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Gastrointestinal parasites of maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus, Illiger 1815) in a suburban area in southeastern Brazil

Parasitas gastrointestinais de lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus, Illiger 1815) em uma área suburbana no sudeste do Brasil

Abstract

We examined 42 maned wolf scats in an unprotected and disturbed area of Cerrado in southeastern Brazil. We identified six helminth endoparasite taxa, being Phylum Acantocephala and Family Trichuridae the most prevalent. The high prevalence of the Family Ancylostomatidae indicates a possible transmission via domestic dogs, which are abundant in the study area. Nevertheless, our results indicate that the endoparasite species found are not different from those observed in protected or least disturbed areas, suggesting a high resilience of maned wolf and their parasites to human impacts, or a common scenario of disease transmission from domestic dogs to wild canid whether in protected or unprotected areas of southeastern Brazil.

Keywords:
Chrysocyon brachyurus ; impacted area; parasites; scat analysis

Resumo

Foram examinadas 42 fezes de lobo-guará em uma área desprotegida e perturbada do Cerrado no sudeste do Brasil. Nós identificamos seis táxons de helmintos endoparasitas, sendo o Filo Acantocephala e a Família Trichuridae os mais prevalentes. A alta prevalência da Família Ancylostomatidae indica uma possível transmissão por cães domésticos, que são abundantes na área de estudo. No entanto, nossos resultados indicam que as espécies de endoparasitas encontradas não são diferentes daquelas observadas em áreas protegidas ou menos perturbadas, o que sugere uma alta resiliência do lobo-guará e seus parasitas aos impactos humanos ou um cenário comum de transmissão de doenças de cães domésticos para um canídeo selvagem, seja em áreas protegidas ou desprotegidas do sudeste do Brasil.

Palavras-chave:
Chrysocyon brachyurus ; área impactada; parasitas; análise fecal

1 Introduction

In Brazil the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is endangered with extinction, being the infectious diseases one of the major threats to the species (Machado et al., 2008Machado, ABM., Drummond, GM. and Paglia, AP., 2008. Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameaçada de extinção. Belo Horizonte: Fundação Biodiversitas. 1420 p.). However, it is not easy to know whether parasitic infections represent a great harm to this species in Brazil, since few studies involving gastrointestinal parasites of C. brachyurus have been performed in nature (Dietz, 1984Dietz, JM., 1984. Ecology and social organization of the maned wolf. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 392, p. 1-51.; Mattos et al., 2005Mattos, PSRD., Mattos, KK. and Seixas, ASS., SOUZA, CWO., MANTOVANI, JE., 2005. Avaliação de ocorrência de Parasitismo e Impacto Orgânico, em Lobos Guarás (Chrysocyon brachyurus) de vida livre, na área da Estação Ecológica de Jataí e Entorno. In SANTOS, JE., CAVALIEIRO, F., PIRES, JSR., OLIVEIRA, CH. and PIRES, AMZCR. Estudos integrados em ecossistemas. Estação Ecológica de Jataí. São Carlos: EdUFSCar. p. 137-152.; Braga et al., 2010Braga, RT., Vynne, C. and Loyola, RD., 2010. Fauna parasitária intestinal de (lobo-guará) no Parque Nacional das Emas. Chrysocyon brachyurusBioikos, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 49-55.; Curi et al., 2010Curi, NHA., Araújo, AS., Campos, FS., Lobato, ZIP., Gennari, SM., Marvulo MFV., SILVA, JCR. and TALAMONI, SA., 2010. Wild canids, domestic dogs and their pathogens in Southeast Brazil: disease threats for canid conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 19, no. 12, p. 3513-3524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9911-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-991...
, 2012Curi, NHA., Coelho, CM., Malta, MCC., Magni, EMV., Sábato, MAL., Araújo, AS., Lobato, ZI., Santos, JL., Santos, HA., Ragozo, AA. and Souza, SL., 2012. Pathogens of wild maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) in Brazil. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, vol. 48, no. 4, p. 1052-1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2011-10-304.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2011-10-304...
; Santos et al., 2012Santos, JL., Magalhães, NB., Santos, HA., Ribeiro, RR. and Guimarães, MP., 2012. Parasites of domestic and wild canids in the region of Serra do Cipó National Park, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 270-277.). It is also worth noting that these studies were performed in officially protected areas of the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado), the typical habitat of this species. The Cerrado protected areas cover only 2.2% of this biome (Klink and Machado, 2005Klink, CA. and Machado, RB., 2005. A conservação do cerrado brasileiro. Megadiversidade, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 147-155.), hence, it is important to assess the species' status outside nature reserves, where the maned wolf is also widely distributed (Queirolo et al., 2011Queirolo, D., Moreira, JR., Soler, L., Emmons, LH., Rodrigues, FHG., Pautasso, AA., Cartes, JL. and Salvatori, V., 2011. Historical and current range of the Near Threatened maned wolf . Chrysocyon brachyurus in South AmericaOryx, vol. 45, no. 2, p. 296-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310000372.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310000...
). This study is the first to analyse the gastrointestinal parasites of C.brachyurus in an unprotected (suburban) area of the Cerrado near a large urban center in southeastern Brazil. The main questions that we addressed here are: do the gastrointestinal parasites found in this location differ from those found in less disturbed areas? What these parasites indicate or suggest about the resilience of maned wolf or the parasite themselves to man-made disturbances?

