Insect galls of Restinga de Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ)

Galhas de insetos da Restinga de Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ)

Abstract

Thirty-one morphotypes of insect galls and two flower damages were found on 16 families, 22 genera and 24 plant species in Restinga de Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ). Fabaceae and Myrtaceae were the plant families with the greatest richness of insect galls (4 and 6 morphotypes, respectively), and the greatest number of galled plants (four and three species, respectively). Galls were mostly found on leaves and stems (77% and 10%, respectively). The galling insects are represented by Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera. The majority of the galls (81%) were induced by gall midges (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera).

Keywords:
Cecidomyiidae; Diptera; insect-plant interaction; inventory

Resumo

Foram encontrados 31 morfotipos de galhas de insetos e dois danos em flores em 16 famílias, 22 gêneros e 24 espécies de plantas, na Restinga de Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ). Fabaceae e Myrtaceae foram as famílias de plantas com maior riqueza de galhas (4 e 6 morfotipos, respectivamente) e maior número de espécies com galhas (quatro e três espécies, respectivamente). As galhas predominaram nas folhas e caules (77% e 10%, respectivamente). Os insetos galhadores estão representados por Diptera, Lepidoptera e Hemiptera. A maioria das galhas (81%) foi induzida por Cecidomyiidae (Diptera).

Palavras-chave:
Cecidomyiidae; Diptera; interação inseto-planta; inventário

1 Introduction

Insect galls are characterized by abnormal growth of plant tissues and involve cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia (Mani, 1964). The galling insects have the ability to manipulate the development of plant tissue and promote its growth (Stone and Schönrogge, 2003) and the development of these structures has been an adaptive strategy of many insects for their food and even protection against predators (Mani, 1964; Stone and Schönrogge, 2003). Therefore, galls are considered the most sophisticated insect-plant interaction (Shorthouse et al., 2005).

In the State of Rio de Janeiro, several insect galls inventories have been published in restinga areas, in the following localities: Arraial do Cabo (APA de Massambaba, Monteiro et al., 1994 and Ilha do Cabo Frio, Maia and Souza, 2013), Jurubatiba (Monteiro et al., 2004), Carapebus and Maricá (Maia, 2001), Grumari (Rio de Janeiro) (Oliveira and Maia, 2005), and Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis) (Maia and Oliveira, 2010). Furthermore, some records of insect galls are known from Parque Municipal da Boca da Barra (Cabo Frio, Rodrigues and Silva, 2011), and Paraty (Fernandes and Maia, 2011). These inventories indicate a great richness of insect galls in this ecosystem. Data on Restinga de Marambaia is still unknown. The objective of this work is to survey and characterize the insect galls of Restinga de Marambaia.

2 Material and Methods

The Restinga de Marambaia (Figure 1) has a total area of 81 Km² and spreads over three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro State: Rio de Janeiro, Itaguaí, and Mangaratiba (CGCFN, 2015). It is separated from the continent by the Canal do Bacalhau (Figure 1). It is considered an area of special environmental interest (Rio de Janeiro, 2013), being under the control of the Brazilian Navy and Army. It is included in Atlantic Forest biome, and comprises three ecosystems: mangrove, restinga, and ombrophilous forest (Afonso et al., 2007). According to Köppen classification, the macroclimate is AW (rainy tropical).

Figure 1
Ilha de Marambaia, Mangaratiba (A) e Restinga de Marambaia, Barra de Guaratiba (B). Increased passage about Line 1. Google Earth, 22.X.2013.

The studied area is situated in the eastern portion of the Restinga da Marambaia, in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, near Barra de Guaratiba. Twenty four sites were established along the pathway known as “line 1” (23° 02’ 56” S, 43° 37’ 51” W) at every 300 meters, totalizing 6.2 Km of surveyed area. Each site investigated for 30 minutes by two people, monthly, from January to May of 2012, totalizing 120 hours.

According to Afonso et al. (2007) the open shrubby formation of line 1 comprises 48 plant species in 43 genera and 24 families. They indicated the Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Polygonaceae, Sapindaceae, and Sapotaceae as the richest families in number of species, and Coccoloba Vell. and Eugenia Casar. as the most speciose genera.

