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Articles • Braz. J. Biol. 75 (3 suppl 1) • Aug 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.03014BM   copy

A checklist for the zooplankton of the Middle Xingu – an Amazon River system

Diversidade zooplanctônica do médio Rio Xingu – bacia amazônica

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

A zooplankton checklist is presented for the Middle Xingu River, based on surveys conducted at four sites in the main channel and two fluvial lakes. A total of 175 taxa are listed, including 141 rotifers, 20 cladocerans, and five copepods. Rapids presented the greatest species richness, with up to 124 taxa, while Ilha Grande lake had 70 taxa, the lowest number. Non-planktonic benthic larvae were recorded frequently in the samples.

Keywords:
clear water rivers; zooplankton; fluvial habitats; limnology

Resumo

Levantamentos realizados em dois lagos e no canal principal do médio Xingu objetivaram a listar a diversidade do zooplâncton. De um total de 175 táxons, 141 foram rotíferos, 20 cladóceros e 5 copépodes. As corredeiras foram os ambientes mais diversos com 124 táxons, enquanto que no Lago da Ilha Grande se registraram somente setenta táxons. Destaca-se a ocorrência de grupos de hábito não planctônico na coluna d’água do rio que indica o efeito perturbador da correnteza.

Palavras-chave:
águas claras amazônicas; zooplâncton; ambientes fluviais; limnologia

1 Introduction

Many inventories of the zooplankton diversity of the rivers of the Amazon basin are available, especially for the principal, white- and black-water tributaries. The principal studies have focused on the marginal várzea lakes of the Amazon and Negro floodplains (see Robertson and Hardy, 1984Robertson, BA. and Hardy, ER., 1984. Zooplankton of Amazonian lakes and rivers. In SIOLI, H. (Ed.). The Amazon: limnology and landscape. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk Publishers. p. 337-352. Monographie Biologicae, vol. 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6542-3_13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-654... ; Koste and Robertson, 1990Koste, W. and Robertson, B., 1990. Taxonomic studies of rotifera from shallow waters on the Island of Maracá, Roraima, Brazil. Amazoniana, vol. 11, p. 185-200.; Brandorff, 1973Brandorff, GO., 1973. Neue freilebende Calanoide Copepoden (Crustacea) aus den Amazonasgebiet. Amazoniana, vol. 4, p. 205-218.; Brandorff and Andrade, 1978Brandorff, GO. and Andrade, ER., 1978. The relationship between the water level of the Amazon River and fate of the zooplankton population in Lago Jacaretinga, a Várzea lake in Central Amazon. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 63-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650527809360533.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650527809360... ; Koste and Robertson, 1983Koste, W. and Robertson, B., 1983. Taxonomic studies of the Rotifera (Phylum Aschelminthes) from a Central Amazonian varzea lake, Lago Camaleão (Ilha de Marchantaria, Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil). Amazoniana, vol. 8, p. 225-254.; Carvalho, 1983Carvalho, ML., 1983. Efeitos da flutuação do nível da água sobre a densidade e composição do zooplâncton em um lago de várzea da Amazônia, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, vol. 13, p. 715-724.; Hardy, 1980Hardy, ER., 1980. Composição do zooplâncton em cinco lagos da Amazônia Central. Acta Amazonica, vol. 10, p. 577-609.; Hardy et al., 1984Hardy, ER., Robertson, BA. and Koste, W., 1984. About relationship between the zooplankton and fluctuating water levels of Lago Camaleão, a Central Amazonian várzea lake. Amazoniana, vol. 9, p. 43-52.; Robertson and Hardy, 1984Robertson, BA. and Hardy, ER., 1984. Zooplankton of Amazonian lakes and rivers. In SIOLI, H. (Ed.). The Amazon: limnology and landscape. