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Biology • Braz. J. Biol. 74 (3 Suppl 1) • Aug 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.28012   copy

The insect gall collection of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro: biome cerrado, rupestrian fields

A coleção de galhas de insetos do Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro: bioma cerrado, campos rupestres

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstracts

An inventory of the insect gall from Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) was elaborated based on samples of the collection of the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Data on localities and host plants were obtained from the labels and information about the gall morphology (plant organ of occurrence, shape, and presence of trichomes) by observing the samples. The galling species was determined based on the literature. The collection includes 131 morphotypes of galls from Cerrado, obtained from 71 host plant species distributed in 50 genera and 30 botanical families (Table 1). All galls were collected in rupestrian fields (a rare vegetation physiognomy of the Brazilian Cerrado) in the state of Minas Gerais. As the collection comprises a great diversity of insect galls, it can be considered representative of this physiognomy.

insect galls; host plants; rupestrian fields; inventory

Um levantamento de galhas de insetos do Cerrado brasileiro foi elaborado baseado em amostras da coleção do Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Dados de localidades e plantas hospedeiras foram obtidos das etiquetas e informações sobre a morfologia da galha (órgão vegetal de ocorrência, forma, e presença de tricomas) pela observação da amostra. As espécies galhadoras foram determinadas baseadas em literatura. A coleção inclui 131 morfotipos de galhas de Cerrado, obtidos de 71 espécies de plantas hospedeiras, distribuídas em 50 gêneros e 30 famílias botânicas (Tabela 1). Todas as galhas foram coletadas em campos rupestres (uma fisionomia vegetal rara do cerrado brasileiro) do Estado de Minas Gerais. Como a coleção compreende grande diversidade de galhas de insetos, pode ser considerada representativa para essa fisionomia.

galhas de insetos; plantas hospedeiras; campos rupestres; inventário

1.

Introduction

Plant galls are remarkably close associations between arthropods (usually insects) and plants, in which the plant produces an abnormal growth of tissue in response to a specific stimulus from the invading organism. Thus gall-formers have the ability to manipulate the growth and development of plant tissues (Shorthouse and Rohfritsch, 1992SHORTHOUSE, JD. and ROHFRITSCH, O. (Eds.), 1992. Biology of insect-induced galls. New York: Oxford University Press. 728 p.).

Galling insects are among the most specialised herbivores. From an evolutionary point of view, galls can be seen as adaptations that allowed some insect taxa to feed on high quality tissues, and protect themselves from natural enemies and harsh abiotic factors (Price et al., 1986PRICE, PW., WARING, GL. and FERNANDES, GW., 1986. Hypotheses on the adaptive nature of galls. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, vol. 88, p. 361-363.).

The majority of galling insects are host-plant and plant-organ specific, and gall morphology is specific to each inducer (Floate et al., 1996FLOATE, K., FERNANDES, GW. and NILSSON, J., 1996. On the use of galls as bioassays to identification of plant genotypes. Oecologia, vol. 105, p. 221-229.). In addition, galls may be seen as extended phenotypes of their inducers (Weis et al., 1989WEIS, AE., WOLFE, CL. and GORMAN, WL., 1989. Genotypic variation and integration in histological features of the goldenrod ball gall. American Journal of Botany, vol. 76, no. 10, p. 1541-1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2444442.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2444442... ).

The insect gall collection of the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro began to be organised in 1992, with samples from restinga areas of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Since then, galls from other localities and biomes have been incorporated, increasing the representativeness of the collection.

The main aim of this paper is to elaborate an inventory of the gall collection of the Museu Nacional (MNRJ), focussing exclusively on Cerrado (Brazilian savanna).

The Cerrado covers some 2 million km2 of Central Brazil, representing about 23% of the land surface of the country. In terms of area, it is exceeded only by the Amazonian forest (with approx. 3±5 million km2). The Cerrado region extends from the margin of the Amazonian forest to outlying areas in the southern states of São Paulo and Paraná, occupying more than 20° of latitude and an altitudinal range from sea-level to 1800 m (Ratter et al., 1997RATTER, JA., RIBEIRO, JF. and BRIDGEWATER, S., 1997. The Brazilian Cerrado Vegetation and Threats to its Biodiversity. Annals of Botany, vol. 80, no. 3, p. 223-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0469.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0469... ).