All plant organs were examined, except for the subterraneous roots. The plants were identified by the first author. All gall morphotypes were photographed, using a digital camera. Each morphotype was characterized based on shape (according to Isaias et al., 2013), plant organ, color, presence or absence of trichomes, and number of internal chambers. For each gall morphotype, previous records from other restinga inventories are provided.

To obtain the galling insects, each gall morphotype was individually kept in labeled plastic pots layered at the bottom with damp cotton and covered by fine screening. All pots were checked daily for emergence. The specimens were preserved in 70% alcohol (Gagné, 1994). The gall midges were identified by the authors based on the gall morphology, host plant and original descriptions. All material is deposited in the entomological collection of Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ).

3 Results

A total of 31 insect gall morphotypes and two flower damages were found in 16 families, 22 genera and 24 plant species in this inventory (Figures 2-37). The medium number of gall morphotypes and damages per plant species was 1.3. Three gall morphotypes were collected in magroves and 28 in the sandbank. Eugenia uniflora L. was observed in both ecosystems, hosting different gall morphotypes (conical on mangroves and circular on sandbanks) and, therefore, induced by different species of insects.

Figures 2-37
Insect galls from Restinga de Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ). (2) Intralaminar globoid leaf gall on Avicennia sp., galler Cecidomyiidae; (3) Discoid leaf gall on Anacardium occidentale, galler Cecidomyiidae; (4) Fusiform stem gall on Schinus terebinthifolius, galler Lepidoptera; (5) Discoid leaf gall on Aspidosperma pyricollum, galler Psyllidae (Hemiptera); (6) Damage on flower of Asteraceae (not determined), insect not determined (Free larva); (7) Conical leaf gall on Fridericia conjugata, galler Arrabidaeamyia serrata; (8) Globoid stem gall on F. conjugata, galler Neolasioptera sp.; (9) Intralaminar lenticular leaf gall on Maytenus obtusifolia in adaxial surface, galler Mayteniella distincta; (10) The same, abaxial surface; (11) Globoid discrete bud flower gall on Jacquemontia holosericea, galler Schizomyia santosi; (12) Conical leaf gall on Erythroxylum ovalifolium, galler Dasineura ovalifoliae; (13) Circular leaf gall on Eugenia uniflora, galler Neolasioptera eugeniae; (14) Marginal leaf roll gall on E. ovalifolium, galler Clinodiplosis sp.; (15) Conical bud gall on E. ovalifolium, galler Lopesia erythroxyli; (16) Conical bud flower gall on Clitoria laurifolia, galler not determined; (17) Globoid leaf gall on Clitoria ternatea, galler not determined; (18) Discoid leaf gall on Dalbergia ecastophylla, galler Lopesia grandis; (19) Conical leaf gall on E. uniflora, galler Clinodiplosis profusa; (20) Pocket shaped leaf gall on Inga maritima, galler Neolasioptera ingae; (21) Discoid leaf gall on Byrsonima sericea, galler Dasineura byrsonimae; (22) Globoid stem gall on B. sericea, galler Bruggmanniella byrsonimae; (23 and 24) Bud flower of Heteropterys nitida, free larva of the Clinodiplosis floricola; (25) Intralaminar lenticular leaf gall on Norantea brasiliensis, galler not determined; (26) N. brasiliensis in loco; (27) Clavate leaf gall on Eugenia astringens, galler Stephomyia clavata; (28) Globoid leaf gall on E. astringens, galler Dasineura globosa; (29) Marginal leaf roll gall on E. astringens, galler Dasineura marginalis; (30) Marginal leaf roll gall on Neomitranthes obscura, galler Clinodiplosis sp.; (31) Intralaminar lenticular leaf gall on Guapira opposita, galler Bruggmannia elongata; (32) Globoid stem gall on G. opposita, galler Proasphondylia guapirae; (33) Cylindrical with apical projection leaf gall on Ouratea cuspidata, galler Contarinia sp.; (34) Discoid leaf gall on Manilkara subsericea, galler Manilkaramyia notabilis; (35) Discoid leaf gall on Smilax rufescens, galler Smilasioptera candelariae; (36) Discoid leaf gall on Pouteria venosa, galler Lopesia singularis; (37) Globoid leaf gall on Byrsonima sericea, galler Lepidoptera.

