Assessment of ecto and endo parasites of Schizothorax plagiostomus inhabiting river Panjkora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Avaliação de ecto e endoparasitas de Schizothorax plagiostomus habitantes do rio Panjkora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Abstract

Fish provides main source of high quality protein to more than one billion people in the world. Fish parasites directly affect the productivity of fish and indirectly on human health. This research was aimed to assess the helminth parasites in Schizothorax plagiostomus (the snow trout) from river Panjkora, KP, Pakistan. A total of 88 fish samples (n= 88) were collected from the upper, middle and lower regions of the river through cast nets, hand nets and hooks. All the collected fish samples were examined in the Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Malakand for helminth parasites during July 2018 to February 2019.Among these fishes nematodes, trematodes, cestodes and acanthocephalan were isolated and identified. Overall prevalence of the fish parasites was 60.22% (53/88). The intensity of the parasite was observed from 1.7% to 4.61%. Highest prevalence was reported in summer season 86.36% while lowest in the winter season 36.36%. This study shows that summer season affects the fish business and result in poor quality fish meat with risk of zoonotic diseases. Adults were highly infected 82.25% while no infection was found in juvenile specimens. Female fish samples had higher prevalence 68.22% than males 48.22%. Fishes of the lower reaches had highest prevalence 60.22% than the upper reaches 40.0%. Fish samples with maximum length and weight were highly 76.92% infected than small sized fish with low body weight. Present study addresses that Rhabdochona schizothoracis in the intestine and Diplozoon paradoxum in gills of snow trout fish has a long term relationship and call as a natural infection in cyprinids and it is zoonotic threat to human.

Keywords:
snow trout; fish parasites; sub adults; prevalence; zoonotic

Resumo

O peixe é a principal fonte de proteína de alta qualidade para mais de um bilhão de pessoas no mundo. Contudo, parasitas afetam diretamente a produtividade de peixes e, indiretamente, a saúde humana. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os parasitas helmintos em Schizothorax plagiostomus (truta da neve) do rio Panjkora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Foram coletadas 88 amostras de peixes (n = 88) dos trechos alto, médio e baixo do rio por meio de redes de arrasto, redes de mão e varas de pesca. Todas as amostras de peixes coletadas foram examinadas no Laboratório de Parasitologia do Departamento de Zoologia, da Universidade de Malakand, quanto a parasitas helmintos durante o período de julho de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019. Entre esses peixes, nematódeos, trematódeos, cestóideos e acantocéfalos foram isolados e identificados. A prevalência geral de parasitas de peixes foi de 60,22% (53/88). A intensidade do parasita foi observada de 1,7 a 4,61%. A maior prevalência (86,36%) foi relatada no verão, enquanto a menor (36,36%), no inverno. Este estudo mostra que a temporada de verão afeta o ramo da pesca e resulta em carne de baixa qualidade, com risco de doenças zoonóticas. Os adultos foram altamente infectados (82,25%), enquanto nenhuma infecção foi encontrada em jovens. As amostras de peixes do sexo feminino apresentaram maior prevalência (68,22%) do que as do sexo masculino (48,22%). Os peixes coletados no trecho baixo do rio tiveram maior prevalência (60,22%) do que os do trecho alto (40%). Amostras de peixes com comprimento e peso máximos foram altamente infectadas (76,92%) do que peixes de pequeno porte e baixo peso corporal. O presente estudo aborda que Rhabdochona schizothoracis no intestino e Diplozoon paradoxum em brânquias de peixes de truta da neve possuem uma estreita relação que causa uma infecção natural em ciprinídeos, sendo uma ameaça zoonótica ao ser humano.

Palavras-chave:
truta da neve; parasitas de peixes; subadultos; prevalência; zoonótica

1. Introduction

Fish is the main vertebrate that affects life of humans in many forms. According to Shaikh et al. (2011), fish is a source of vitamins, proteins, fats and many other yields such as fish glue, fish oil and fish meal etc. One of the factors responsible for reduction in fish production is parasite. Parasites are vital source of financial losses for aquaculture due to reduction in fish growth and increased mortality (Omeji et al., 2011). According to Khanum et al. (2008) the spreading and frequency of helminthe parasites have been calculated in fresh water fishes from various parts of the world. However minor information is available about the control, distribution and harmful effects. (Bikhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, 1964) have stated that there are 11 classes of invertebrates with 1211 species of fresh water fish parasites such as Nematodes, Cestodes, and acanthocephalan.

