Study of human knowledge and attitude toward urban birds in Faisalabad city, Pakistan

Estudo do conhecimento humano e da atitude em relação às aves urbanas na cidade de Faisalabad, Paquistão

Abstract

Birds are very valuable indicators of species richness and endemic patterns in a specified ecosystem, which eventually help the scientist to measure the environmental degradation. The aim of present study was to know human knowledge and attitude toward urban birds in Faisalabad city, Pakistan. The study conducted in four consecutive months: November 2019 to February 2020. Population of birds was noted from eight residential towns of Faisalabad city, data were collected through questionnaire. Faisalabad has a reasonably large population of birds and present data show that, there is a significant difference between favorite bird of residential areas and institutions. The pigeon received the most likeness in bird population among residential area residents, while the myna received the least. The most popular bird in Faisalabad institutions was the sparrow, while the least popular bird was the common myna. Bird adaptation percentage of residential areas and institutional areas of Faisalabad was the highest for parrot and sparrow respectively. People in residential areas and institutions, on the other hand, adapted least to common myna. It is concluded that people of the study area like birds and offered food and high population of birds are present in study area.

Keywords:
population; dynamics; sparrow; urban; gender

Resumo

Os pássaros são indicadores muito valiosos da riqueza de espécies e padrões endêmicos em um determinado ecossistema, o que acaba ajudando o cientista a medir a degradação ambiental. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer o conhecimento humano e a atitude em relação às aves urbanas na cidade de Faisalabad, Paquistão. O estudo foi conduzido em quatro meses consecutivos: novembro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020. A população de pássaros foi observada em oito cidades residenciais da cidade de Faisalabad, os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário. Faisalabad tem uma população razoavelmente grande de pássaros, e os dados atuais mostram que há uma diferença significativa entre as aves favoritas de áreas residenciais e instituições. O pombo recebeu mais semelhanças na população de pássaros entre os residentes de áreas residenciais, enquanto o myna recebeu menos. A ave mais popular nas instituições de Faisalabad era o pardal, enquanto a ave menos popular era o myna comum. A porcentagem de adaptação de pássaros em áreas residenciais e institucionais de Faisalabad foi a mais alta para papagaios e pardais, respectivamente. As pessoas em áreas residenciais e instituições, por outro lado, se adaptaram menos ao myna comum. Conclui-se que pessoas da área de estudo como pássaros e alimentos oferecidos e alta população de pássaros estão presentes na área de estudo.

Palavras-chave:
população; dinâmica; pardal; urbano; gênero

1. Introduction

Birds are very valuable indicators of species richness (Khan et al., 2021) and endemic patterns in a specified ecosystem, which eventually help the scientist to measure the environmental degradation (Gregory et al., 2003; Sinha et al., 2019; Ali et al., 2020). Moreover, introduced bird species offer unique opportunities to study evolution in new environments and, particularly, to understand that how genetic diversity changes with range expansion (Keller and Taylor, 2008). The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) introduced worldwide by anthropogenic activity, so, it is one of the most prolific and successful way to introduced bird species in the world (Rajashekar and Venkatesha, 2008; Bibi et al., 2019). Although it is native to Eurasia but due to inherited traits, it dominated and successfully exploited urban areas under diverse climatic conditions, which have also resulted at some places in repelling indigenous competitor avifauna (De Laet and Summers-Smith, 2007; MacGregor-Fors et al., 2017).

There are increasing evidences that house sparrow populations are declining throughout the world both in rural and urban areas, although stable populations have also been reported in some places (Balmori and Hallberg, 2007; De Laet and Summers-Smith, 2007; Chamberlain et al., 2007; Ghosh et al., 2010; Seress et al., 2012; Khera et al., 2010; Kler et al., 2015). Population of P. domesticus have vanished in recent times from Brussels (De Laet, 2004), declines of P. domesticus were also documented in Dublin (Prowse, 2002). The well-noted alters have present in UK, where 60 percent decline documented in the population of P. domesticus from 1994 to 2004 (Raven et al., 2005). This decline was widespread enough to classify the above mentioned species as being of special concern in the UK, and of conservation concern in Europe (De Laet and Summers-Smith, 2007; Murgui and Macias, 2010)

The primary cause of this decline had not ascertained yet, however, a number of hypothesis been put forth (Kler et al., 2015). These included predation competition, lack of nest sites, disease, food including seeds that sustain the birds throughout the year, the invertebrates that are required by the house sparrows for rearing its young ones, and the pollution (Ghosh et al., 2010). Moreover, increased predator density may have reduced the breeding success of house sparrow via indirect and sub-lethal effects such as decreased foraging efficiency (Beckerman et al., 2007). Urbanization and behavior of urban dwellers can also have profound effects on the function and organization of urban ecosystem that can ultimately affect the communities of birds (Qureshi et al., 2010). Urbanization act as double-edged sword for wildlife. On one edge, urbanization can destroy and fragment the natural ecosystems, degrade and alter ecosystem processes, and modify natural disturbance regimes. On the other hand, urbanization can create social and economic opportunities, centers of art and culture, and truly unique ecological spaces through design (Ubaidullah, 2004; Shaw et al., 2008; Murgui and Macias, 2010; Müller et al., 2013).

