Limiting amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diets and their impacts on growth performance and carcass composition in Labeo rohita (rohu) adult fish

Limitação da suplementação de aminoácidos em dietas com baixo teor de proteína bruta e seus impactos no desempenho de crescimento e composição da carcaça em peixes adultos Labeo rohita (rohu)

Abstract

Ninety days study was conducted in hapas installed in earthen ponds. Fish of an average initial weight (220g) were evenly distributed in triplicate groups within fifteen hapas. Five experimental diets labeled as T1 (25% CP and NRC recommended amino acid level) as control diet, T2 (with 2% low protein and 5% amino acid supplementation), T3 (with 2% low protein and 10% amino acid supplementation), T4 (with 4% low protein and 10% amino acid supplementation) and T5 (with 4% low protein and 20% amino acid supplementation) were prepared. Fish were fed with @3% of their body weight twice a day at 10.00 & 16:00 hour. Significantly higher percent weight gain (420.18 ± 66.84a) and specific growth rate (13499.33±1273.54a) along with improved feed conversion ratio (1.29 ± 0.09b) and hundred percent survivals were recorded during the trial. Furthermore proximate analysis of meat showed significant improvement in the crude protein level (81.77 ± 0.19a) served with diet containing 20% limiting amino acids mixture. Therefore, limiting amino acids can be a source of cost effective feed and use safely in L. rohita diet.

Keywords:
limiting; growth; feed conversion ratio; Labeo rohita; proximate

Resumo

O estudo de 90 dias foi realizado em hapas instalados em tanques de terra. Peixes com peso inicial médio (220 g) foram distribuídos uniformemente em grupos triplicados em 15 hapas. Cinco dietas experimentais rotuladas como T1 (25% de CP e NRC recomendado nível de aminoácidos) como dieta controle, T2 (com 2% de proteína baixa e 5% de suplementação de aminoácidos), T3 (com 2% de proteína baixa e 10% de suplementação de aminoácidos), T4 (com 4% de baixa proteína e 10% de suplementação de aminoácidos) e T5 (com 4% de baixa proteína e 20% de suplementação de aminoácidos) foram preparadas. Os peixes foram alimentados com 3% do seu peso corporal duas vezes por dia às 10h00 e 16h00. Ganho de peso significativamente maior (420,18 ± 66,84a) e taxa de crescimento específico (13499,33 ± 1273,54a) juntamente com taxa de conversão alimentar melhorada (1, 29 ± 0,09b) e sobrevivência de cem por cento foram registrados durante o ensaio. Além disso, a análise aproximada da carne mostrou melhora significativa no nível de proteína bruta (81,77 ± 0,19a) servida com dieta contendo 20% de mistura de aminoácidos limitantes. Portanto, a limitação de aminoácidos pode ser uma fonte de alimentação econômica e usada com segurança na dieta de L. rohita.

Palavras-chave:
limite; crescimento; conversão alimentar; Labeo rohita; próximo

1. Introduction

One approach to enhance the ability of survival of aquaculture is to decrease the protein level in the fish feeds (Wilson, 2002). This strategy will not only reduce the feed cost but also reduce environmental implications and sustain economic development of fish by providing less nitrogenous content. The nutritional factors obviously affect the overall growth of fish along with other environmental and genetic factors. The physique of the fish retains nutritional requirements in a constant flux as these requirements may change due to different factors like environmental circumstances, disconcertion to fish health and age or size of fish (Lovell, 2002). Protein is the most important ingredient of fish feed and it constitutes fifty to sixty percent of feed cost in aquaculture industry (Wilson, 2002). For better and economical production of fish it is essential to provided and formulated feed with respect to analytical amino acids balance and digestible energy (NRC, 2011). Lysine, methionine and threonine are the limited feed source to fish in warm water body (Lovell, 1989; Bodin et al., 2008). In the fully intensive and semi-intensive fish culture Lysine supplemented diet increased weight gain and reduced fat content in muscles of Ictalurus punctatus and Cyprinus carpio (Robinson et al., 1980; Robinson, 1991; Viola and Lahav, 1991; Robinson and Li, 1994; Zarate and Lovell, 1997; Nguyen et al., 2013). The main functions of methionine were well studied in fish (Li et al., 2009) where methionine act as precursor of taurine, choline and other processes of metabolism (Fang et al., 2002). Insufficient amount of methionine and threonine in the diet of Paralichthys olivaceus deprived growth and feed utilization (Alam et al., 2000; Alam et al., 2003) along with poor deposition of protein in Cirrhinus mrigala (Ahmed et al., 2004). The absorption of nutrients and digestion of food significantly enhance the growth process of fish (Gisbert et al., 2009). Only one report is available which describes the effect of dietary threonine on absorptive and digestive capability of fish. This depicts that dietary threonine improved the activities of lipase, alpha amylase and trypsin in the intestine and hepatopancreas of Cyprinus carpio and enhanced the activities of intestinal enzymes related to absorption (Feng et al., 2013). The results of the present research work will help in the production of cost effective feed for L. rohita fish.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Diet preparation

