New evidence of the evolutionary relationship of the flavida complex with the genus Panstrongylus (Hemiptera, Triatominae) by karyosystematic

Scientific note

The Triatominae subfamily (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) is composed of 152 species belonging to 18 genera and five tribes (Galvão, 2014; Alevi et al., 2016; Mendonça et al., 2016; Souza et al., 2016; Rosa et al., 2017). The Triatomini tribe is the most diverse and one of the most important from the point of views epidemiological (Galvão, 2014; WHO, 2015). Schofield and Galvão (2009) grouped these triatomines in complexes and specifics subcomplexes mainly based on morphological characters and geographic disposition. The flavida complex consists of the species Nesotriatoma bruneri Usinger, 1944, N. flavida (Neiva, 1911) and N. obscura Maldonado and Farr, 1962 [although recently it has been suggested that N. bruneri and N. flavida should be again synonymized (Alevi et al., 2016)].

Recently, Justi et al. (2014, 2016) claim that although the complexes and subcomplexes show no taxonomic validity they must be monophyletic groups. Thus, the authors presented a phylogenetic reconstruction for the species groupings proposed by Schofield and Galvão (2009) and observed that many groups are not monophyletic (brasiliensis, maculata, matogrossensis, flavida and sordida subcomplexes). The flavida complex although it has formed a monophyletic group, curiously was presented as evolutionarily related to Panstrongylus genus, as has been observed by other authors (Hypsa et al., 2002).

Therefore, we will group all information related to the number and morphology of the chromosomes of Nesotriatoma spp. and Panstrongylus spp. with intuited of analyze the chromosomal relationship of these triatomines.

All species of Panstrongylus genus (except P. megistus and P. lutzi) and Nesotriatoma genus presents the karyotype 2n = 23 (20A + X₁X₂Y) (Table 1). Furthermore, all species of both genera (except P. lutzi) showed the same system of sex determination, as well as the same chromosomal characteristics (Table 1).

Table 1
Chromosomal characteristics of the species of flavida complex and Panstrongylus genus.

Species	Chromosome number	Sex determination	Relative size of sex chromosomes	Relative size of autosomes	Reference
N. flavida	2n = 23	X1X2Y	Y>Xs	Small variation	Dujardin et al. (2002)
N. bruneri	2n = 23	X1X2Y	Y>Xs	Small variation	Alevi et al. (2016)
N. obscura	-	-	-
P. chinai	2n = 23	X1X2Y	Y>Xs	Small variation	Pérez et al. (2002)
P. diasi	-	-	-
P. geniculatus	2n = 23	X1X2Y	Y>Xs	Small variation	Pérez et al. (2002)
P. guentheri	-	-	-
P. hispaniolae	-	-	-
P. howardi	2n = 23	X1X2Y	Y>Xs	Small variation	Dujardin et al. (2002)
P. humeralis	-	-	-
P. lenti	-	-	-
P. lutzi	2n = 24	X1X2 X3Y	Y>Xs	Small variation	Santos et al. (2016), Alevi et al. (2017)
P. lignarius	2n = 23	X1X2Y	Y>Xs	Small variation	Pérez et al. (2002)
P. megistus	2n = 21	X1X2Y	Y>Xs	Small variation	Schreiber and Pellegrino (1950)
P. mitarakaensis	-	-	-
P. rufotuberculatus	2n = 23	X1X2Y	Y>Xs	Small variation	Pérez et al. (2002)
P. tupynambai	2n = 23	X1X2Y	Y>Xs	Small variation	Pérez et al. (2002)

• X: X sex chromosome; Y: Y sex chromosome.

Recently, by means of dated phylogeny was supported that the ancestral of Nesotriatoma arrived in the Antillean islands approximately 14.8-18.8 millions of years (associated with rodent subfamily Capromyinae) (Justi et al., 2016) and by phylogenetic analysis we can see that Nesotriatoma and Panstrongylus share an ancestor comum (Justi et al., 2014, 2016). Was suggested that the ancestor of these vectors presented karyotype 2n = 23 and that during the divergence and karyotype evolution of species occurred one event punctual of simploidy in the autosome of P. megistus and agmatoploidy in the X sex chromosome of P. lutzi (Alevi and Azeredo-Oliveira, 2018).

Thus, by karyosystematic we confirm the phylogenetic relationship between flavida complex and Panstrongylus genus. We suggest that experimental hybrid crosses are to be conducted for analysis of possible prezygotic and postzygotic barriers installed in the Panstrongylus and Nesotriatoma genus.

Acknowledgements

The study was supported by Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa e Extensão de São José do Rio Preto (Process number 60/2015—FAPERP, Brazil) and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazil).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 Feb 2018
• Date of issue
  Nov 2018

History

• Received
  01 Mar 2017
• Accepted
  26 Apr 2017