The Brazilian Cerrado presents diverse physiognomies and comprises one of the richest vascular floras in number of species (Oliveira and Marquis, 2002OLIVEIRA, PS. and MARQUIS, RJ., 2002. The Cerrados of Brazil: ecology and Natural history of a Neotropical savanna. New York: Columbia University Press. 398 p.). It is one of the most threatened biomes, being considered as a diversity “hotspot” (Myers et al., 2000MYERS, N., MITTERMEIER, RA., MITTERMEIER, CG., DA FONSECA, GA. and KENT, J., 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, vol. 403, no. 6772, p. 853-858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35002501. PMid:10706275
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35002501... ; Jepson, 2005JEPSON, W., 2005. A disappearing biome? Reconsidering land-cover change in the Brazilian savanna. The Geographical Journal, vol. 171, no. 2, p. 99-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00153.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.20... ; Marris, 2005MARRIS, E., 2005. Conservation in Brazil: the forgotten ecosystem. Nature, vol. 437, no. 7061, p. 944-945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/437944a. PMid:16222267
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/437944a... ). According to Ribeiro and Walter (1998)RIBEIRO, JF. and WALTER, BMT., 1998. Fitofisionomias do bioma cerrado. In: SANO, SM. and ALMEIDA, SP. (Eds.). Cerrado: ambiente e flora. Planaltina: EMBRAPA-CPAC. p. 89-166., it includes 11 physiognomies distributed in forest formations (riparian forest, gallery forest, dry forest, and “cerradão”), savanna formations (Cerrado sensu stricto, Cerrado Park, Palmeiral, and Vereda), and grassland formations (“Campo Sujo”, rupestrian fields, and “Campo Limpo”).

Rupestrian fields are a unique and rare vegetation physiognomy of the Brazilian Cerrado. They spread over the plateaus and mountain chains of the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, and Goiás, being exclusively found in the highlands of the Espinhaço mountain range and small disjunctions in southeastern and northeastern Brazil. They occur in areas above 900 m a.s.l., on shallow, Al-rich, water-and nutrient-deficient soils where rocky outcrops prevail (Giulietti et al., 1987GIULIETTI, AM., MENEZES, NL., PIRANI, JR., MEGURO, M. and WANDERLEY, MGL., 1987. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: caracterização e lista das espécies. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo, vol. 9, p. 1-151.; Benites et al., 2007BENITES, VM., SCHAEFER, CEGR., SIMAS, FNB. and SANTOS, HG., 2007. Soils associated with rock outcrops in the Brazilian mountain range Mantiqueira and Espinhaço. Revista Brasileira de Botânica, vol. 30, p. 569-577.), and include a very high number of endemic species (Giulietti et al., 1987GIULIETTI, AM., MENEZES, NL., PIRANI, JR., MEGURO, M. and WANDERLEY, MGL., 1987. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: caracterização e lista das espécies. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo, vol. 9, p. 1-151.; Giulietti and Pirani, 1988GIULIETTI, AM. and PIRANI, JR., 1988. Patterns of Geographic Distribution of some Plant Species from the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil. In VANZOLINI, PE. and HEYER WR. (Eds.). Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Biodiversity Distribution Patterns. Rio de Janeiro: Academia Brasileira de Ciências. p. 39-69.; Safford 1999SAFFORD, HD., 1999. Brazilian Páramos I. An introduction to the physical environment and vegetation of the campos de altitude. Journal of Biogeography, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 693-712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00313.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.19... ; Rapini et al., 2002RAPINI, A., DE MELLO-SILVA, R. and KAWASAKI, ML., 2002. Richness and endemism in Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) from the Espinhaço Range of Minas Gerais, Brazil – a conservationist view. Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 1733-1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020346616185.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:102034661618... ). The plant communities experience high daily thermal amplitudes, strong winds, high sun exposure and constant fires (Ribeiro and Fernandes, 2000RIBEIRO, KT. and FERNANDES, GW., 2000. Patterns of abundance of a narrow endemic species in a tropical and infertile montane habitat. Plant Ecology, vol. 147, no. 2, p. 205-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009883300536.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:100988330053... ; Jacobi et al., 2007JACOBI, CM., CARMO, FF., VINCENT, RC. and STEHMANN, JR., 2007. Plant communities on ironstone outcrops: a diverse and endangered Brazilian ecosystem. Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 16, no. 7, p. 2185-2200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9156-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-915... ). In this speciose physiognomy, plants are mainly sclerophyllous and herbaceous with scattered shrubs and trees comprising a mosaic of habitats (Giulietti et al., 1997GIULIETTI, AM., PIRANI, JR. and HARLEY, RM., 1997. Espinhaço range region, eastern Brazil. In DAVIS, SD., HEYWOOD, VH., HERRERAMACBRYDE, O., VILLA-LOBOS, J. and HAMILTON, AC. (Eds.). Centres of Plant Diversity: a Guide and Strategy for Their Conservation. Cambridge: WWF/IUCN. p. 397-404. vol. 3.). Most of the endangered species of the Brazilian Cerrado are endemic to the rupestrian fields (Menezes and Giulietti, 2000MENEZES, NL. and GIULIETTI, AM., 2000. Campos rupestres. In MENDONÇA, MP. and LINS, LV. (Eds.). Lista vermelha das espécies ameaçadas de extinção da flora de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte: Fundação Biodiversitas, Fundação Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte. p. 65-73.), making this physiognomy especially important for plant conservation.

