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Storage of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. seeds

Armazenamento de sementes de Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.

Abstract

Calophyllum brasiliense is a species native to Brazil and has potential for use in the timber industry, in the reforestation of degraded areas, besides having medicinal properties. Its propagation is mainly by seeds which, depending on their recalcitrant characteristics, leads to difficulty in conservation, due to changes in its physiological potential during storage. Aiming to contribute to the expansion of its cultivation, rational use and conservation, the objective of this study was to investigate the behavior of C. brasiliense seeds during storage. Different packings (paper, aluminum and polyethylene) and environmental conditions (room temperature and cold chamber) were quarterly tested over 12 months, by evaluating germination viability and vigor. Based on the results, it was concluded that packaging in polyethylene and freezer storage provided the best conditions for the conservation of seeds, keeping them viable for a period of nine months.

Keywords:
Guanandi; forest species; conservation; longevity; recalcitrance

Resumo

Calophyllum brasiliense é uma espécie nativa do Brasil e está na lista de espécies recomendadas para o reflorestamento de áreas degradadas, além de possuir propriedades medicinais e madeireiras. Sua propagação se dá principalmente via sementes, as quais, em função das suas características recalcitrantes, apresentam dificuldade de conservação, devido a alterações no seu potencial fisiológico ao longo do armazenamento. Visando contribuir com a ampliação de seu cultivo, uso racional e conservação, objetivou-se investigar o comportamento das sementes de C. brasiliense durante 12 meses de armazenamento. Testou-se diferentes embalagens (papel, alumínio e polietileno) e condições ambientais (câmara fria e temperatura ambiente), avaliando-se trimestralmente a germinação, viabilidade e vigor. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que o acondicionamento em embalagem de polietileno e o armazenamento em câmara fria proporcionou a melhor condição para a conservação das sementes, mantendo essas viáveis por um período de nove meses.

Palavras-chave:
Guanandi; espécie florestal; conservação; longevidade; recalcitrância

1 Introduction

Calophyllum brasiliense is a tree native to riparian forests in Brazil, popularly known as Guanandi (Corrêa, 1978Corrêa, M.P., 1978. Dicionário das plantas uteis do Brasil e das exóticas cultivadas. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal, vol. 5, 388 p.; Oliveira and Joly, 2010Oliveira, V.C. and Joly, C.A., 2010. Flooding tolerance of . Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Clusiaceae): morphological, physiological and growth responseTrees, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 185-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-009-0392-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-009-039...
; Alho, 2011Alho, C.J.R., 2011. Concluding remarks: overall impacts on biodiversity and future perspectives for conservation in the Pantanal biome. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 71, no. 1, suppl. 1, pp. 337-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842011000200013. PMid:21537607.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842011...
). It features a wide variety of secondary metabolites isolated from leaves, bark, roots, flowers and fruits, such as xanthones, terpenes, chromanones and flavonoids, which exhibit multiple medicinal properties (Noldin et al., 2006Noldin, V.F., Isaias, D.B. and Cechinel-Filho, V., 2006. Gênero Calophyllum: importância química e farmacológica. Quimica Nova, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 549-554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422006000300025.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422006...
; Bernabé-Antônio et al., 2010Bernabé-Antonio, A., Estrada-Zuniga, M.E., Buendía-González, L., Reyes-Chilpa, R., Chávez-Ávila, V.M. and Cruz-Sosa, F., 2010. Production of anti-HIV-1 calanolides in a callus culture of . Calophyllum brasiliense (Cambes)Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 33-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9750-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-975...
; Carvalho et al., 2013Carvalho, H.D.O., Medeiros, B.J., Sá, B.M.D., Araújo, J.T., Kawakami, M.Y., Favacho, H.A. and Carvalho, J.C.T., 2013. Study of dissolution profiles and desintegration of capsules containing the dried hydroethanolic extract of Calophyllum brasiliense.Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 194-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2012...
). It is also suitable for reforestation, especially to restore the vegetation in locations subjected to periodic short-term floods, as well as areas with a permanently soggy soil (Carvalho, 1994Carvalho, P.E.R., 1994. Espécies Florestais Brasileiras: recomendações silviculturais potencialidades e uso da madeira. Colombo: EMBRAPA – CNPF/Brasília: EMBRAPA – SPI. 640 p.; Souza, 2009Souza, A.F., 2009. Crescimento, alocação de biomassa e eficiência de uso de água por mudas de Ecalyptus urograndis, Tabebuia impetiginosa, Calophyllum brasiliense e Toona ciliata. Campo Grande: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 62 p. Dissertação de Mestrado em Biologia Vegetal.).