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk Publishers. p. 337-352. Monographie Biologicae, vol. 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6542-3_13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-654... ; Santos-Silva et al., 1989Santos-Silva, EN., Robertson, BA., Reid, J. and Hardy, ER., 1989. Atlas de copépodos planctônicos, Calanoida e Cyclopoida (Crustacea), da Amazônia Brasileira. Volume I. Represa de Curuá-Una, Pará. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, vol. 6, p. 725-758.; Waichman et al., 2002Waichman, AV., García-Dávila, CR., Hardy, ER. and Robertson, BA., 2002. Composição do zooplâncton em diferentes ambientes do lago Camaleão, na ilha da Marchantaria, Amazonas, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, vol. 32, no. 2, p. 339-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43922002322347.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-439220023... ). However, studies of the composition of the zooplankton of clear-water rivers are scarce. The available studies include those of Bozelli (1992Bozelli, RL., 1992. Composition of the zooplankton community of Batata and Mussurá lakes and of the Trombetas River, State of Pará, Brasil. Amazoniana, vol. 12, p. 239-261., 1994Bozelli, RL., 1994. Zooplankton community density in relation to water level fluctuation and inorganic turbity in an Amazonian lake, Lago Batata State of Pará Brazil. Amazoniana, vol. 13, p. 17-32.) and Bozelli et al. (2000)Bozelli, RL., Esteves, FA. and Roland, F., 2000. Lago Batata: impacto e recuperação de um ecossistema amazônico. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Biologia UFRJ/Sociedade Brasileira de Limnologia. 265 p. in the region of the Trombetas River, Koste (1972Koste, W., 1972. Rotatorien aus Gewässern Amazonies. Amazoniana, vol. 3, p. 258-505., 1974aKoste, W., 1974a. Rotatorien aus einem Ufersee des unteren Rio Tapajós, dem Lago Paroni (Amazonien). Gewäs. u. Abwäs., vol. 53-54, p. 43-68.,bKoste, W., 1974b. Zur Kenntnis der Rotatorienfauna der “Schwimmenden Wiese” einer Uferlagune in der Varzea Amazoniens, Brasilien. Amazoniana, vol. 5, p. 25-60.; 1989Koste, W., 1989. Über Rädertiere (Rotatoria) aus dem Lago do Macaco, einem Ufersee des mittleren Rio Trombetas. Osnabrücker naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen, vol. 15, p. 190-214.) on the Tapajós, and Brandorff et al. (1982)Brandorff, GO., Koste, W. and Smirnov, NV., 1982. The composition and structure of Rotiferan and Crustacean communities of the lower Rio Nhamundá, Amazonas, Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, vol. 1, no. 2-3, p. 69-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650528209360604.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650528209360... on the lower Nhamundá River. Given this, the present study provides a checklist of the zooplankton of two fluvial lakes and four sites in the main channel of the middle Xingu, a clear-water river in the southeastern Amazon basin.