2.

Material and Methods

The insect gall collection of the Museu Nacional was surveyed by the authors. Data on localities and host plants were obtained from the labels; the biomes were inferred based on the localities.

Information about the gall morphology (plant organ of occurrence, shape, and presence of trichomes) was obtained by observing the samples. As the shape terminology is not standardised (similar shapes have been receiving different names), we adopt the following synonymies: globoid = spheroid, spherical, globose and fruitform (Figures 1a, b); fusiform = tapered (Figures 2a, b); conical = triangular = mamiliform (Figures 3a-c); cylindrical = tubular (Figure 4); circular = discoid (Figures 5a, b); and ovoid = elliptical, linear (Figures 6a, b), based on Isaias et al. (2013)ISAIAS, RM., CARNEIRO, RG., OLIVEIRA, DC. and SANTOS, JC., 2013. Illustrated and annotated checklist of Brazilian gall morphotypes. Neotropical Entomology, vol. 42, no. 3, p. 230-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0115-7. PMid:23949804
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-011... . Other adopted shapes were: marginal roll (Figure 7); leaf roll (Figure 8), rosette (Figure 9), vermiform (Figure 10), claviform (Figure 11), and horn-shaped (Figure 12). The galling species was determined based on literature.

Figures 1-12.
Gall shape: 1a, b) globoid; 2) fusiform; 3a-c) conical; 4) cylindrical; 5a, b) circular; 6a, b) ovoid; 7) marginal roll; 8) leaf roll; 9) rosette; 10) vermiform; 11) claviform; 12) horn-shaped.

The collection comprises dried galls which are organised in small boxes by host plant names in alphabetical order. The boxes are arranged in wooden drawers covered with glass and these drawers are inserted in compactors (Figures 13, 14).

Figures 13-14.
The gall collection of Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.

3.

Results

The collection comprises 131 morphotypes of galls from Cerrado, which were obtained from at least 71 host plant species distributed in 50 genera and 30 botanical families (Table 1). All galls were collected in a same physiognomy: rupestrian fields.