2 Material and Methods

2.1 Study area

The study site is a 2 × 8 km rectangular area (1,610 ha) located in Calçada ridge (Serra da Calçada), in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil (see Figure 1). The region is a contact zone between Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes and is considered a conservation priority area (Drummond et al., 2005Drummond, GM., Martins, CS., Macdo, ABM., Sebaio, FA. and Antonini, Y., 2005. Biodiversidade em Minas Gerais: um Atlas para sua conservação. 2nd ed. Belo Horizonte: Fundação Biodiversitas. 222 p.). Although this area is located in the buffer zone of two protected areas, the Rola Moça Ridge State Park (Parque Estadual da Serra do Rola Moça - PESRM) and the Fechos Ecological Station (Estação Ecológia de Fechos - EEF), a large portion of the natural areas in this region have been completely eliminated or altered by mining activities and real state expansion (Massara et al., 2012Massara, RL., Paschoal, AMO., Hirsch, A. and Chiarello, AG., 2012. Diet and habitat use by maned wolf outside protected areas in eastern Brazil. Tropical Conservation Science, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 284-300.).

Figure 1
Location of the study area (rectangle, main figure) in Serra da Calçada, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. White lines are municipalities divisions; dark grey are natural vegetation areas, light grey are anthropogenic disturbance area; black contours are the protected areas closest to the study area. The urban area of Belo Horizonte is the large light grey area in the north. The geographic distribution of the maned wolf is shown in the insert (grey area). Source: IBGE (2003)Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE, 2003. @downloads. Available from: <http://downloads.ibge.gov.br>. Access in: 20 Nov. 2011.
http://downloads.ibge.gov.br...
, INPE (2008)Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais Estatística – INPE, 2008. Catálogo de imagens Landsat 5. INPE. Available from: <http://www.dgi.inpe.br/CDSR>. Access in: 10 Nov. 2009.
http://www.dgi.inpe.br/CDSR...
and Rodden et al. (2008)Rodden, M., Rodrigues, F. and Bestelmeyer, S., 2008. . In Chrysocyon brachyurusIUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available from: <http://www.iucnredlist.org>. Access in: 20 Nov. 2013.
http://www.iucnredlist.org...
.

2.2 Data collection and analysis

We searched monthly (from October 2006 to January 2008) for maned wolf scats in several unpaved roads existing in the study area (Massara et al., 2012Massara, RL., Paschoal, AMO., Hirsch, A. and Chiarello, AG., 2012. Diet and habitat use by maned wolf outside protected areas in eastern Brazil. Tropical Conservation Science, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 284-300.). Feces were stored (10g) and analysed in laboratory. Three usual methods were performed for endoparasite diagnostic: sedimentation (Hoffman et al., 1934Hoffman, W., Pons, JA. and Janer, JL., 1934. The sedimentation-concentration method in Schistosomiasis mansoni.The Puerto Rico Journal of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, vol. 9, p. 283-291.), flotation in a saturated solution of sodium chloride (Willis, 1921Willis, HHA., 1921. A simple levitation method for the detection of hookworm ova. The Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 8, p. 375-376.) and centrifugation with formol-ether (Ritchie, 1948Ritchie, LS., 1948. An ether sedimentation technique for routine stool examination. Bulletin of the U.S. Army Medical Department, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 326.). At least two microscope slides were prepared for each method. When helminth eggs were found and identified at the lesser taxonomic level, five randomly selected eggs of each taxa were measured and compared with the morphology described by Soulsby (1968)Soulsby, EJL., 1968. Helminths, Arthropods & Protozoa of domesticated animals. London: Baillière, Tindall and Cassell. 824 p.. The sample sufficiency was assessed graphically plotting sample size (number of scats) against the randomized (n=100) number of observed taxa found in feces. The observed richness (Sobs Mao Tau) was compared with the estimated richness, using the first-order Jackknife estimator. These analyses were performed in program EstimateS (Colwell, 2005Colwell, RK., 2005. EstimateS: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. EstimateS. Available from: <http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/estimates>. Access in: 30 Nov. 2013.
http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/estimates...
).