Five experimental diets were prepared by using fish meal, maize, corn gluten 60%, soybean meal, soybean oil, di-calcium phosphate (DCP), methionine, lysine, threonine and vitamin mineral premix. Diet T1 (25% CP and NRC recommended amino acid level) as a control diet, Diet T2 (2% low of protein with 5% amino acid supplementation), Diet T3 (2% of low protein with 10% amino acid supplementation), Diet T4 (4% low of protein with 10% amino acid supplementation), and Diet T5 (4% low of protein with 20% amino acid supplementation) Table 1. All these feed ingredients were ground and then mixed well to form dough and used to make 3mm size pellets. These pellets were then sun dried before serving to the experimental fish.

Table 1
Feed ingredients and calculated nutrients used in fish diets.

Ingredients	T1		T2	T3	T4	T5
	Inclusion levels%
Maize	60.00		62.00	62.00	62.90	62.90
Soybean meal	5.00		5.00	4.80	4.80	4.80
Corn gluten 60%	4.00		4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00
Fish meal	20.00		18.22	18.00	17.10	16.50
DCP (Di-Calcium Phosphate)	0.5		0.25	0.25	0.25	0.44
Soybean oil	6.00		6.00	6.00	6.00	6.00
Threonine	1.00		1.05	1.10	1.10	1.20
Lysine	2.05		2.15	2.25	2.25	2.46
Methionine	1.03		1.08	1.13	1.13	1.23
vitamin mineral premix	0.42		0.25	0.47	0.47	0.47
Total	100		100	100	100	100
Calculated Nutrients
ME ( Metabolizeable Energy)	3708		3717	3711	3709	3701
CP (Crude Protein)	25.00		24.50	24.50	24.00	24.00
Lysine	2.27		2.27	2.30	2.27	2.36
Methionine	1.41		1.44	1.48	1.46	1.54
Threonine	1.71		1.72	1.75	1.74	1.81
Total Limiting amino acids in mixture (%)	4.08		4.28	4.48	4.48	4.89
Total Limiting amino acids in diet	5.39		5.43	5.53	5.47	5.71
Calculations:
T1=NRC (National Research Council) requirements (Control Diet)		CP = 25%
		Lysine = 2.05%
		Methionine = 1.03%
		Threonine = 1%
T2=Low CP (2% of protein) with 5% increased amino acid supplementation		Low CP (2% of protein): 25/100*2= 0.5, 25-0.5= 24.5%
		Lysine= 2.05/100*5=0.10, 2.05+0.10 = 2.15%
		Methionine= 1.03/100*5=0.05, 1.03+0.05 = 1.08%
		Threonine= 1/100*5=0.05, 1+0.05 = 1.05%
T3=Low CP (2% of protein) with 10% increased amino acid supplementation		Low CP (2% of protein): 25/100*2= 0.5, 25-0.5= 24.5%
		Lysine= 2.05/100*10=0.20, 2.05+0.20= 2.25%
		Methionine= 1.03/100*10=0.10, 1.03+0.10= 1.13%
		Threonine= 1/100*10 = 0.1, 1+0.1= 1.1%
T4=Low CP (4% of protein) with 10% increased amino acid supplementation		Low CP (4% of protein): 25/100*4=1, 25-1= 24%
		Lysine= 2.05/100*10=0.20, 2.05+0.20= 2.25%
		Methionine= 1.03/100*10=0.10, 1.03+0.10= 1.13%
		Threonine= 1/100*10 = 0.1, 1+0.1= 1.1%
T5=Low CP (4% of protein) with 20% increased amino acid supplementation		Low CP (4% of protein): 25/100*4=1, 25-1= 24%
		Lysine= 2.05/100*20=0.41, 2.05+0.41= 2.46%
		Methionine= 1.03/100*20=0.20, 1.03+0.20= 1.23%
		Threonine= 1/100*20=0.2, 1+0.2= 1.2%