Schizothorax plagiostomus belongs to class actinopterygii, order cypriniformes and genus Schizothorax. It was named by Heckel 1838. The Genus Schizothorax has 5 species in Pakistan. Locally it is known as Swati in district Swat, KP. According to Bahuguna et al. (2009), S. plagiostomus is the most common fish, found in snow fed rivers, lakes and tributaries of Himalaya, Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, North-eastern part of India. Its maximum body length is about 60 cm and weight about 2.5 kg. Sexual maturity is attained at 18-24 cm body length and spawns twice a year in September-October and March-April at a depth of 10-30 cm (Froese et al., 2011). According to Chen et al. (2002); water current of 2.6-4 m/s, water PH of 7.3-7.5 and dissolved O₂ concentrations from 09-15 mg/l are the optimum conditions for survival and spawning in snow-fed cold water bodies.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Sampling area

Dir is situated in the Northern part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It lies between 34^ᵒ_37^′ to 35^ᵒ, 07^′North latitude and 71^{ᵒ, 31′}to72^ᵒ, 14^′East longitudes. This area is almost 823 meters (2700 feet) above the sea level. The study area of the Panjkora River is about 180 km from its origin. Origin of this river is in Kohistan of Dir Upper. It streams in southern direction and flows nearly in the middle of both Districts. It links the River Swat behind Totakan, Malakand District at Bosaaq Bridge (Sharbatti) Figure 1. The name of Panjkora River is due to its 5 key Streams that join the Panjkora at four places (Khan et al., 2019).

Figure 1
Map presenting sampling area along river Panjkora, Lower Dir, Pakistan.

2.2. Fish collection

Over all 88 fish samples were collected randomly from six monitoring sites (Rabat, Odigram, Timergara, Khazana, Shagukas and Busak) by fishing rods, cast net hand net and by simple hands method in the areas of shallow water on monthly basis. The similar method was also used by Wahab and Yousafzai (2017).

2.3. Fish preservation, transportation and identification

The collected fish samples were injected 5% formalin through different parts such as body wall, anus and mouth for preservation. Each of the containers containing the fish specimen was tagged with; date site and locality of collection. The preserved specimens were transported to the Parasitology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Malakand for further investigation.

Each fish samples were identified by the methods prescribed by Mirza and Sandhu (2007).

2.4. Morphometric measurement

The body weight (BW) and standard length (SL) were measured with the help of electric balance and china tape. The sex of the fish was noted by pressing the abdomen of mature host fish, the extrusion of eggs for female and whitish milt for male identification was used.

2.5. Dissection, removal and preservation of parasites

Binocular microscope and magnifier lens were used to investigate external parasites in fins, gills, mouth, nostrils and eyes. Wahab and Yousafzai (2017) protocol was used for Separation and identification. Digeneans, cestodes and acanthocephalans were kept in 70% ethanol and stained with aceto-alam carmine while monogeneans were fixed and preserved in ammonium-picrate glycerin. The pure glycerin and 70% alcohol were used in 50:50 parts for preservation of nematodes. For evaporation of alcohol the containers were kept opened for 3 to 5 days. Martins et al. (2007) and Tavares-Dias et al. (2001), protocols were used for processing, counting and Parasite identification.

2.6. Statistical analysis

The prevalence, mean intensity and relative density of infection was calculated by the formula given by Ayaz et al. (2011) The relationship between the fish samples examined and that of infected was calculated by applying the Graph Pad Prism Version 5. The value less than 0.05% at 95% CI was considered significant.

3. Results

The study of ecto and endo helminthes parasites of fish fauna of river Panjkora Dir (L) for the helminthes parasites showed the overall prevalence 60.22 (53/88), intensity (3.03) and relative density (1.82) of fish parasites. From these 88 fishes of S. plagiostomus following major parasites were collected.