3 Results

We collected 42 maned wolf fecal samples from which we identified six endoparasite taxa (see Figure 2). The rarefaction curve has stabilized (see Figure 3), indicating that the sample size (42 feces) was sufficient to estimate endoparasite richness of the local population (estimated richness = 6 ± 0 95% CI). The Phylum Acanthocephala (81.0%), Family Trichuridae (78.6%) and Family Ancylostomatidae (35.7%) were the most prevalent endoparasite taxa found in the maned wolf scats (see Table 1).

Figure 2
Eggs of helminth parasites found in maned wolf scats collected in Serra da Calçada between October 2006 and January 2008. (A) Phylum Acanthocephala; (B) Capillaria cf. hepatica; (C) Family Ancylostomatidae; (D) Family Physalopteridae; (E) Toxocaracf. canis; (F) Family Hymenolepididae.
Figure 3
Randomized number of observed parasites species (Sobs Mao Tau ± 95% CI) derived from maned wolf scats collected (samples) in Serra da Calçada.
Table 1
Prevalence (and corresponding number of scats) of helminth parasites in scats and average size of eggs (L= length; W= width; µ) found in maned wolf scats collected in Serra da Calçada between October 2006 and January 2008.

4 Discussion

The Phylum Acantocephala and Family Trichuridae have terrestrial arthropods (Phylum Acanthocephala; Urquhart et al., 1998Urquhart, GM., Armour, J., Duncan, JL., Dunn, AM. and Jennings, FW., 1998. Parasitologia veterinária. 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan. 292 p.) and rodents (Phylum Acanthocephala and Family Trichuridae; Petrochenko, 1971Petrochenko, VI., 1971. Acanthocephala of domestic and wild animals. Jerusalem: Keter Press. 465 p.; Urquhart et al., 1998Urquhart, GM., Armour, J., Duncan, JL., Dunn, AM. and Jennings, FW., 1998. Parasitologia veterinária. 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan. 292 p.) as hosts, items that are commonly found in the diet of C. brachyurus from this area (Massara et al., 2012Massara, RL., Paschoal, AMO., Hirsch, A. and Chiarello, AG., 2012. Diet and habitat use by maned wolf outside protected areas in eastern Brazil. Tropical Conservation Science, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 284-300.).

The Family Ancylostomatidae can also be found in wild or domestic canids and cats (Urquhart et al., 1998Urquhart, GM., Armour, J., Duncan, JL., Dunn, AM. and Jennings, FW., 1998. Parasitologia veterinária. 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan. 292 p.; Ragozo et al., 2002Ragozo, AMA., Murandian, V., Silva, JCR., Caravieri, R., Amajoner, VR., Magnabosco, C. and Gennari, SM., 2002. Ocorrência de parasitos gastrintestinais em fezes de gatos das cidades de São Paulo e Guarulhos. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, vol. 39, no. 5, p. 244-246.). However, we could not assert whether the maned wolves of the study area are natural hosts of this parasite or whether the infection is coming from sympatric domestic dogs and cats (exotics). The second alternative seems to be more likely as already suggested by Santos et al. (2012)Santos, JL., Magalhães, NB., Santos, HA., Ribeiro, RR. and Guimarães, MP., 2012. Parasites of domestic and wild canids in the region of Serra do Cipó National Park, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 270-277.. Dogs, domestic stray or errant, were commonly seen on a daily basis in the study area, where there is no efficient surveillance. Further, it is estimated that there are about 1,050 dogs in the study area (Belo Horizonte, 2011Belo Horizonte. Prefeitura. Departamento de Vigilância Sanitária. Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, 2011. Censo canino. Available from: <http://www.pbg.gov.br>. Access in: 20 Nov. 2012.
http://www.pbg.gov.br...
; Brumadinho, 2012Brumadinho. Prefeitura. Departamento de recolhimento fiscal, 2012. Prefeitura de Brumadinho. Available from: <http://www.brumadinho.mg.gov.br>. Access in: 15 Nov. 2012.
http://www.brumadinho.mg.gov.br...
; Nova Lima, 2012Nova Lima. Prefeitura. Departamento de recolhimento fiscal, 2012. Prefeitura Municiapal de Nova Lima. Available from: <http://www.novalima.mg.gov.br/>. Access in: 20 Nov. 2012.
http://www.novalima.mg.gov.br/...
). The role of dogs as reservoirs and sources of pathogens for wild canids is well known (Laurenson et al., 2004Laurenson, MK., Cleaveland, S., Artois, M. and Woodroffe, R., 2004. Assessing and managing infectious disease threats to canids. In SILLERO-ZUBIRI, C., HOFFMANN, M. and MACDONALD, DW. (Eds.). Canids: Foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs. Status survey and conservation action plan. Gland: IUCN. p. 246-256.). The high number of domestic dogs inside this area may interfere in the dynamics of biological communities and can also spread diseases to other wildlife species (Vanak and Gompper, 2009Vanak, AT. and Gompper, ME., 2009. Dogs . Canis familiaris as carnivores: their role and function in intraguild competitionMammal Review, vol. 39, no. 4, p. 265-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2009.00148.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.20...
; Paschoal et al., 2012Paschoal, AMO., Massara, RL., Santos, JL. and Chiarello, AG., 2012. Is the domestic dog becoming an abundant species in the Atlantic forest? A study case in southeastern Brazil. Mammalia, vol. 76, no. 1, p. 67-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2012-0501.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2012-...
; Hughes and Macdonald, 2013Hughes, J. and Macdonald, DW., 2013. A review of the interactions between free-roaming domestic dogs and wildlife. Biological Conservation, vol. 157, p. 341-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012....
).