Faisalabad is the third most populous city of Pakistan with the highest human immigration rate from other small cities and towns (Mazhar and Jamal, 2011). Several studies reported in Pakistan to understand the population dynamics, ecology and genetic diversity of birds (Beg et al., 1982; Mustafa et al., 2015; Ubaidullah, 2004; Ahmad et al., 2015; Hakeem et al., 2017; Haider et al., 2017; Rauf at al., 2017; Bashir et al., 2018; Batool et al., 2019; Mughal et al., 2020), however, there is not study yet, which considered the socioeconomic factors along with distribution factors in urban settlements. Keeping in view the above scenario, present research was conducted to know human knowledge and attitude toward urban birds in Faisalabad city, Pakistan.

2. Materials and Methods

Present study conducted in urban areas of Faisalabad (3125’0.120”N and 734’59.880”E) which is the third biggest city of Pakistan. The total area of Faisalabad District is 5,856 km² (2,261 sq. mi). However, the city covers almost 1,230 km² (470 sq. mi) whereas the surroundings include more than 16,000 km² (6,200 sq. mi). The weather conditions in the city regularly observed by the Pakistan Meteorological Department. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system has categorized Faisalabad as a hot climate. Average annual rainfall is around 375 mm (14.8 inches) and it is extremely seasonal.

2.1. Urban dwellers’ data collection and study area

The preliminary surveys conducted in urban towns of Faisalabad. For that purpose, three types of questionnaires were prepared in English for three different types of urban dwellers that are living/working or visiting varied form of land occupations: residential areas, parks and government institutes including schools, colleges and universities. From residential areas, municipal map was used to select 6-8 respondents randomly from each town (Figure 1). Eight towns in Faisalabad city are Lyallpur Town, Madina Town, Jinnah Town, Iqbal Town, Chak Jhumra Town, Jaranwala Town, Samundri Town and Tandliawala Town. Second type of questionnaire was used to select randomly the respondents from two major city parks of Faisalabad: Gutwala Park and Jinnah Park. The random visitors selected in the morning from 10:00 to 12:00 AM and in the evening from 4:00 to 6:00 PM in month of November to January to fill the questionnaires. For third type of questionnaire, respondents that are working or studying in different institutions were selected randomly i.e. University of Agriculture, Government College University, Government College Women University, and different colleges and schools. The interviews took for collecting the information regarding socio-economic characteristics of respondents, behavior of the people towards birds and problems facing by the sparrows.

Figure 1
Map of urban area of Faisalabad city with demarcation of eight different towns.

2.2. Estimation of house sparrow in urban areas

Total count method in a fixed size square quadrate (10 m × 10 m) employed to estimate the population of birds in different urban areas for Faisalabad city. Field visits in the morning time between 10:00 AM and 12:00 AM made and field data sheet used to record field observations and birds populations. Four field tours carried out to collect data during different days of each month mostly Sunday in towns (one tour/week) and study continued for four consecutive months: November, December, January and February. Data were collected by single person. Special cares were taken in consideration do not to disturb birds during counting. Binocular and spotting scopes were used for assistance in counting. Areas with eagles/predators were exempt for sampling and counting not done during rainy or foggy days as well. Detailed procedure and precautions took about counting the house sparrow as described in literature (Babu et al., 2012).

Sixteen quadrates (4 quadrates/month) for each town and total 128 quadrates during 4 months were analyze in residential areas. Similarly, 32 quadrates (4 quadrates/month/park during 4 months and for 2 parks) from parks and 128 quadrates from institutions as well (4 quadrates/month/institutions during 4 months and 8 sites).

2.3. Data analysis

All the data obtained analyzed in IBM SPSS statistics 22 Software. Averages and standard error for all the data were calculated and demonstrated in graphs made in MS-Excel 2010. Population of house sparrow was calculated per hectare (10000 m²) from 100 m² quadrate and presented in the tables as population per hectare.