2 Material and Methods

2.1 Study area

The present study was conducted along a 180 km stretch of the middle Xingu River in Pará, in the eastern Brazilian Amazon basin (Figure 1). This region is characterized by numerous waterfalls and rapids, as well as extensive areas of alluvial rainforest (Camargo et al., 2005Camargo, M., Giarrizzo, T. and Isaac, V., 2005. Review of the Geographic distribution of fish fauna of the Xingu River basin, Brazil. Ecotropica, vol. 10, p. 123-147.).

Figure 1
Map of the region with the localities in the main channel and island lakes.

The climate of the study area is of Köppen’s A type, with variants Aw and Am (Critchfield, 1968CRITCHFIELD, HJ., 1968. General climatology. Nova Delhi: Prentice-Hall. 420 p.). Mean annual temperatures in the study area oscillate between 17.5 °C and 24.5 °C, with relative humidity of 84-86%. Mean annual precipitation varies from 2066.8 mm to 2379.4 mm (Camargo et al., 2005Camargo, M., Giarrizzo, T. and Isaac, V., 2005. Review of the Geographic distribution of fish fauna of the Xingu River basin, Brazil. Ecotropica, vol. 10, p. 123-147.).

Six environments were monitored in the present study. Two were located in lakes on river islands (Ilha Grande and Pimentel) and the other four (Boa Esperança, Arroz Cru, Caitucá and CNEC) in the main Xingu River. Ilha Grande lake (3°34’47”S, 52°23’42”W) is semi-circular, with a depth of 0.5-2.5 m, and a total area of approximately 15,612 m2. The bed of this lake is covered in slimy silt, sand, and leaf litter derived from the island’s dense alluvial rainforest, and high concentrations of phytoplankton were associated with the reduced Secchi transparency (0.8-1.1 m) and high levels of dissolved oxygen (DO: 5.0-7.5 mg.l-1), and the slightly acid water (pH = 5.9-6.7) with low conductivity, of 30 uS.cm-1 (Estupiñan and Camargo, 2008Estupiñan, R. and Camargo, M., 2008. Ecologia da paisagem natural. In CAMARGO, M. and GHILHARDI, R. (Eds.). Entre a terra, as águas e os pescadores do médio rio Xingu: uma abordagem ecológica. Belém: Maurício Camargo. 329 p.). The second lake, Pimentel (3°25’46” S, 52º24’4” W), located on the river’s Great Bend, is elliptical in shape, with a mean surface area of 1570 m2, depths of between 0.8 and 3.0 m, with low pH (5.0-5.4) and Secchi transparency (0.90 0.98 m), and low DO (2 mg.L-1) and reduced levels of chlorophyll, which determine its low levels of primary productivity (Estupiñan and Camargo, 2008Estupiñan, R. and Camargo, M., 2008. Ecologia da paisagem natural. In CAMARGO, M. and GHILHARDI, R. (Eds.). Entre a terra, as águas e os pescadores do médio rio Xingu: uma abordagem ecológica. Belém: Maurício Camargo. 329 p.). During the rainy season, the forest is flooded by the creeks that drain the area surrounding the lakes.

On the river margin, Boa Esperança (3°34’46” S, 52°24’42” W) is located in the vicinity of Ilha Grande (Figure 1), while Arroz Cru (3°34’46” S, 52°24’42” W) is near Pimentel Island. The Caitucá marginal site (3°33’47” S, 51°24’42” W) is located in the large river bend (Cotubelo) deflection (Estupinãn and Camargo, 2008Estupiñan, R. and Camargo, M., 2008. Ecologia da paisagem natural. In CAMARGO, M. and GHILHARDI, R. (Eds.). Entre a terra, as águas e os pescadores do médio rio Xingu: uma abordagem ecológica. Belém: Maurício Camargo. 329 p.). The CNEC site (3°16’16” S, 51°24’42” W) is upstream from the larger waterfalls before the lower Xingu River. The pH of the river varied from 6.4 to 7.6 and conductivity was low (20-31 uS.cm-1) which, together with the DO concentrations of 7.1-8.6 mg.L-1 indicate highly that the water is highly oxygenated (Estupinãn and Camargo, 2008Estupiñan, R. and Camargo, M., 2008. Ecologia da paisagem natural. In CAMARGO, M. and GHILHARDI, R. (Eds.). Entre a terra, as águas e os pescadores do médio rio Xingu: uma abordagem ecológica. Belém: Maurício Camargo. 329 p.).

