESPÍNDOLA, ELG., ROCHA, O. and PEREIRA, RHG., 2003. First record of Daphnia lumholtzi (SARS, 1885), exotic cladoceran, in São Paulo State (Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 63, no. 4, p. 717-720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400019. PMid:15029383
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400019
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
May 2014
History
-
Received
6 Aug 2013 -
Accepted
13 Aug 2013