Fabaceae and Myrtaceae were the plant families with the greatest richness of gall (4 and 6 morphotypes, respectively), and the greatest number of galled plant species (four and three, respectively) (Table 1).

Table 1
Distribution of the number of morphotypes of insect galls and damages per host plant and ecosystem in the Restinga de Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ).

Plant family	Plant species	Number of galls and damage	Ecosystem
Acanthaceae	Avicennia schaueriana Stapf and Leechm. ex Moldenke	1	Mangrove
Anacardiaceae	Anacardium occidentale L.	1	Restinga
	Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi.	1	Restinga
Apocynaceae	Aspidosperma pyricollum M. Arg.	1	Restinga
Asteraceae	Not determined	1	Mangrove
Bignoniaceae	Fridericia conjugata (Vell.) Mart.	2	Restinga
Celastraceae	Maytenus obtusifolia Mart.	1	Restinga
Convolvulaceae	Jacquemontia holosericea (Weinm.) O’Donell.	1	Restinga
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr.	3	Restinga
Fabaceae	Clitoria laurifolia Poir.	1	Restinga
	Clitoria ternatea L.	1	Restinga
	Dalbergia ecastophylla L. Taub	1	Mangrove
	Inga maritima Benth.	1	Restinga
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima sericea DC.	3	Restinga
	Heteropterys nitida Juss.	1	Restinga
Marcgraviaceae	Norantea brasiliensis Choisy.	1	Restinga
Myrtaceae	Eugenia astringens Cambess.	3	Restinga
	Eugenia uniflora L.	2	Mangrove and Restinga
	Neomitranthes obscura (DC) N. Silveira	1	Restinga
Nyctaginaceae	Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz.	2	Restinga
Ochnaceae	Ouratea cuspidata (St. Hil) Engl.	1	Restinga
Sapotaceae	Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard.	1	Restinga
	Pouteria venosa (Mart.) Baehni.	1	Restinga
Smilacaceae	Smilax rufescens Griseb	1	Restinga

The gall morphotypes characterization is presented in Table 2. About 77% of the galls occurred on leaves. Stem (10%), flower bud (7%), bud (3%) and fruit (3%) galls were also found. All gall morphotypes showed plant organ specifity, excepting the conical galls on Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr. (Erythroxylaceae), and the globoid galls on Byrsonima sericea DC. (Malpighiaceae), both occurring on leaves and stems (Table 3).

Table 2
Characterization of insect galls of the Restinga of Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ).