The natural propagation of this species occurs through seeds, exhibit physical and mechanical dormancy, which must be overcome by the total removal of the endocarp and tegument, reaching 72% germination at a temperature of 30 °C (Silva et al., 2014Silva, R.C., Vieira, E.S.N. and Panobianco, M., 2014. Técnicas para superação da dormência de sementes de guanandi. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 719-727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2014000900008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2014...
). However, irregular fructification, occurring at 41-month intervals (Fischer and Santos, 2001Fischer, E. and Santos, F.A.M., 2001. Demography, phenology and sex of . Calophyllum brasiliense (Clusiaceae) trees in the Atlantic forestJournal of Tropical Ecology, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 903-909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266467401001675.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266467401001...
), besides the recalcitrance displayed by its seeds, released from the parent plant with a high water content, further hinder its use (Vásquez-Carballo et al., 2004Vásquez-Carballo, W., Thomsen, K.A. and Jøker, D., 2004. Desiccation and storage of seeds of and , two native species of Costa Rica. In: Astronium graveolensCalophyllum brasilienseM. SACANDÉ, D. JØKER, M.E. DULLOO and K.A. THOMSEN, 2004. Comparative storage biology of tropical tree seeds. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, pp. 285-294.; Carvalho et al., 2006Carvalho, L.R., Silva, E.A.A. and Davide, A.C., 2006. Classificação de sementes florestais quanto ao comportamento no armazenamento. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 15-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222006000200003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222006...
).

The key point is to reduce the speed of seed deterioration by reducing its metabolism through water removal or lowering storage temperature (Roberts, 1973Roberts, E.H., 1973. Predicting the storage life of seeds. Seed Science e Technology, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 499-514.; Araújo and Cardoso, 2007Araújo, C.G. and Cardoso, V.J.M., 2007. (Willd ex Roem. & Schult.) Mull. Arg. and Palicourea marcagravii st. Hil.(Rubiaceae): potential for forming soil seed banks in a brazilian Cerrado. Psychotria hoffmansegianaBrazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 421-427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842007000300006. PMid:18094824.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842007...
), without which quality improvement is not possible, even under ideal conditions (Villela and Peres, 2004Villela, F.A. and Peres, W.B., 2004. Coleta, beneficiamento e armazenamento. In: A.G. Ferreira and F. Borghetti. Germinação: do básico ao aplicado. Porto Alegre: Artmed, pp. 265-281.). Among the conservation systems in artificially controlled environments, the cold chamber is intend to seed conservation under temperatures usually below 10 ºC (Sacandé et al., 2004Sacandé, M., Joker, D., Dulloo, M.E., Thomsen, K.A., Durigan, G., Figliolia, M.B. and Criollo, J.A., 2004. Comparative storage biology of tropical tree seeds. Roma: IPGRI. No. 634.9562 C737.; Zonta et al, 2014Zonta, J., Araujo, E., Araujo, R., Zonta, J., Dias, L.D.S. and Ribeiro, P., 2014. Armazenamento de sementes de pinhão manso em diferentes embalagens e ambientes. Bioscience Journal, vol. 30, no. 5, suppl. 2, pp. 599-608.). The combination of low temperature and kinds of packaging is the reason why the longevity of stored seeds can range (Marcos Filho, 2013Marcos-Filho, J., 2013. Importância do potencial fisiológico da semente de soja. Informativo ABRATES, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 21-23.), due to moisture exchange (Nery et al., 2014Nery, M.C., Davide, A.C., Silva, E.A.A., Soares, G.C.M. and Nery, F.C., 2014. Classificação fisiológica de sementes florestais quanto a tolerância à dessecação e ao armazenamento. Cerne, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 477-483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201420031450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201420...
).

Therefore, the study about recalcitrant seed storage enables its availability, which is extend for a longer period (Zonetti et al., 2011Zonetti, P.D.C., Souza, M.O.D., Sevilha, R.R. and Silva, F.F.D., 2011. Efeito do condicionamento osmótico sobre o armazenamento e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de algodão colorido. Agrarian, vol. 4, no. 13, pp. 158-164.), essentially to help commercial exploitation for use in seedling production, aiming at recovery programs of degraded areas (Garcia et al., 2006Garcia, I.S., Souza, A., Barbedo, C.J., Dietrich, S.M.C. and Figueiredo-Ribeiro, R.C.L., 2006. Changes in soluble carbohydrates during storage of Caesalpinia echinata LAM. (Brazilwood) seeds, an endangered leguminous tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 66, no. 2B, pp. 739-745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000400018. PMid:16906306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006...
). Due to the scarcity of information on the storage of C. brasiliense seeds, this study aimed to analyze the longevity of seeds submitted to different moisture contents, packaging, and storage conditions.

2 Material and Methods

The present study was conducted at Laboratório de Crescimento e Desenvolvimento de Plantas, Department of Biology, at Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil.