Every two months between August 2006 and June 2007, four zooplankton samples were collected at the surface and middle depths of the two lakes (Ilha Grande, Pimentel), while two angular sub-surface samples were collected from four stretches of the main channel of the Xingu River (Figure 1). The samples were collected with a 40 μ mesh plankton net equipped with a digital flowmeter in the river and by filtering 400 liters of water into a bucket in the lakes. The specimens collected were fixed and preserved in 4% formalin. Sorting and identification of specimens were carried out with a Wild-Leitz stereo-zoom dissecting microscope. Identification of the specimens was based on Cipólli and Carvalho (1973)Cipólli, MN. and Carvalho, MAJ., 1973. Levantamento de Calanoida e Cyclopoida (Copepoda, Crustacea) das águas da região do Guamá, Capim e Tocantins, com nota sobre a fauna acompanhante. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, vol. 27, p. 95-110., Koste (1978)Koste, W., 1978. Rotatotia Die Rodertiere Mitteleuropes bëgründet von Max Voigt-Monogononta. 2. Auflage neubearbeitet von Water Koste. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntrager. vol. 1, 673 p., Paggi (1979)Paggi, JC., 1979. Revisión de las especies argentinas del genero Bosmina Baird agrupadas en el subgênero Neosbomina Lieder (Crustacea, Cladocera). Acta Zoológica Lilloana, vol. 35, p. 137-162., Robertson (1980)Robertson, BA., 1980. Composição, abundância e distribuição de Cladocera (Crustacea) na região de água livre da represa de Curuá-Una, Pará. Manaus: Fundação Universidade do Amazonas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia. 105 p. Master’s Dissertation., Brandorff et al. (1982)Brandorff, GO., Koste, W. and Smirnov, NV., 1982. The composition and structure of Rotiferan and Crustacean communities of the lower Rio Nhamundá, Amazonas, Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, vol. 1, no. 2-3, p. 69-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650528209360604.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650528209360... , Koste and Robertson (1983)Koste, W. and Robertson, B., 1983. Taxonomic studies of the Rotifera (Phylum Aschelminthes) from a Central Amazonian varzea lake, Lago Camaleão (Ilha de Marchantaria, Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil). Amazoniana, vol. 8, p. 225-254., Koste et al. (1984)Koste, W., Robertson, BA. and Hardy, E., 1984. Further taxonomical studies of the rotifera from Lago Camaleão. A central amazonian várzea lake (Ilha de Marchantaria, Rio Solimões, Brazil). Amazoniana, vol. 8, p. 555-576., Reid (1985)Reid, JW., 1985. Chave de identificação e lista de referências bibliográficas para as espécies continentais sulamericanas de vida livre da ordem Cyclopoida (Crustacea, Copepoda). Boletim de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, vol. 9, p. 17-143., Magalhães et al. (1988)Magalhães, C., Malta, JC., Robertson, BA. and Varella, A., 1988. A catalogue of type specimens of crustacea in the invertebrate collection of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, INPA, Manaus, Brazil, up to January 1988. Amazoniana, vol. 10, p. 267-282., Robertson et al. (1989)Robertson, BA., Silva, ENS. and Reid, J., 1989. Atlas de copépodos planctônicos Calanoida e Cyclopoida (Crustacea) da Amazônia Brasileira. I. Represa de Curuá-Una, Pará. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, vol. 6, p. 725-758., Santos-Silva et al. (1989)Santos-Silva, EN., Robertson, BA., Reid, J. and Hardy, ER., 1989. Atlas de copépodos planctônicos, Calanoida e Cyclopoida (Crustacea), da Amazônia Brasileira. Volume I. Represa de Curuá-Una, Pará. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, vol. 6, p. 725-758., Koste and Robertson (1990)Koste, W. and Robertson, B., 1990. Taxonomic studies of rotifera from shallow waters on the Island of Maracá, Roraima, Brazil. Amazoniana, vol. 11, p. 185-200., Korovchinsky (1992)Korovchinsky, NM., 1992. Sididae and Holopedidae: (Crustacea: Daphniiformes). The Hague: SPB Academic Publishing. 82 p., Smirnov (1992)Smirnov, NN., 1992. The Macrothricidae of the world III. (Guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world). Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing. 143 p., Paggi (1995)Paggi, JC., 1995. Crustacea Cladocera. In LOPRETTO, EC. and TELL, G. (Eds.). Ecosistemas de aguas continentales: metodologias para su estudio III. La Plata: Ediciones Sur. p. 909-971., Segers (1995)Segers, H., 1995. Rotifera: the Lecanidae (Monogononta). Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing. vol. 2, 226 p., Elmoor-Loureiro (1997)Elmoor-Loureiro, LM., 1997. Manual de identificação de cladóceros límnicos do Brasil. Brasília: Universa. 156 p., and Fernando (2002)Fernando, CH., 2002. A guide to tropical freshwater zooplankton: identification, ecology and impact on fisheries. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 291 p..

3 Results

This study recorded a total of 175 taxa, comprising 141 rotifers (80.6%), 20 cladocerans (11.4%), five copepods (2.9%), and nine (5.1%) bottom-dwelling protozoans, gastrotrichs and insects (Tables 1 and 2). In general, the fluvial habitats were the most diverse. The richness of taxa varied from 70 in Ilha Grande lake to 124 in the rapids. Despite being much smaller than Ilha Grande lake, Pimentel lake had a relatively high richness, with a total of 114 taxa.

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Table 1
Zooplankton species recorded in different environments of the Middle Xingu River (2006-2007).
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Table 2
Number of genera and taxa within zooplankton groups for the midd Xingu river habitats.