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Host Plant Galled organ Gall shape Trichome Galling insect Locality Anacardiaceae Schinus terebinthifoliusRaddi Leaf circular absent Coccoidea (Hemiptera) TiradentesMG Annonaceae Annona crassiflora Mart leaf globoid absent Sternorrhyncha (Hemiptera) TiradentesMG Apiaceae (=Umbelliferae) Eryngium sp. flower peduncule globoid absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) TiradentesMG Asteraceae Aspilia duarteanaSantos stem globoid absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) TiradentesMG Baccharis microcephala (Less.) DC. bud ovoid absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) TiradentesMG leaf (vein) fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) TiradentesMG Baccharis reticulariaDC. leaf marginal roll absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) TiradentesMG stem/ leaf (petiole and vein) fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) TiradentesMG leaf cylindrical absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) TiradentesMG Baccharis serrulata(Lam.) Pres. leaf/stem globoid absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) TiradentesMG Eremanthus eryhropappus(DC.) MacLeish (=Vanilosmopsis eryhtropappa Schult) leaf conical absent Asphondylia serrata Maia, 2004 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) TiradentesMG Mikania lindbergiiBaker stem fusiform absent Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) TiradentesMG Mikania micrantha Kunth leaf globoid absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) TiradentesMG Mikania sessilifoliaDC. leaf circular absent Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) TiradentesMG Mikania sessilifoliaDC. leaf (petiole and midvein) fusiform present Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) TiradentesMG Vernonia polyanthesLess. stem ovoid absent Tomoplagia rudolphi(Tephritidae, Diptera) Tiradentes, Brumadinho MG Vernonia sp. stem fusiform absent Muscomorpha (Diptera) TiradentesMG Boraginaceae Cordia sp. inflorescence globoid present Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) TiradentesMG Burseraceae Protium heptaphyllum(Aubl.) Marchand leaf marginal roll absent Lopesia similis Maia, 2004 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) TiradentesMG leaf conical absent Dactylodiplosis heptaphylliMaia, 2004 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) TiradentesMG leaf globoid present Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) TiradentesMG leaf marginal roll absent Lopesia similis Maia, 2004 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) TiradentesMG
Host Plant Galled organ Gall shape Trichome Galling insect Locality Clusiaceae Calophyllum brasilienseCamb. stem fusiform absent Lopesia caulinaris Maia, 2003 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Brumadinho MG leaf elliptical absent Lopesia elliptica Maia, 2003. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Brumadinho MG Calophyllum sp. stem globoid absent Lopesia caulinaris Maia, 2003 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) TiradentesMG Calophyllum sp. leaf marginal roll absent probably Thysanoptera Tiradentes MG Calophyllum sp. stem fusiform absent Lopesia caulinaris Maia, 2003 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG Calophyllum sp. leaf ovoid absent Lopesia linearis Maia, 2003 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG Calophyllum sp. leaf ovoid absent Lopesia elliptica Maia, 2003 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG Chrysobalanaceae Licania sp. stem fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Combretaceae Terminalia argenteaMart. leaf globoid present Not det. Serra do Cipó, MG leaf (vein) fusiform present Not det. Serra do Cipó, MG Dilleniaceae Davilla brasiliana DC. leaf circular absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG bud rosette absent Asphondylia sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG Davilla sp. stem/leaf globoid present Not det. BrumadinhoMG Erythroxylaceae Erythroxyllum frangulifoliumSt. Hilaire apical bud globoid absent Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) Tiradentes MG leaf marginal roll absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera TiradentesMG Erythroxyllum suberosum St. Hil. leaf circular absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes, Serra do Lenheiro MG leaf globoid present Myrciariamyia admirabilisMaia, 2007 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes, Serra do Lenheiro MG Euphorbiaceae Croton antisyphiliticusMart. leaf circular absent Contarinia sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) TiradentesMG Croton antisyphiliticusMart. leaf (midvein) fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG
Host Plant Galled organ Gall shape Trichome Galling insect Locality Croton floribundusSpreng. leaf marginal roll absent Not det Tiradentes MG leaf discoid absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG leaf (vein) fusiform absent Couridiplosis vena Maia, 2004 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG leaf/stem globoid present Clinodiplosis sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG leaf ovoid present Lopesia spinosa Maia, 2004 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG Croton gnidiaceusBaill. stem globoid absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Croton timandroides(Didr.) Müll. Arg. stem fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Croton sp. leaf globoid present Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes,BrumadinhoMG Sapium lenheirensis stem globoid absent Not det. Serra do Lenheiro MG Fabaceae Aeschynomene sp. stem globoid absent Not det. Itamonte MG Andira sp. stem globoid absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes, BrumadinhoMG Andira sp. stem fusiform absent Curculionidae, Coleoptera TiradentesMG Andira sp. leaf globoid absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Andira sp. leaf vermiform absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Bauhinia sp. leaf globoid present Not det. Tiradentes MG Copaifera langsdorffiiDesf. leaf horn-shaped absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG leaf discoid absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG leaf globoid present Not det. Tiradentes, Serra do Lenheiro MG bud ovoid absent Lepidoptera Tiradentes, Serra do Lenheiro MG Inga sp. leaf (vein) fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes, Brumadinho MG Inga sp. leaf globoid present Not det. TiradentesMG Stryphnodendron guianense(Aubl.) Benth stem fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Lamiaceae Hyptis sp. stem fusiform present Cecidomyiidae, Diptera TiradentesMG Lythraceae Cuphea sp. stem fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Serra do Cipó, MG Diplusodon cf. vigatusPohl bud rosette absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera TiradentesMG