Ripe C. brasiliense fruits were collected in plants located at Parque Quedas do Rio Bonito (MG- Brazil). Subsequently, the fruits were taken to the laboratory, where they were pulped and subjected to treatments.

To perform the experiment, a part of a batch of freshly harvested seeds with an initial moisture content of 33.7% (on a fresh weight basis) was used, and the other part of the seeds was oven dried with forced air circulation at 35 ºC, until they could reach 31.2% moisture content.

Seeds were treated with the fungicide Carbendazim: 0.1% (w/v) for 15 minutes, stored for 12 months under two conditions: Cold chamber (8 ºC ± 2 ºC /45% M) and room temperature (28 ºC ± 10 ºC), in three different packagings: transparent polyethylene (113.06 g/m2 weight, 0.1 mm thickness, with 1kg capacity); kraft paper (1 kg capacity), and 2 layers of aluminum foil. Packagings were sealed with adhesive tape.

The seeds were evaluated every three months for germination percentage and germination speed index (GSI), besides the monitoring of seed moisture content throughout storage. Moisture content was determined based on fresh weight, using an oven at 105 ºC ± 3 ºC for 24 hours and four replications of five seeds (with wrap) each, until reaching constant weight (Brasil, 2009BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, 2009. Regras para análise de sementes. Brasília. 365 p.).

Germination tests were carried out in B.O.D. chambers at a constant temperature of 30 ºC, in the dark. The substrate was Germitest® paper, moistened with distilled water 2.5-fold the paper weight (Brasil, 2009BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, 2009. Regras para análise de sementes. Brasília. 365 p.). Each treatment consisted of 25 unwrapped seeds (manually scarified, with the removal of endocarp and tegument). The evaluation of germination was carried out in 2-day intervals, and the percentage of rootlets 5-mm seeds in each treatment, as well as the Germination Speed Index (GSI), were calculated according to Maguire (1962)Maguire, J.D., 1962. Speed of germination: aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigour. Crop Science, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 176-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183X000200020033x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1962.00...
.

Tests were carried out in a completely randomized design. Germination data were transformed in arcsin (X/100)0.5 and GSI data transformed in (X+0.5)0.5, subsequently subjected to statistical analysis PROC GLM, using the software SAS®. Means were compared by the Tukey test at 0.05 significance.

3 Results and Discussion

The seeds kept in cold chamber and at room temperature showed ranging moisture levels, especially when considering the type of packaging used (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Moisture levels (%) of C. brasiliense seeds packaged in different containers (paper packaging, aluminum and polyethylene) and stored for 12 months under cold room conditions (A and B) and room temperature (C and D). Initial moisture levels of 33.7% and 31.2%, respectively.

Under cold chamber conditions, a decrease in the initial seed moisture content packed in polyethylene was observed, compared to other packagings in all studied treatments (Figures 1A and 1B). For the seed batch with 31.2% initial moisture stored in cold chamber, there was a less marked decrease in moisture content, as shown in Figure 1B. Regarding the seed batch with 33.7% initial moisture stored at room temperature and packed in aluminum foil, there was a reduction to 12% in seed moisture content at the end of the 12-month storage period (Figure 1C). In general, the use of polyethylene packaging, which is resistant to water vapor exchanges, was the most suitable for preserving seed moisture content throughout the 12-month period.

In contrast, Souza et al. (2011)Souza, V.C., Andrade, L.A., Cruz, F.R.S., Fabricante, J.R. and Oliveira, L.S.B., 2011. Conservation of marizeiro Geoffroea spinosa Jacq. seeds using different packagings and environments. Ciência Florestal, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 93-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050982751.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050982751...
, studying the storage of Geoffrea spinosa, a recalcitrant species from riparian forests (34.16% moisture), reported that cold storage and polyethylene packaging did not favor storage and, in the first three storage periods, there was a gradual decrease, followed by a slight increase in storage to ninety days.

In the initial test, the decreased moisture content from 33.7% to 31.2% did not affect the germination of seeds, which exhibited 83.9% and 89.4% germination, respectively (data not shown). After storage, seeds in cold chamber had higher germination rates, when compared to room temperature, 92.39% and 73.06%, respectively. Among the tested packagings, aluminum provided the best results regarding germination percentage (98.88%), followed by polyethylene (90.31%), and paper (44.90%). For storage period, the best result was found for three-month storage (97.30%), decreasing the percentage over time to 77.53%, 46.04%, and 13.98% germination, at 6-, 9- and 12-month storage, respectively (Figure 2).

Figure 2
Germination percentage of C. brasiliense seeds, stored for 12 months in degrees of initial moisture: 33.7% and 31.2%, under storage conditions: cold chamber (A and B), laboratory environment (C and D) and different packages.