Plant species	Gall shape	Gall color / Plant organ	Trichomes	Number internal chamber	Galler	Previous records
A. schaueriana	Intralaminar globoid	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Cecidomyiidae	BER and CF
A. occidentale	Discoid	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Cecidomyiidae	AMA
S. terebinthifolius	Fusiform	Brown / Stem	Absent	1	Lepidoptera	BER, GRU and CF
A. pyricollum	Discoid	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Psyllidae (Hemiptera)	IG and MAR
Asteraceae	Free larva	- / Fower	-	-	Not determined	-
F. conjugata	Conical	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Arrabidaeamyia serrata Maia, 2001 Cecidomyiidae	GRU, MAR, AC, CAR and JU
	Globoid	Green / Fruit	Absent	Several	Neolasioptera sp. Cecidomyiidae	GRU, AR, CAR and JU
M. obtusifolia	Intralaminar lenticular	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Mayteniella distincta Maia, 2001 Cecidomyiidae	GRU, MAR and AC
J. holosericea	Globoid discrete	Green / Bud flower	Absent	1	Schizomyia santosi Maia and Araújo, 2009 Cecidomyiidae	MAR
E. ovalifolium	Conical	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Dasineura ovalifoliae Maia and Fernandes, 2011 Cecidomyiidae	GRU MAR, CAR and JU
	Marginal Leaf roll	Light green / Leaf	Absent	1	Clinodiplosis sp. Cecidomyiidae	IG, MAR, CAR and JU
	Conical	Brown / Bud	Absent	1	Lopesia erythroxyli Rodrigues and Maia (2010)	IG, GRU, MAR, AC, CAR and JU
C. laurifolia	Conical	Brown / Bud flower	Present	1	Not determined	-
C. ternatea	Globoid	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Not determined	-
D. ecastophylla	Discoid	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Lopesia grandis Maia, 2001a Cecidomyiidae	IG, MAR, CAR and JU
I. maritima	Pocket shaped	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Neolasioptera ingae Möhn, 1964a Cecidomyiidae	GRU and MAR
B. sericea	Discoid	Green or yellow / Leaf	Absent	1	Dasineura byrsonimae Maia, 2010 Cecidomyiidae	IG, GRU MAR, CAR, JU and GUA
	Globoid	Brown / Stem	Absent	Several	Bruggmanniella byrsonimae Maia and Couri, 1992 Cecidomyiidae	MAR, CAR and JU
	Globoid	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Lepidoptera	MAR and AC
H. nitida	Free larva	- / Bud flower	-	-	Clinodiplosis floricola Novo-Guedes and Maia, 2008 Cecidomyiidae	MAR
N. brasiliensis	Intralaminar lenticular	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Not determined	-
E. astringens	Clavate	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Stephomyia clavata Tavares, 1920 Cecidomyiidae	CAR and JU
	Globoid	Yellow / Leaf	Absent	1	Dasineura globosa Maia, 1995 Cecidomyiidae	GRU, MAR, CAR and JU
	Marginal Leaf roll	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Dasineura marginalis Maia, 2005a Cecidomyiidae	GRU, MAR, AC, CAR and JU
E. uniflora	Conical	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Clinodiplosis profusa Maia, 2001a Cecidomyiidae	GRU, MAR, AC, CF, CAR and JU
	Circular	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Neolasioptera eugeniae Maia, 1993 Cecidomyiidae	PA, IG, GRU, MAR, CF and AC
N. obscura	Marginal Leaf roll	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Clinodiplosis sp. Cecidomyiidae	MAR, CAR, JU and GUA
G. opposita	Intralaminar lenticular	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Bruggmannia elongata Maia and Couri, 1993 Cecidomyiidae	BER, IG, MAR, AC, CAR and JU
	Globoid	Brown / Stem	Absent	Several	Proasphondylia guapirae Maia, 1994a Cecidomyiidae	BER, IG, MAR, CAR and JU
O. cuspidata	Cylindrical with apical projection	Brown / Leaf	Absent	1	Contarinia sp. Cecidomyiidae	IG, GRU, MAR, JU and GUA
M. subsericea	Discoid	Green / Leaf	Absent	1-2	Manilkaramyia notabilis Maia, 2001 Cecidomyiidae	CAR, JU and GUA
P. venosa	Discoid	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Lopesia singularis Maia, 2001 Cecidomyiidae	BER, MAR and AC
S. rufescens	Discoid	Green / Leaf	Absent	1	Smilasioptera candelariae Möhn, 1975 Cecidomyiidae	GRU, MAR, CAR and JU

• AC = Arraial do Cabo (RJ) (Monteiro et al., 1994); BER = Bertioga (SP) (Maia et al., 2008); CAR = Carapebus (RJ) (Maia, 2001); CF = Cabo Frio (RJ) (Rodrigues and Silva, 2011; Maia and Souza, 2013); GRU = Grumari (RJ) (Oliveira and Maia, 2005); GUA = Guarapari (ES) (Bregonci et al., 2010); IG = Ilha Grande (RJ) (Maia and Oliveira, 2010); JU = Jurubatiba (RJ); MAR = Maricá (RJ) (Maia, 2001); PA = Paraty (RJ) (Fernandes and Maia, 2011).

Table 3
Number of insect galls by galled plant organ in the Restinga of Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ).

Plant organ	Number of gall morphotypes (N=31)
Leaf	24 (≈ 77%)
Stem	3 (≈ 10%)
Bud flower	2 (≈ 7%)
Bud	1 (≈ 3%)
Fruit	1 (≈ 3%)

Besides the galling species, two free-living larvae were found, one on flowers of Asteraceae (not determined species), and the other, Clinodiplosis floricola Novo-Guedes and Maia, 2008 on bud flowers of Heteropteris nitida Juss (Malpighiaceae).

We observed twelve different gall shapes (Table 4). Among these, the most frequent were discoid (23%), globoid (20%), and conical (16%).