Host Plant Galled organ Gall shape Trichome Galling insect Locality Malpighiaceae Byrsonima variabilis A. Juss. leaf conical absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes, Serra do Lenheiro, MG stem fusiform absent Not det. Serra do Lenheiro MG stem globoid absent Not det. Tiradentes MG Byrsonima verbascifolia A. Juss. leaf conical absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes, MG leaf discoid present Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Byrsonima verbascifolia A. Juss. stem fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Serra do Cipó, MG Byrsonima sp. stem fusiform absent No det. Tiradentes Serra do Cipó, MG Melastomataceae Clidemia sp. leaf globoid present Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Itamonte MG Leandra aurea(Cham.) Cogn. leaf globoid present Lepidoptera Tiradentes MG leaf globoid present Cecidomyiidae Tiradentes MG Miconia theaezans(Bonpl.) Cogn. stem fusiform absent Lepidoptera Tiradentes MG bud rosette absent Lepidoptera Tiradentes MG leaf circular absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Tiradentes MG bud globoid absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Tiradentes MG leaf globoid absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Tiradentes MG Miconia sp.1 bud rosette absent Not det. Serra do Cipó, MG Miconia sp. 2 leaf/stem globoid present Lepidoptera Tiradentes MG Miconia sp.3 leaf/stem globoid present Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Tiradentes MG Tibouchina candolleana(DC.) Cogn. leaf (midvein/petiole) fusiform absent Lopesia tibouchinae Maia, 2004 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG leaf elliptical present Lepidoptera Tiradentes MG stem fusiform absent Lepidoptera Tiradentes MG Tibouchina sp. stem fusiform absent Not det. Serra do Lenheiro MG Myrsinaceae Rapanea andina Mez. stem fusiform absent Lepidoptera Tiradentes MG leaf circular absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Tiradentes MG Myrtaceae Campomanesia pubescens(DC.) O. Berg. leaf circular absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Tiradentes MG
Host Plant Galled organ Gall shape Trichome Galling insect Locality Eugenia adstringensCamb.(= E. rotundifoliaCasar) leaf circular absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Tiradentes MG Eugenia cfr. ovalifolia Camb. leaf claviform absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Tiradentes MG Eugenia sp. stem fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Tiradentes MG Eugenia sp. leaf globoid present Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Tiradentes MG Eugenia sp. leaf conical absent Not det Serra do Lenheiro MG Eugenia sp. stem fusiform absent Not det Serra do Lenheiro MG Eugenia sp. stem fusiform absent Not det BrumadinhoMG Myrcia sp. bud ovoid absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Tiradentes, BrumadinhoMG Myrcia sp. leaf marginal roll absent Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Tiradentes MG Myrcia sp. leaf (vein) fusiform absent Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG Myrcia sp. leaf leaf roll absent Thysanoptera Tiradentes, BrumadinhoMG Nyctaginaceae Guapira sp. leaf (vein/petiole) fusiform present Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) Tiradentes MG Guapira sp. leaf (vein) circular absent Lopesia bilobata Maia, 2004 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG Guapira sp. stem fusiform absent Asphondyliini (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG Neea cfr. sp. leaf globoid absent Not det. Serra do Cipó, MG Piperaceae Tiradentes MG Piper sp. bud conical present Parametasphondylia piperisMaia & Santos, 2007 (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG Piper sp. stem globoid absent Zalepidota sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG Piper sp. stem globoid absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Piper sp. leaf (vein) fusiform absent Not det. BrumadinhoMG Rubiaceae Borreria cf. brachystemonoides Cham. & Schltdl Stem/inflorescence fusiform present Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Policourea rigida Kunth leaf (vein) conical absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera TiradentesMG Psychotria leiocarpa Cham. & Schltdl. leaf cylindrical absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera BrumadinhoMG Relbunium sp. stem fusiform absent Not det. Itamonte MG
Host Plant Galled organ Gall shape Trichome Galling insect Locality Sapindaceae Paullinia cfr. stem fusiform absent Not det. BrumadinhoMG Paullinia sp. stem fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Paullinia sp. leaf (vein) fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Paullinia sp. leaf circular absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera TiradentesMG Scrophulariaceae Buchnera rosea Kunth. stem fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Smilacaceae Smilax elastica Griseb leaf circular absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Tiliaceae Luehea cf – divaricata Mart. leaf (midvein) fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG leaf circular absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera TiradentesMG leaf (petiole) globoid present Cecidomyiidae, Diptera TiradentesMG Luehea sp. leaf circular absent Not det. Tiradentes MG Ulmaceae Celtis glycycarpa Mart. ex Miq. stem fusiform absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG leaf circular absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG leaf/stem conical absent Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) TiradentesMG Verbenaceae Lantana lilacina Desf. stem fusiform absent Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) Tiradentes MG leaf cylindrical absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Vochysiaceae Qualea parvifolia Mart. leaf circular absent Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Tiradentes MG Winteraceae Drymis brasiliensisMiers. stem globoid absent Hymenoptera Tiradentes MG