These responses occurred, mostly, due to seed oxidation during storage, even with no presence of insects or fungi (Jeller et al., 2003Jeller, H., Perez, S.C.J.G.A. and Raizer, J., 2003. Water uptake, priming, drying and storage effects in Schrad seeds. Cassia excelsaBrazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 61-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000100008. PMid:12914415.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003...
). This behavior is justified by higher temperature fluctuations and moisture to which the seeds were submitted under different packaging conditions, since some packagings allow water exchange between seeds and the surrounding environment, such as paper, interfering with the metabolic activity of seeds, reducing their longevity.

Previous studies with C. brasiliense storage, showed that the best storage was observed at 15 ºC and 32% seed moisture content for three months, reaching up to 70% germination. They still reported that seeds completely lost their viability after six-month storage (Vásquez-Carballo et al., 2004Vásquez-Carballo, W., Thomsen, K.A. and Jøker, D., 2004. Desiccation and storage of seeds of and , two native species of Costa Rica. In: Astronium graveolensCalophyllum brasilienseM. SACANDÉ, D. JØKER, M.E. DULLOO and K.A. THOMSEN, 2004. Comparative storage biology of tropical tree seeds. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, pp. 285-294.).

Even in species with orthodox characteristics, temperatures during storage significantly influence the achieved longevity and viability, as is the case of Tabebuia aurea, with germination under refrigerated conditions (13 °C), which ensured viability for at least 360 days, regardless the packaging used, either paper or plastic (Neves et al., 2014Neves, G., Serigatto, E.M., Dalchiavon, F.C. and Silva, C.A., 2014. Viability and longevity of seeds Benth. & Hook. under different storage methods. Tabebuia aureaBioscience Journal, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 737-742.).

Regarding GSI, it was found that there were no significant differences between cold chamber and room temperature, despite a difference for polyethylene packaging at three-month storage. On the other hand, there were significant differences for paper and aluminum packagings throughout the storage period (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Effect of moisture content (%) on the germination C. brasiliense seeds stored for 12 months at initial levels of moisture, storage and packaging conditions.

In Figure 4A and 4C, it is noteworthy that seeds with 33.7% initial moisture content presented higher GSI when packed in polyethylene, in both temperatures, at three-month storage. After this period, there was a marked decrease in seed vigor storage at room temperature. Only seeds stored at room temperature (31.2% initial moisture content) and packed in aluminum foil exhibited higher GSI, when compared to seeds packed in polyethylene and paper (Figure 4B and 4D).

Figure 4
Germination speed index (GSI) of C. brasiliense seeds stored under conditions of cold chamber (A and B) and laboratory environment (C and D) for 12 months, with initial moisture contents of 33.7% and 31.2%, packed in paper, aluminum and polyethylene.

As the storage period advanced, the decrease in germination speed was also observed by Silva et al. (2012)Silva, P.C.D.C., Andrade, L.A.D., Souza, V.C.D., Fabricante, J.R. and Silva, M.L.M.D., 2012. Comportamento germinativo de sementes de moringa oleifera l. em diferentes ambientes e tempos de armazenamento. Agropecuária Científica no Semiarido, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 1-6., while studying the longevity of Moringa oleifera L. seeds at different room temperatures. The seeds stored for 27 months in plastic packaging in cold chamber showed higher GSI.

Among the survey studies on C. brasiliense behavior classification during storage, stand Vásquez-Carballo et al. (2004)Vásquez-Carballo, W., Thomsen, K.A. and Jøker, D., 2004. Desiccation and storage of seeds of and , two native species of Costa Rica. In: Astronium graveolensCalophyllum brasilienseM. SACANDÉ, D. JØKER, M.E. DULLOO and K.A. THOMSEN, 2004. Comparative storage biology of tropical tree seeds. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, pp. 285-294. and Carvalho et al. (2006)Carvalho, L.R., Silva, E.A.A. and Davide, A.C., 2006. Classificação de sementes florestais quanto ao comportamento no armazenamento. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 15-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222006000200003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222006...
, thus proposing a recalcitrant behavior of C. brasiliense.

However, the application of different packagings and temperatures to increase the storage period proposed in this study was satisfactory, as C. brasiliense seeds presented an intermediate behavior when stored, standing for low temperatures at a nine-month period, with no meaningful loss of viability and vigor.

4 Conclusions

The behavior of C. brasiliense seeds shows that, even though the species is classified as recalcitrant, it supports polythene packaging and can be stored in a cold chamber for up to nine months, which prevents moisture accumulation and accelerated seed deterioration.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq; Brasília, DF - Brazil), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG; Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES; Brasília, DF - Brazil) for financial support.

  • (With 4 figures)

References

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    26 Sept 2016
  • Date of issue
    July-Sept 2017

History

  • Received
    22 May 2015
  • Accepted
    15 Apr 2016
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