Table 4
Number of insect galls by gall shape in the Restinga of Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ).

Gall shape	Number of gall morphotypes (N=31)
Discoid	7 (≈ 23%)
Globoid	6 (≈ 20%)
Conical	5 (≈ 16%)
Marginal leaf roll	3 (≈ 10%)
Intralaminar lenticular	3 (≈ 10%)
Fusiform	1 (≈ 3%)
Intralaminar globoid	1 (≈ 3%)
Circular	1 (≈ 3%)
Clavate	1 (≈ 3%)
Pocket shaped	1 (≈ 3%)
Globoid discrete	1 (≈ 3%)
Cylindrical with apical projection	1 (≈ 3%)

Most galls are glabrous (97%), 87% were one-chambered, and 87% presented the same color of the galled organ, with four exceptions: the leaf galls of Clinodiplosis sp. on Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr. (Erythroxylaceae), the bud flower galls on Clitoria laurifolia Poir. (Fabaceae), the leaf galls of Dasineura globosa Maia, 1995 on Eugenia astringens Cambess. (Myrtaceae), and the leaf galls of Contarinia sp. on Ouratea cuspidata (St. Hil) Engl. (Ochnaceae). The galled organs were green, but the galls were light green, brown, yellow, and brown, respectively.

The galls were induced by three insect orders: Diptera (Cecidomyiidae), Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were the most frequent gallers, inducing 81% of the morphotypes (Table 5).

Table 5
Number of insect galls by galling insect in the Restinga of Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ).

Galling insect	Number of gall morphotypes (N=31)
Diptera (Cecidomyiidae)	25 (≈ 81%)
Not determined	3 (≈ 10%)
Lepidoptera	2 (≈ 6%)
Hemiptera	1 (≈ 3%)

4 Discussion

Thirty-one insect gall morphotypes and two flower damages were found in the studied area. Previous inventories in restinga areas of the State of Rio de Janeiro have reported values ranging from 101 (Maia, 2001) to 36 (Maia and Oliveira, 2010), but the sampling methods were not standardized: some restingas were surveyed for 12 months, whereas others for three. In spite of the restinga of Marambaia was surveyed for five months, new gall morphotypes were not found in the last three months, so we believe that the area was sufficiently investigated.

The great difference in the number of gall morphotypes between the two studied ecosystems (mangroove and sandbank) can be explained by the great difference in the diversity of plant species, being sandbanks much richer than mangrooves.

According to previous studies, the medium number of gall morphotypes in restinga areas of the State of Rio varies from 2.1 (Maia, 2001) to 1.5 (Maia and Souza, 2013). The value of the restinga de Marambaia is the lowest one (1.3), what can be related to the low number of botanical species along the investigated area (line 1): 48 species (Afonso et al., 2007).

The majority of the galls were induced by Cecidomyiidae (81%). As the Cecidomyiidae cause about 70% of all described galls in the world, these results were expected. Although galls of Coleoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hymenoptera have been recorded in other Brazilian restinga areas (Maia, 2013), they were not found in the investigated area of the Restinga of Marambaia.

There was a predominance of galls on Fabaceae and Myrtaceae (four and six morphotypes, respectively). Fabaceae and Myrtaceae showed a higher number of species plants with gall (four and three, respectively). Maia (2013) indicated the predominance of galls on Myrtaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae for restinga vegetation of the Southeastern region of Brazil, so this survey agreed with the previous data.

The plant genera with the greatest richness of galls were Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) (n=5), Byrsonima Rich. ex Kunth (Malpighiaceae) (n=3), and Erythroxylum P. Browne (Erythroxylaceae) (n=3). Similar results were found in other restinga areas of the State of Rio de Janeiro, where Eugenia and Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) were pointed out as super host plants (Maia, 2001; Oliveira and Maia, 2005). Although, Byrsonima is cited in this condition for the first time.

Most galls were observed on leaves (77%), a world pattern noted by Mani (1964), and confirmed by Maia (2013) for restinga areas and Gonçalves-Alvim and Fernandes (2001) for cerrado vegetation. Maia (2001) argues that the leaves are the most frequently attacked vegetal organ in restingas as they represent a constant and abundant source. The second most attacked plant organ was the stem. Similar results were presented by Gonçalves-Alvim and Fernandes (2001).