The samples were collected in five localities of the state of Minas Gerais: Brumadinho (20°08′34″ S, 44°12′00″ W), Itamonte (22° 17′ 02″ S, 44° 52′ 12″ W), Serra do Cipó (43°-44°W, 19°-20°S), São João del Rey (21° 8′ 11″ S, 44° 15′ 43″ W, Serra do Lenheiro), and Tiradentes (21° 00′ S, 44° 00″ W, Serra de São José). No other Cerrado area is represented. The records from Brumadinho, Itamonte and São João del Rey are new.

Melastomataceae was the plant family with the greatest gall richness (15 morphotypes), followed by Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Euphorbiaceae (with 14, 13, 12, and 11 morphotypes, respectively) (Table 2). Most of them have a good representativeness in Cerrado areas (Giulietti et al., 1987GIULIETTI, AM., MENEZES, NL., PIRANI, JR., MEGURO, M. and WANDERLEY, MGL., 1987. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: caracterização e lista das espécies. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo, vol. 9, p. 1-151.; Ratter et al., 1997RATTER, JA., RIBEIRO, JF. and BRIDGEWATER, S., 1997. The Brazilian Cerrado Vegetation and Threats to its Biodiversity. Annals of Botany, vol. 80, no. 3, p. 223-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0469.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0469... ).

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Table 2.
Distribution of gall morphotypes in the most galled plant families.

Croton (L.) Müll.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae), Miconia Ruiz & Pav., Eugenia L., Bacccharis L., and Byrsonima Rich. ex Kunth were the genera with the greatest gall diversity (with 10, 07, 07, 06, and 06 morphotypes, respectively) (Table 3). Croton floribundus Spreng. and Miconia theaezans Cogn. were the super host plants, with 05 morphotypes each.

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Table 3.
Distribution of gall morphotypes in the most galled plant genera.

The galls were observed on leaves, stems, apical and lateral bud, as well as on flowers (inflorescences, and peduncles), being leaf galls the most frequent galled plant organ (about 60%) (Figure 15). This result corroborates the world pattern pointed out by Houard (1933)HOUARD, C., 1933. Les Zoocecidies des Plantes de I' Amerique du Sud et de I' Amerique Central. Paris: Hermann & Cie. 549 p..

Figure 15.
Distribution of gall morphotypes per plant organ. The total of the percentages is higher than 100% because some morphotypes were recorded on two plant organs.

The most common morphotypes were fusiform (41 morphotypes or ca. 31%), globoid (36 morphotypes or ca. 27%), and circular (15 morphotypes or 11%) (Table 4). The great majority was glabrous (about 80%) (Table 1).

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Table 4.
Distribution of gall morphotypes per shape.

The gallers belong to six orders: Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Thysanoptera, being Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) the most frequent galling insect (with 73%) (Figure 16), as in all other zoogeographic areas (Felt, 1940FELT, EP., 1940. Plant galls and gall makers. Ithaca: Comstock. 364 p.). Most part of the gallers are identified at family level (52%), 16% are not determined, 6% are identified at genus and 13% at species. These data reveal how the taxonomy of the gallers is still little studied.

Figure 16.
Distribution of gall morphotypes per order of galling insect.

4.

Conclusion

The Cerrado gall collection of the Museu Nacional comprises exclusively samples of rupestrian fields from Minas Gerais, totalling 131 morphotypes. It can be considered representative of this physiognomy in Minas Gerais. As the Cerrado spreads over other Brazilian states (Figure 17), efforts to obtain samples from these areas are necessary in order to increase the representativeness of the gall collection of the Museu Nacional.

Figure 17.
Map of the Cerrado ecoregion. Source: <http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado>.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to CNPq for financial support (VCM Proc. 300237/2010-3, and SA Proc. 372165/2012-5).

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Aug 2014

History

  • Received
    21 Jan 2013
  • Accepted
    24 May 2013
  • Reviewed
    30 Nov 2014
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