3. Results

The data revealed that there was a significant difference for gender factor among residential areas, institutions and parks of Faisalabad (Figure 2a). For residential areas, numbers of male respondents were more as compared to female respondents. However, for educational institutions and parks, numbers of female respondents were higher as compared to male respondents. It was found that the most of the selected respondents during survey from city residential areas (37.03%), institutions (48%) and parks (42.6%) had a minimum of 14 years of education (Figure 2b). The maximum proportion of respondents having at least 16 years of education (postgraduate category) were from institutions and the maximum proportion of respondents having the lowest education (primary category) were from residential areas, respectively.

Figure 2a
Difference for gender factor among respondents from residential areas, institutions and parks

Figure 2b
Education level of respondents.

The core area of Faisalabad has a reasonably large population of house sparrows and present data show that, there is a significant difference between favorite bird of residential areas and institutions. The pigeon received the most likeness in bird population among residential area residents, while the myna received the least. The most popular bird in Faisalabad institutions was the sparrow, while the least popular bird was the common myna (Figure 3a). Bird adaptation percentage of residential areas and institutional areas of Faisalabad was the highest for parrot and sparrow respectively. People in residential areas and institutions, on the other hand, adapted least to common myna (Figure 3b).

Figure 3
Likeness of birds by urban respondents. (a) Favorite birds of urban community; (b) willingness for bird adoption by urban respondents.

Present study revealed that there was a significant difference for type of food provided to birds of residential areas and institutions. The most common type of food provided to birds in Faisalabad's residential areas was grain and seeds. Similarly, grain and seeds were the most abundant foods provided to birds at Faisalabad institutions, while fruits were the least abundant (Figure 4).

Figure 4
Types of food provided by urban community to birds.

The core area of Faisalabad supports a reasonably large population of house sparrows and studies reveal that 96 percent of peoples who live in residential areas feed birds and only 4 percent of people do not. Only 20 percent of people did not provide space to the birds living in their homes, while the rest did. House sparrows are liked by 86 percent of people who live in residential areas, while a minority dislikes them. However, higher values for sparrow likeness and their nest were observed from residential areas, institutions and parks as well (Table 1). A higher proportion of people from residential area, institutions and parks provide food to house sparrow living in their homes, while the lowest proportion did not. People in residential areas and institutions are more likely to be aware of the breeding season of the house sparrow, whereas people in parks are less likely to be aware. High numbers of people from residential area support sparrow as compared to visitors of park and institutions.

Table 1
Percentage values of questioner regarding House Sparrow and other avian fauna from peoples of different towns, parks and educational institutes of Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Questions	Residential area Yes (%)	Parks Yes (%)	Institutions Yes (%)
Feed to birds	96	25	18
Provided Space to birds	80	--	10
Disturbed birds	18	5	85
Birds likeness	86	75	65
Nest presence of birds	48	72	65
Nest likeness	25	64	75
Support birds	78	45	52
Breeding Knowledge	56	26	21
Sound-likeness	86	12	18

The average numbers of birds in residential areas, parks and institutions were estimate per hectare. It was evaluated that more birds were present in Jaranwala town as compared to other towns, while the least population noted in Jinnah town as mentioned in Table 2, respectively. However, more birds per hectare were present in Gutwala Park, while the least population found in Company Park (Table 3). Similarly, average numbers of birds in educational institutions per hectare given in Table 4. It was calculated that more birds were present in University of Agriculture, Faisalabad while, least population in GCWUF, respectively.

Table 2
Average value of birds counts at different towns of district Faisalabad, Pakistan.

SR. No	Towns	November	December	January	February	Mean ± SD
1	Lyallpur Town	4.30±1.90	5.20±2.30	3.2±1.20	3±0.90	3.9±1.60
2	Madina Town	4.5±2.80	4±1.40	3.3±1.40	4±2.80	3.95±2.10
3	Jinnah Town	2.3±1.20	2.7±0.80	2.5±1.40	3±1.50	2.6±1.23
4	Iqbal Town	5.7±2.60	3.3±1.50	4.3±2.40	4±1.40	4.3±1.98
5	Chak Jhumra Town	3.5±1.40	3.7±1.20	2.5±1.040	3±0.890	3.2±1.13
6	Jaranwala Town	5.5±2.10	6.5±1.90	4.7±2.10	6.2±2.040	5.7±2.03
7	Samundri Town	4±1.40	3.5±0.50	3.8±1.30	4.3±1.50	3.9±1.20
8	Tandliawala Town	4±0.90	4±1.10	4.8±0.80	5±1.30	4.5±1.03
Average		4.2±1.80	4.11±1.30	3.6±1.50	4.06±1.50	4±1.50

• Note: SR=Serial, SD=Standard deviation

Table 3
Average value of birds counts at different parks of district Faisalabad, Pakistan.