1. Diplozoon paradoxum. 2. Neochynorhynchous devdevi. 3. Nippotaenia species.

4. Rhabdochona species. 5. Rhabdochona schizothoracis.

The parasite wise prevalence, intensity and relative density were calculated. High prevalence of the parasite R. schizothoracis 20.45% and the lowest was recorded in N. devdevi 4%. High intensity of parasite R. schizothoracis 4.61 and the lowest was recorded for Rhabdochona species 1.7 High relative density of parasite R. schizothoracis 0.94 and the lowest was recorded for N. devdevi 0.09 (Table 1).

Table 1
Overall and parasite wise prevalence, intensity and relative density of helminth parasites.

Name of Parasite	Hosts examined	Hosts infected	Prevalence (%)	parasites observed	Intensity	Relative Density
D. paradoxum	88	16	18.18	44	2.75	0.5
N. devdevi		04	4.54	08	02	0.09
Nippotaenia. specie		05	5.68	09	1.8	0.10
R. species		10	11.36	17	1.7	0.19
R.schizothoracis		18	20.45	83	4.61	0.94
Total		53	60.22	161	3.03	1.82

• Statistical analysis: P=0.0001<0.05 Paired t- test 95% CI 69.57 to 85.23.

High prevalence of parasites was recorded in months of July and August while lowest in February (Table 2).

Table 2
Monthly prevalence of helminth parasites.

Month	Hosts examined	Hosts infected	Prevalence %
July 2018	11	10	90.91
August 2018	11	09	81.82
September 2018	11	08	72.73
October 2018	11	07	63.64
November 2018	11	07	63.64
December 2018	11	05	45.46
January 2019	11	04	36.37
February 2019	11	03	27.28

• Statistical Analysis: P= 0.015 95% CI= 2.33 to 6.420.

This record shows that prevalence, intensity and relative density of helminth parasites is high in summer while lowest in winter (Table 3)

Table 3
Seasons wise prevalence, intensity and relative density of helminth parasites.

Seasons		Host examined	Host infected	Prevalence %	parasites recovered	Intensity	Relative Density
SUMMER	July	22	19	86.36	85	4.47	3.86
	August
AUTUMN	September	33	22	66.66	52	2.36	1.57
	October
	November
WINTER	December	33	12	36.36	24	02	0.72
	January
	February

• Statistical Analysis: P=0.1544 95% CI= -10.14 to 34.07.

This record shows that females have high prevalence, intensity and relative density than males (Table 4)

Table 4
Sex wise prevalence, intensity and relative density of helminth parasites.

Sex of host	Host examined	Host infected	Prevalence %	parasites recovered	Intensity	Relative density
Male	37	18	48.64	41	2.27	1.10
Female	51	35	68.62	120	3.42	2.35

• Statistical Analysis: P=0.1265 95% CI= -29.88 to 64.88.

Adults’ fish specimens were found highly infected followed by sub-adults while no infection was observed in juvenile fish specimens (Table 5).

Table 5
Age wise prevalence, intensity and relative density of helminth parasites.

Age of Host	Host Examined	Host Infected	Prevalence	parasites recovered	Intensity	Relative density
Adult	35	29	82.25	108	3.72	3.08
Sub adult	40	24	60.0	53	2.20	1.32
Juvenile	13	0	0	0	0	0

• Statistical Analysis: P=0.0589 95% CI= -1,082 to 24.42.

Fish specimens with maximum length and weight were found highly infected than small sized fish with less body weight (Table 6).

Table 6
Length and weight wise prevalence,intensity and relative density of helminth parasites.

Standard length of host(cm)	Body weight (g)	Host examined	Host infected	Prevalence	parasites recovered	Intensity	Relative density
10˗20	100-150	17	03	17.64	07	2.33	0.41
20.1˗30.0	151-300	32	22	68.75	51	2.31	1.59
30.1˗45.0	301-800	39	30	76.92	103	3.43	2.64

• Statistical Analysis: P= 0.0187 95% CI= 4.427 to 17.57.

The fish collected from lower reaches were found highly 77.14% infected than the fish from upper reaches 40.0% of the river (Table 7).

Table 7
Locality wise prevalence (%), intensity and relative density.