• Note: Symbol * means multiply.

2.2. Experimental design

L. rohita fish were picked up from the fish hatchery unit of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus Pattoki, Pakistan. Fish were shifted in oxygen filled carrier bags. Protecting bath were given with potassium permanganate solution (1:3000) and stocked in hapas for ninety days installed at earthen ponds. At the rate of 3% of body weight, these fish were served to satiation using experimental diets two times a day at 10:00 & 16:00 hour throughout the experimental duration. Fish (average initial weight 220g) were weighed and stocked evenly in fifteen experimental hapas @15 fish per replica. Triplicate sets of fish were used to evaluate each practical diet. No practical diets were given to L. rohita at sampling day. Fortnight weight of fish were recorded with the help of weight balance (ACS-40) and scaled six times during the trial. Experimental diet allowances were readjusted according to body weight gain of fish. The provisions of continuous flow of water in all experimental hapas were furnished with constant aeration to keep level of dissolved oxygen above saturation level. Temperature and dissolve oxygen levels were monitored on daily basis.

2.3. Samples collection

At the end of 90 days of experimental trial, L. rohita fish from all experimental hapas were weighed individually. To check the chemical composition in fillet of fish, five fish per hapa were saved for further analysis.

2.4. Growth and nutrient utilization parameters

Parameters shown below were calculated according to the methods prescribed by (Hopkins, 1992) to evaluate the growing performance of L. rohita.

$WeightGain\%=\frac{\text{Final Body Weight-Initial Body Weight}}{\text{Initial Body Weight}}\text{×100}$ (1)

$\begin{array}{l}Specific\\ growthrate\left(SGR\right)=\frac{\left(\text{In Final Wet Body Weight}\right)\text{-}\left(\text{In Initial Wet Body Weight}\right)}{\text{No}\text{.of days}}\text{×100}\end{array}$ (2)

$FeedConversionRatio\left(FCR\right)=\frac{\text{Feed intake (g)}}{\text{Weight gain (g)}}$ (3)

$$FishSurvival:S=100X\left(LC/LS\right)$$ (4)

S = Stands for survival (%)

LC = Number of fish recovered at the end of the experiment.

LS = Number of fish stocked at the start of the experiment.

2.5. Economic analysis

Economic analysis of fish fry feed was analyzed in terms of economic conversion ratio (ECR) (Sánchez Lozano et al., 2007).

$$ECR=FCR\times FeedPrice$$ (5)

2.6. Proximate analysis

To evaluate the chemical composition in the meat of L. rohita moisture content, crude protein, crude lipids and ash contents were calculated by standard methods (AOAC, 2006). To determine the percentage of moisture content, the samples were dehydrated in an oven at 105°C up to constant weight. The crude protein (N × 6.25) was estimated in the samples with Kjeldhal method. Estimation was done by digesting the samples with concentrated sulphuric acid in a semi-automated Kjeldhal System (Made by Technico Scientific Supply). The ether extraction method was adopted by using a Soxhlet apparatus for the estimation of crude lipids in the samples. The ash content of the samples was calculated by incinerating these samples for 24 hours in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 550°C.