The Rotifera was the most diverse group, accounting for approximately 80% of total taxon richness in each of the study environments (Table 1). Much less diverse were the Cladocera, with around 8% of the taxa, and the Calanoida and Copepoda, each with approximately 2% (Table 1).

Most of the rotifers (19.86%) belonged to the family Lecanidae. Brachionus calyciflorus, Pallas, 1866; Testudinela tridentata Smirnov, 1931; Lecane murrayi (Hauer, 1965), and Ilyocryptus spinifer (Herrich, 1884) all occurred exclusively in the main channel, whereas Brachionus mirabilis (Daday, 1897), Gastropus stylifer Imhof, 1891; Trichocerca rousseleti (Voigt, 1901), and Macrothrix superculeata Baird, 1843 were found only in the lakes.

4 Discussion

The rotifers were the most diverse group of zooplankton recorded in the present study on the middle Xingu River in the southeastern Amazon basin, with approximately 80% of the organisms found in each study environment. A similar pattern has been recorded in the aquatic systems of white- (77%) and black-water (40%) rivers in the Amazon basin (Table 3), as well as other systems (see Green, 1972Green, J., 1972. Freshwater ecology in the Mato Grosso, Central Brazil. III. Associations of Rotifera in meander lakes of the Rio Suiá Missú. Journal of Natural History, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 229-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222937200770221.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222937200770... ; Dumont, 1983Dumont, HJ., 1983. Biogeography of rotifers. Hydrobiologia, vol. 104, no. 1, p. 19-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045948... ; Neves et al., 2003Neves, IF., Rocha, O., Roche, KF. and Pinto, AA., 2003. Zooplankton community structure of two marginal lakes of the River Cuiabá (Mato Grosso, Brazil) with analysis of Rotifera and Cladocera Diversity. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 63, no. 2, p. 329-343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000200018. PMid:14509855.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003... ; Paggi and José de Paggi, 1990Paggi, JC. and José De Paggi, S., 1990. Zooplankton from lotic and lentic environments of the middle River Paraná. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, vol. 3, p. 685-719.; Sampaio and López, 2000)Sampaio, EV. and López, CM., 2000. Zooplankton community composition and some limnological aspects of an oxbow lake of the Paraopeba River, São Francisco River Basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol. 43, no. 3, p. 285-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132000000300007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132000... .

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Table 3
Taxonomic richness for the zooplankton of different Amazon environments.

The distinct composition of the zooplankton found in the two lakes studied here reflect their different limnological characteristics, such as the much larger surface area of the Ilha Grande lake in comparison with Pimentel, which in turn is subject to a considerable input of organic matter from the surrounding forest, which also shelters the lake from the sun. Pimentel lake is also connected more extensively to the main river, with the water being filtered by the surrounding forest before draining into the lake (Estupiñan and Camargo, 2008Estupiñan, R. and Camargo, M., 2008. Ecologia da paisagem natural. In CAMARGO, M. and GHILHARDI, R. (Eds.). Entre a terra, as águas e os pescadores do médio rio Xingu: uma abordagem ecológica. Belém: Maurício Camargo. 329 p.). The considerable phytoplankton biomass and high primary productivity recorded in Ilha Grande lake (Costa et al., 2008Costa, V., Costa, S. and Camargo, M., 2008. Os produtores primários: o fitoplâncton e o Periliton. In CAMARGO, M. and GHILHARDI, R. (Eds.). Entre a terra, as águas e os pescadores do médio rio Xingu: uma abordagem ecológica. Belém: Maurício Camargo. 329 p.) may have determined the low zooplankton richness recorded in this lake. The higher zooplankton diversity recorded in Pimentel lake appears to have been related to specific characteristics of this environment, such as the low current velocity, given that reproductive populations of planktonic organisms are restricted to the slow-flowing lower reaches of these areas (Ward, 1994Ward, JV., 1994. The structure and dynamics of lotic ecosystems. In MARGALEF, R. (Ed.). Limnology now: a paradigm of planetary problems. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science BV. 218 p.).

Acknowledgements

The present study was supported by the project “A trophic model for the management of the middle Xingu River”, financed by ANEL. The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for comments on an earlier version of this paper.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Aug 2015

History

  • Received
    11 Mar 2015
  • Accepted
    22 May 2015
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