Our results indicate that the endoparasite community of the C. brachyurus is directly related to its diet and potential vectors of diseases found in the area, such as the domestic dogs. The Families Trichuridae and Ancylostomatidae and the Phylum Acanthocephala are also among the endoparasites most frequently found in other studies (see Table 2). Similarly, both richness and composition of species found in this study do not differ much from these studies (see Table 2). It seems, therefore, that C. brachyurus is not being affected by a different parasite set from those already identified in studies carried out in less disturbed areas, reinforcing the high plasticity of the species and its parasites to human impacts (Santos et al., 2003Santos, EF., SETZ, EZF. and GOBBI, N., 2003. Diet of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and its role in seed dispersal on a cattle ranch in Brazil. Journal of Zoology, vol. 260, no. 2, p. 203-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952836903003650.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952836903003...
; Massara et al., 2012Massara, RL., Paschoal, AMO., Hirsch, A. and Chiarello, AG., 2012. Diet and habitat use by maned wolf outside protected areas in eastern Brazil. Tropical Conservation Science, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 284-300.). Other explanation lies in the fact that both protected and unprotected areas in southeastern Brazil holds abundant populations of dogs (Paschoal et al., 2012Paschoal, AMO., Massara, RL., Santos, JL. and Chiarello, AG., 2012. Is the domestic dog becoming an abundant species in the Atlantic forest? A study case in southeastern Brazil. Mammalia, vol. 76, no. 1, p. 67-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2012-0501.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2012-...
; Massara et al., 2012Massara, RL., Paschoal, AMO., Hirsch, A. and Chiarello, AG., 2012. Diet and habitat use by maned wolf outside protected areas in eastern Brazil. Tropical Conservation Science, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 284-300.), and the same patterns of transmission from dogs should warrant the presence of parasite communities similar to those from protected (Curi et al., 2010Curi, NHA., Araújo, AS., Campos, FS., Lobato, ZIP., Gennari, SM., Marvulo MFV., SILVA, JCR. and TALAMONI, SA., 2010. Wild canids, domestic dogs and their pathogens in Southeast Brazil: disease threats for canid conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 19, no. 12, p. 3513-3524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9911-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-991...
, 2012Curi, NHA., Coelho, CM., Malta, MCC., Magni, EMV., Sábato, MAL., Araújo, AS., Lobato, ZI., Santos, JL., Santos, HA., Ragozo, AA. and Souza, SL., 2012. Pathogens of wild maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) in Brazil. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, vol. 48, no. 4, p. 1052-1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2011-10-304.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2011-10-304...
) and suburban areas. However, it is important to note that this study did not assess the infestation degree or the number of each parasite taxon in the fecal samples. Thus, in order to better understand the relationship between wild canids, domestic dogs and their gastrointestinal parasites, we highlight the importance of further studies, mainly outside protected areas, examining the real parasite impacts (especially those introduced and maintained by exotic host species) on wild canid populations.

Table 2
Studies conducted in protected areas of the Cerrado (except the present study) that evaluated the endoparasites found in fecal samples of the maned wolf.

Acknowledgements

Marcos Pezzi Guimarães, Juliana Lúcia Costa Santos and Hudson Andrade Santos for their help in the endoparasite analysis; Nelson Henrique de Almeida Curi for suggestions; CNPq and CAPES for the scholarships granted to RLM and AMOP respectively.

  • (With 3 figures)

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    25 Sept 2015
  • Date of issue
    Aug 2015

History

  • Received
    07 Nov 2013
  • Accepted
    21 Jan 2014
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