2.7. Statistical analysis

Data for L. rohita fish for every replicate was checked. The results were then presented as mean ± standard error. To assess the significant differences among the experimental treatments, data was subjected to one-way ANOVA as preliminary way. It was observed that the treatment effects were significant for the variables, feed conversion ratio (FCR), percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), whole body protein, moisture, fat and ash due to supplementation of lysine, methionine & threonine. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS. 9.4 (SAS, Institute Inc.) software. On observing a significant treatment effect with ANOVA, a post-hoc test (Duncan’s multiple range test) was performed to compare treatment mean values (Steel et al., 1996).

3. Results

3.1. Growth parameters

Amino acids composition of experimental diets was measured through analysis and is presented in Table 2. Percent weight gain (Equation 1) and specific growth rate (Equation 2) showed similar significant differences among all the treatments Table 3. On the completion of ninety days of feeding trial zootechnical performance of L. rohita showed significant results due to limiting amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diets Table 3. Feed conversion ratio (Equation 3) showed significant results among the treatments due to limiting amino acids supplementation. Significantly improved value of feed conversion ratio (1.29± 0.09b) was recorded in treatment five. As the significant increased value of percent weight gain and specific growth rate was recorded in the treatment served with twenty percent limiting amino acids supplementation. Survival rate (Equation 4) of experimental fish throughout the trail was hundred percent.

Table 2
Amino acids composition of experimental diets.

Amino acids	T1 (control)	TttttttT T2	T3	T4	T5
Glutamic acid	0.22	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18
Aspartic acid	0.26	0.20	0.20	0.21	0.21
Serine	0.33	0.24	0.24	0.25	0.24
Glycine	0.37	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28
Alanine	0.40	0.31	0.31	0.31	0.31
Cystein	0.63	0.23	0.23	0.22	0.22
Proline	0.64	0.34	0.34	0.34	0.34
Tyrosine	1.03	0.69	0.69	0.67	0.66
Histidine	1.06	0.60	0.59	0.58	0.57
Methionine	1.19	0.48	0.48	0.47	0.46
Lysine	1.37	0.96	0.95	0.92	0.90
Threonine	1.61	0.86	0.85	0.83	0.82
Isoleucine	1.73	0.87	0.85	0.83	0.82
Arginine	1.87	1.13	1.12	1.09	1.07
Valine	2.04	1.03	1.01	0.99	0.98
Phenylalanine	2.37	0.97	0.96	0.94	0.93
Leucine	3.76	1.77	1.75	1.73	1.71

Table 3
Feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, percent weight gain and survival rate at ninety days of feeding of Labeo rohita fed different percentages of limiting amino acids at an average temperature of 34.86°C.

Parameter	T1 (Control)	T2	T3	T4	T5
Feed conversion ratio	1.55± 0.02a	1.43± 0.06ab	1.37± 0.07ab	1.41± 0.01ab	1.29± 0.09b
Specific growth rate	8000.33±456.29c	9467.00±491.43bc	12406.00± 890.79a	11293.33±253.35ab	13499.33±1273.54a
Percent weight gain	253.54±13.82c	297.98± 14.89bc	387.05±26.99a	363.43± 2.97ab	420.18± 66.84a
% Survival rate	100	100	100	100	100

• The average values, obtained from triplicate & expressed as: Mean ± Standard Error. Values with different superscripts in same row differ significantly (P<0.05).

3.2. Economic analysis

Economic conversion ratio (ECR) (Equation 5) showed notable results between the experimental diets Table 4. Increased value of economic conversion ratio (143.97± 2.61a) was recorded in T1. The estimated prices of the experimental diets (per 100g) were Rs, 92.44/- (T1, control), Rs, 86.81/- (T2), Rs, 86.66/- (T3), Rs, 86.26/- (T4) and Rs, 86.63/- (T5) Table 5.

Table 4
Economic evaluation of Labeo rohita feed on the completion of ninety days nutritional trial.