SR. No	Parks	November	December	January	February	Mean ± SD
1	Company Park	12.2±2.7	11.6±2.2	11.9±2.6	13.2±2.8	12.2±2.5
2	Gutwala Park	13.6±2.6	13.9±2.5	12.6±3.1	12.5±2.3	13.2±2.6
Average		12.9±2.6	12.8±2.4	12.3±2.9	12.9±2.6	12.7±2.6

• Note: SD= Standard deviation

Table 4
Average value of birds counts at different institutes of district Faisalabad, Pakistan.

SR. No	Institutes	November	December	January	February	Mean ± SD
1	UAF	8.7±1.40	9.7±2.10	8.7±1.80	7.85±1.30	8.75±1.60
2	GCUF	8.4±1.60	8.9±1.80	9.0±0.80	8.3±1.60	8.6±1.50
3	GCUWF	8.1±1.30	8.6±2.20	8.4±2.10	8.6±1.90	8.4±1.90
4	Others	8.4±1.90	8.6±2.60	9.1±1.80	8.6±2.20	8.7±2.10
Average		8.4±1.50	8.9±2.10	8.8±1.70	8.3±1.70	8.6±1.70

• Note: SD= Standard deviation

4. Discussion

In Pakistan, it is a male dominant society where males are heads of houses (Ullah and Skelton, 2013) and female heads houses are low in numbers with financial instability (Mohiuddin and Alderman, 1989). Data were collected from both male and female. Although, in residential area data collection done by a female interviewer but she could not able to convince females as much as from institution and parks. However, female respondent population was more in institutions and park as compared to males. Although, literacy rate in Pakistan is very low but it is more in cities than rural area (Andrabi et al., 2002; Harrison, 2004; Rehman et al., 2015).

Scott (1993) reported that urban development leads to an increase in avian number, while reducing species diversity, indicating that pattern of avian community changes with urbanization. Summers-Smith (2005) estimated that the replacement of the horse by the automobile as a means of transport resulted in urban decline of the house sparrow, which ultimately removed a great source of food and nesting material from the sparrow as well.

As compared to urban area, agricultural area provides abundance of food in the form of grains and insects (Balmori and Hallberg, 2007). Birds prefer areas containing high ratio of invertebrates at the start of breeding season. Because in array to feed their young one’s they depend on high protein feed viz., insects and other invertebrates, however, adults are chiefly seed eaters. Therefore, the availability of grains in the urban areas goes in favors of Rock Pigeon, but might not in favors of House Sparrow that needs additional supply of insects for brooding of young ones. It had been suggested that competition of the house Sparrow with Pigeons might be possible factor for declining population of the birds as well (Altaf, 2016; Altaf et al., 2018). Chamberlain et al. (2007) also reported that the density of House Sparrow declines as private gardens providing nesting space in hedges- decline.

According to present study, there was the shortage of urban parks and garden as well as severe climatic conditions and noise pollution were probable aspects eliminated breeding and nesting sites that caused the avian to migrate. Similarly, Summers-Smith (2003) documented that unavailability of proper nesting sites in buildings that must have been responsible for decline in population of house sparrow. Similarly, Heij (2001) reported four possible causes of declines in urban areas in Netherlands. First, the use of roof tiles has resulted into decrease in the numbers of nesting places. Second, in recent decades, cleanliness of cities leads to scarcity of nesting material. Third, a gradual fall in food abundance for the same reason and at last an increase in predation.

Lot of studies had suggested that in populated areas absence of insects might be vital factor to decline of house sparrow populations (Peach et al., 2008; Summers-Smith, 2003). It had also been confirmed that more than 50% reduction in reproduction of insects with short-term exposure of pulsed mobile phone radiation an important declining factor for population (Panagopoulos et al., 2004). Another important factor regarding declining House Sparrow population is signal emitting towers that were installed in so large number in the urban areas (Balmori, 2003; Balmori and Hallberg, 2007).

Environmental changes may further affect the population trend of the House Sparrow as well (Siriwardena et al., 1999). The present study was limited to just four months and it does not provide enough data to understand the population trends of the house sparrow its interrelationship with other co-existing species. That is why, further studies needed to analyze occurrence of the house sparrow in the area of study. Local community involvement in monitoring will not only ensure sustainability of the program, but will also help in gaining public support for the conservation of important species.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to university of agriculture Faisalabad for funding through a faculty development grant. Finally, we thank to people of Faisalabad city for taking the time and effort to report the house sparrow observation with us.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  11 Oct 2021
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  28 Feb 2021
• Accepted
  11 May 2021