The plant organ specifity is confirmed, as suggested by Carneiro et al. (2009), as 92% of the gall morphotypes were recorded on a single organ.

The galls were classified into twelve different shapes, being the discoid, globoid and conical the most frequent. One-chambered galls (87%) predominated, as well as glabrous galls (97). In other inventories, globoid, one-chambered, and glabrous galls were also indicated as one of the most common (Maia and Souza, 2013; Malves and Freiro-Costa, 2012; Saito and Urso-Guimarães, 2012; Bregonci et al., 2010, Santos et al., 2012), suggesting that these are the predominant morphologies of Brazilian galls.

Comparing the richness of each plant species among different restingas of the Southeastern region, we can realize that six botanical species showed the same number of gall morphotypes, 17 presented a smaller number, and three showed new records of gall morphotypes: Norantea brasiliensis Choisy (Marcgraviaceae), Clitoria ternatea L. and Clitoria laurifolia Poir (Fabaceae) (Table 6).

Table 6
Distribution of the total number of morphotypes of insect galls in restinga areas of the Southeastern region and number of morphotypes recorded from the Restinga de Marambaia), Rio de Janeiro, RJ.

Host-plant	Total number of morphotypes of insects galls	Number of morphotypes reported to Restinga de Marambaia
Anacardium occidentale	01	01
Aspidosperma pyricollum	01	01
Byrsonima sericea	04	03
Clitoria laurifolia	0	01
Clitoria ternatea	0	01
Dalbergia ecastophylla	01	01
Erythroxylum ovalifolium	05	03
Eugenia astringens	07	03
Eugenia uniflora	06	02
Heteropteris nitida	03	01
Fridericia conjugata	03	02
Guapira opposita	10	02
Inga maritima	01	01
Jacquemontia holosericea	01	01
Manilkara subsericea	07	01
Maytenus obtusifolia	02	01
Neomitranthes obscura	06	01
Norantea brasiliensis	0	01
Ouratea cuspidata	03	01
Pouteria venosa	01	01
Schinnus terebinthifolius	02	01
Smilax rufescens	06	01

All records presented here are new, as this is the first survey of insect galls in the Restinga of Marambaia (RJ). Furthermore, Norantea brasiliensis Choisy (Marcgraviaceae), Clitoria ternatea L. and Clitoria laurifolia Poir (Fabaceae) are recorded as host plant of insect galls for the first time in restinga inventories.

5 Conclusion

The richness of insect galls in the Restinga de Marambaia was lower when compared to other restinga areas of the southeastern Brazil (Table 7). However, the majority of the host plant species showed similar number of gall morphotypes (Table 6). The Fabaceae and Myrtaceae are the plant families with the greatest number of galls, and Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr. (Erytrhoxylaceae) and Eugenia astringens Cambess. (Myrtaceae) are the super-host plant species.

Table 7
Distribution of the number of morphotypes of insect galls in restinga areas of the Southeastern region of Brazil. Restinga de Marambaia, Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro (RJ).

Localities	Number of gall morphotypes
Bertioga, SP	233
Maricá, RJ	72
Carapebus, RJ	62
Grumari, RJ	43
Arraial do Cabo, RJ	41
PEPCV, ES	38
RBEPS, RJ	36
Restinga de Marambaia, RJ	31

The majority of the gall morphotypes are glabrous, one-chambered, occur on leaves, and present organ specificity.

The guild of galling insects in the Restinga de Marambaia includes only three orders: Diptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera, being less diverse than in most other areas of restinga. The majority of the galls are induced by Cecidomyiidae (Diptera), as in any other place in the world.

All gall records are new for the Restinga de Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and Norantea brasiliensis, Clitoria ternatea, and Clitoria laurifolia are for the first time recorded as host plant species in restinga inventories.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Coronel Franco, Head of the Social Communication from CAEx (Army Center Reviews) by support during the field work, to Museu Nacional-UFRJ for logistical support, and to CNPq for financial support.

• (With 37 figures)

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  19 Apr 2016
• Date of issue
  Jul-Sep 2016

History

• Received
  16 Apr 2015
• Accepted
  21 May 2015