Parameter	T1 (control)	T2 (5%AA)	T3 (10%AA)	T4 (10%AA)	T5 (20%AA)
Mean initial weight (g)	220	220	220	220	220
Mean final weight (g)	388.58	437.78	535.75	498.66	572.2
Mean total feed intake (g)	13009.14	9154.99	17431.54	1209.02	16724.12
Mean daily feed intake (g)	929.01	1001.9	1245.11	1209.06	1266
Feed conversion ratio	1.55	1.43	1.37	1.41	1.29
Feed cost in Pakistani rupee/100g	92.44	86.81	86.66	86.26	86.63
Feed cost in US Dollar/100g	0.59	0.55	0.55	0.55	0.55
Economic Conversion Ratio	143.97± 2.61a	124.30± 5.38b	119.15± 6.38b	121.62± 0.86b	112.21±8.02b

Table 5
Carcass traits of Labeo rohita after 90 days fed with control, 5%, 10%, 10% and 20% amino acid supplementation.

Parameter	T1(Control)	T2	T3	T4	T5
Ash %	14.23±0.14ab	14.38± .38abc	13.85± .38bc	15.93±0.31a	13.05± 0.06c
Lipid%	5.58± 0.11ab	5.29± 0.08bc	5.72± 0.15a	5.28±0.09bc	5.13 ± 0.01c
Moisture%	0.46± 0.02a	0.51± 0.04a	0.46±0.02a	0.19 ± 0.08b	0.31 ± 0.01b
Dry Matter%	99.54±0.01a	99.49±0.02a	99.54±0.02a	99.81±0.01a	99.69±0.01a
Protein%	79.10± 0.31c	80.31± 0.33b	78.40± 0.31c	76.45± 0.10d	81.77 ± 0.19a

• The average values, obtained from triplicate & expressed as: Mean ± Standard Error. Values with different superscripts in same row differ significantly (P<0.05).

3.3. Carcass composition

Whole body carcass crude protein showed significant results among all the treatments Table 5. Significantly increased value of protein (81.77 ± 0.19a) with the significantly decreased value of lipid content (5.13 ± 0.01c) was recorded in the treatment served with twenty percent limiting amino acids supplementation Table 5. Body lipids and ash content showed significant differences among the treatments due to amino acids supplementation. Dry matter content showed slight variations with non-significant difference among feeding regimes. Significantly highest value of moisture content (0.51± 0.04a) was recorded in the treatment served with five percent limiting amino acids supplementation Table 5.

3.4. Water quality parameters

In present experiment minimum and maximum ranges for dissolve oxygen and temperature were 5.82±0.05a and 5.89±0.04a, 34.84±0.04a and 34.90±0.01a respectively Table 6.

Table 6
Average values of water quality parameters observed during the ninety days of feeding period.

Treatments	Temperature (°C)	Dissolve Oxygen (mg/L)
T1	34.90± 0.01a	5.83± 0.04a
T2	34.88± 0.04a	5.82± 0.05a
T3	34.85± 0.03a	5.89± 0.04a
T4	34.84± 0.04a	5.85±0.04a
T5	34.87± 0.04a	5.85± 0.04a

• The average values, obtained from triplicate & expressed as: Mean ± Standard Error.