Factor	Fish examined	Fish infected	Prevalence (%)	parasites recovered	Intensity	Relative density
Upper reaches	25	10	40.0	18	1.80	0.72
Middle reaches	28	16	57.14	45	2.81	1.60
Lower reaches	35	27	77.14	98	3.62	2.80

• Statistical Analysis: P= 0.0289 95% CI= 2.942 to 20.39.

4. Discussion

This study was carried out from July, 2018 to February, 2019 to assess the helminth parasites of Schizothorax plagiostomus (Snow trout) of Panjkora River. In this study 88 fishes of S. plagiostomus were collected from various localities of River Panjkora, KP, Pakistan and were examined for the parasites.

The infection rate was detected in term of prevalence as on the basis of months, seasons, sex, age, length, weight, locality and type of parasite. The total prevalence of the fish parasites 60.22% was determined. Similar study was carried out by Ahmad et al. (2014), they studied 115 snow trout from river Swat for the prevalence of monogenean parasites and find out 93% infection. In the present research work the highest prevalence value 20.45% was calculated for R. schizothoracis while the lowest was recorded in N. devdevi 4.54%. The work of Guillermo Salgado-Maldonado and his co-workers also approves our work for patterns of taxonomical structure of helminth parasites of freshwater fishes and for confirmation of that nematodes and trematodes are most abundant while acanthocephalan and cestodes were in less abundance (Maldonado et al., 2011). In our study high relative density of parasite R. schizothoracis 0.94% was followed by D. paradoxum 0.5% and the lowest was recorded of N. devdevi 0.09% (Table 1). Similar data was also reported from different parts of the world. Ahmad et al. (2014) reported two species of Rhabdochona as R. schizothoracis with 22.8% and R. charsaddiensis with 10.8% infection rate. Leela and Rao (2014) studied goldfish in India and reported R. garuaiin with 40.6% infection rate, 3.14 mean intensity and 1.40 relative densities. In the present study (Table 1) the high intensity of parasite R. schizothoracis 4.61% was recorded, followed by D. paradoxum 2.75% and the lowest was that of R. species 7%.

In this study high prevalence of parasites was recorded in month of July 90.91% and August 81.82% while the lowest was in February 27.28%. The variations in prevalence were due to seasonal changes and environmental factors. (Table 2). In a similar study carried out by Parween and Rahman (2000) the highest rate of infection 22.73% was recorded in August and the lowest in November 4.55%. Like our findings they also noted that the maximum prevalence of the parasites was noticed in the intestines and the lowest in the gills. In the current study prevalence of helminth parasites is high 86.36 in summer and lowest 36.36 in winter similar to Khurshid and Ahmad (2014) when they had noted highest prevalence in summer followed by autumn and least was noted in winter as 39.5%, 19% and 3.8%, respectively in S. labiatus, . It shows that temperature of water has no indistinct effect on the occurrence of nematode parasites.

In the present study sex wise prevalence of S. plagiostomus was noted. This record showed that females had high prevalence 68.62% than males 48.64%. (Table 4) Findings of the present research is similar with Omeji et al. (2014).

In the recent study (Table 5) adults fish specimens were found highly 82.25% infected followed by sub-adults 60.0% while no infection was observed in juvenile fish specimens. Similarly, Shakir et al. (2006) studied a catfish Sperata sarwari from Mangla Lake for Helminth parasite and was noted that the large sized fishes showed higher prevalence (39.13%) rate than the small sized fishes (28.85%). Length and weight are directly related to the prevalence of parasites. In present study (Table 6) it was observed that fish specimens with maximum length and weight were found highly 76.92% infected and small sized fish with less body length and low weight show little prevalence i.e. 17.64%.According to Omeji et al. (2014) parasitic infection increases with the increase of length and weight . In the current study (Table 7) fishes collected from lower reaches were highly 77.14% infected than middle and upper reaches of the river. Similar work was carried out by Crisp and his co-workers in South-eastern Mexico. They concluded that the infection rate of various helminth parasites show variation in the river Papaloapa basin to the Yucatan Peninsula (Crisp et al., 2001)

Acknowledgements

Fish farmers of the region were appreciated for co-operation in trapping the fish specimens. The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.

• (With 1 figure)

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  19 June 2020
• Date of issue
  Jan-Feb 2021

History

• Received
  03 Apr 2019
• Accepted
  08 Oct 2019