4. Discussion

Zootechnical performance of fish is linked with feed quantity as well as feed quality. This research work elaborates the first validation in Pakistan to the best of our knowledge about the nutritional requirements of limiting amino acids in Indian major carp, L. rohita. Present ninety days experimental feeding trial was planned to evaluate the effect of limiting amino acids in low crude protein diets on growth and carcass composition of L. rohita fish. Growth parameters and feed conversion ratio were significantly affected by the supplementation of limiting amino acids in low crude protein diets. Highest percent weight gain (420.18± 66.84a), and specific growth rate (15406.67± 1415.04a) was recorded in the treatment served with 20% limiting amino acids. Although percent weight gain and specific growth rate were increased significantly in all treatments with the increased levels amino acids. Furthermore results of this study showed significantly improved feed conversion ratio in the treatment number two and five served with 10% and 20% limiting amino acids respectively. Our results are in line with the very recent finding of (Lee et al., 2020) observed similar results in Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum with the increasing levels of limiting amino acid, lysine in the diet. Maximum weight gain (1572 ± 32.2a), Specific growth rate (3.35 ± 0.02a) and improved feed conversion ratio (0.86 ± 0.003b) were recorded in the treatment served with augmented level of dietary lysine. Findings of (Lu et al., 2014) recorded the highest value of weight gain, feed efficiency ratio and specific growth rate in the treatment with higher level of limiting amino acid methionine in fish diet. In this study maximum specific growth rate, improved feed efficiency ratio and percent weight gain was observed in the treatment served with 20% amino acid supplementation these results are closely related with the findings of (Guroy et al., 2017) reported similar results in Argyrosomus regius and found the maximum final mean weight gain and specific growth rate in the treatment supplemented with limiting lysine & methionine in the diet. However, the repercussion of (Hong et al., 2015) further supported the results of the present study as the previous experiment pointed out that Ctenopharyngodon Idella fed with the diets supplemented having graded level of limiting amino acid threonine. Proximate analysis of experimental fish, L. rohita fed with limiting amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diets revealed the significantly higher crude protein level (81.77 ± 0.19a) while significantly lower lipid level (5.13 ± 0.01c)were recorded in the treatment served with 20% limiting amino acids. Good quality products are assessed by the increase in protein content and in present study protein content increased significantly due to twenty percent limiting amino acids supplementation. Our findings are similar with the results of (Sardar et al., 2009) in which L. rohita showed the maximum value of weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency and crude protein in the treatment served with maximum level of limiting amino acids, lysine & methionine in fish diet. The results of this study are further supported by (Figueiredo-Silva et al., 2015) in which hybrid tilapia showed the highest level of crude protein in the treatment given the experimental diet with maximum level of threonine, methionine & lysine during the experimental trial. In this research trial crude protein level was increased with the increased level of limiting amino acids while lipid level and ash content was decreased. This decreased content of lipids in L. rohita fillet might be linked to boost up the utilization of protein at production site due to appropriate provision of amino acids in diet. Similar to this study results (Zehra and Khan, 2016) observed the same findings in their trial when fed Catla catla fish with the increasing levels of threonine in the diet. Recent findings of (Li et al., 2020) showed the similar results with the present study when they served Ictalurus punctatus with the graded levels of lysine in low crude protein diets. The proximate analysis of fish carcass showed the similar results. Crude protein level was increased with the increasing level of supplemented lysine while the lipid, ash and moisture content were decreased. These results support the results of this study. Hence it is concluded that supplementation of 20% limiting amino acids with four percent low crude protein in the diet of L. rohita showed improved feed conversion ratio, increased percent weight gain, specific growth rate and improved crude protein content in the meat of fish. So it can be safely used in the feed of this fish and it will helpful to reduce the cost in aqua industry and will improve the fish quality. Water quality parameters were maintained within suitable ranges during the trial and well supported by the findings of (Ali et al., 2000; Abid and Ahmad, 2009a, b). Cost evaluation analysis was made to access the cost effectiveness of the experimental diets. The results demonstrate that the limiting amino acids supplementation based diets for L. rohita fish can make the diets cost effective. Highest weight gain with low cost (86.63) diet was observed in the treatment served with twenty percent amino acids supplementation as compared to other treatments. Low economic conversion ratio (112.21±8.02b) was also recorded in the same treatment. Therefore this study assesses the feasibility of decreasing feed cost by incorporating different percentages of limiting amino acids. These results are in line with the findings of (El-Haroun and Bureau 2007; El-Haroun et al., 2009) reported for the cost effective commercial fish feed by balancing the essential amino acids with adequate protein content in the feed. Furthermore (Zhu et al., 2011) concluded that to meet the fish nutritional requirement and to prepare cost effective diet optimum amount of essential amino lysine is necessary.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  06 Sept 2021
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  04 Mar 2021
• Accepted
  07 Apr 2021