Sublethal toxicity of carbofuran in cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis coromandus): hematological, biochemical, and histopathological alterations

Toxicidade subletal do carbofurano na garça-vaqueira (Bubulcus ibis coromandus): alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas e histopatológicas

Abstract

This study was aimed to investigate Carbofuran (CF)-induced pathological changes in cattle egret. Two hundred cattle egrets were reared and equally divided into four groups and given different CF concentrations (0.03 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L and 0 mg/L (control group)). Hematology, serum biochemistry, histopathology, and immunological markers were studied. Our results confirm that CF induces anemic conditions, leukocytosis, elevated liver enzymatic activity, and alterations in renal biomarkers. Moreover, specific microscopic lesions such as multifocal necrosis, pyknotic nuclei, hemorrhages, congestion, and inflammatory cell proliferation were observed in the liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus. These findings suggest that CF can induce harmful effects, so the application of this pesticide in the field must be strictly monitored to mitigate the possibility of exposure to non-target species.

Keywords:
carbofuran; cattle egret; hematology; serum biochemistry; histopathology

Resumo

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as alterações patológicas induzidas por carbofurano (CF) em garças-vaqueiras. Duzentas dessas garças foram criadas e divididas igualmente em quatro grupos e receberam diferentes concentrações de CF: 0,03 mg/L; 0,02 mg/L; 0,01 mg/L; e 0 mg/L (grupo controle). Foram realizadas análises de hematologia, bioquímica sérica, histopatologia e marcadores imunológicos. Nossos resultados confirmaram que CF induz condições anêmicas, leucocitose, atividade enzimática hepática elevada e alterações nos biomarcadores renais. Além disso, lesões microscópicas específicas, como necrose multifocal, núcleos picnóticos, hemorragias, congestão e proliferação de células inflamatórias, foram observadas no fígado, rim, baço e timo. Esses achados sugerem que o CF pode causar efeitos nocivos, portanto a aplicação desse agrotóxico no campo deve ser rigorosamente monitorada para mitigar a possibilidade de exposição a espécies não alvo.

Palavras-chave:
carbofurano; garça-vaqueira; hematologia; bioquímica sérica; histopatologia

1. Introduction

For a few decades, extensive use of various pesticides on crops has been reported to control pests and numerous vector-borne diseases. In addition to pests, this practice has a life-threatening effect on non-targeted species such as invertebrates and organisms in the surrounding environment (Ali et al., 2020). Pyrethroids, organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates are the most common insecticides (Saleem et al., 2008). Several organochlorines have been prohibited in agricultural sectors in many countries, yet their illicit manufacturing and use for hygienic purposes cannot be ignored (Eqani et al., 2012). Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate have mostly replaced organochlorines in Europe, North America, and Australia (Carvalho, 2017). Different pesticides have different harmful effects on animals and humans, and carbamates have comparable toxicity to organophosphates; however, the former has a significantly shorter half-life and is less hazardous. But, carbamate as an organophosphate substitute has resulted in their accumulation in the environment (Ramesh et al., 2015).

Pesticides are the only hazardous substances that are intentionally discharged in a significant amount into the environment. They have side effects on the reproductive system, which leads to breeding failure and stunted growth in the already declining wild birds population (Ibáñez et al., 2010). Furthermore, certain pesticides have a detrimental influence on birds' immunological and neurological systems. Some pesticides may cause eggshell thinning due to low calcium deposition levels, and a few induce genetic mutations (Khan et al., 2014).

Carbofuran (CF) is a systemic insecticide, hence penetrates the plant and poisons the insect when it feeds on it. The extensive use of CF in agriculture results in food, water, and air pollution, which negatively affects human and animal health (Gera et al., 2011). The quantity of CF in environmental samples can be detected with spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques. In avian species, a value of 0.21 mg/kg body weight is used for risk assessment analysis in avians (Kamboj et al., 2006).

The avian population is used as an indicator of environmental deterioration, particularly in the United Kingdom, where recreational bird watchers have kept records of avian population count for decades (Fernández et al., 2005). The cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis coromandus) is a medium-sized avian specie that belongs to the Ardeidae family and is mainly found in Pakistan, India, Japan, Australia, Africa, America, and Europe (Sultana et al., 2014). This specie is frequently used to determine the pollution profiles in terrestrial and aquatic environments (Shimshoni et al., 2012).

Apart from these, the toxic effects of CF have also been reported by Barbieri et al. (2019) in Astyanax ribeirae and by Hernández-Moreno et al. (2011) in Dicentrarchus labrax L. in vivo examinations; however, the literature is silent about the lethal effects of CF in any avian species. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the toxicological effect of CF on hematology, serum biochemistry, histopathology, and immune response of cattle egret.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Ethical approval

The work was approved by the ethical review committee for the use of laboratory animals (ERCULA) of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan (Permit Number: ORIC/DR-1003).

2.2. Carbofuran

Carbofuran (granular form) was procured from the local market with the brand name “Furadan 3%” (FMC United Pvt. Ltd., Pakistan).

2.3. Study design

A total of two hundred (n=200) cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis coromandus) were reared for six months at University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Pakistan. The birds were reared under standard conditions, with free access to food and water. The birds were equally divided into four groups. Group A, B, and C were treated with CF in drinking water at 0.03 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L, and 0.01 mg/L, respectively (Otieno et al., 2010), while group D was kept as control. At the end of the trial, ten birds from each group were randomly selected, and the blood samples were taken from the wing vein. Half of the blood was subjected to hematological analysis, while the remaining blood was used to separate serum for ELISA and serum biochemical examinations. The same birds were sacrificed by cervical dislocation to collect the tissue samples (liver, kidney, spleen, thymus) for histopathological studies (Sultan et al., 2021).

2.4. Parameters studies

2.4.1. Hematological parameters

The blood samples collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) containing vacutainers were subjected to hematological analysis, including total erythrocytes count (TEC), total leukocytes count (TLC), differential leukocyte count (DLC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCHC) following the protocol as mentioned by Sultan et al. (2021).

2.4.2. Serum biochemistry profile

The serum samples were used to determine the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, and urea using the commercially available kits (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland) as described by Sultan et al. (2017).

2.4.3. Immunological parameters

The serum samples were subjected to measure the serum interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) level through commercially available ELISA kits (CUSABIO, USA) as described by Tohidi et al. (2012).

2.4.4. Histopathological examinations

The tissue samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin followed by hydration, dehydration (ascending order of ethanol), clearing with xylene, paraffin wax embedding, and sectioning off (4 μm) with a microtome (SLEE, Germany). Paraffin tissue sections were then deparaffinized using xylene and hydrated in descending concentrations of alcohol. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) dye, and slides were observed under a light microscope (Olympus, Japan) according to the protocol as described by Sharaf et al. (2021).

2.5. Statistical analysis

The data of the above experiments were subjected to factorial statistical analysis using ANOVA, and the mean values of different groups were compared by Tukey's multiple comparison test using IBM SPSS version 26.0 software. Results were assumed as statistically significant, considering the P-value (P<0.05).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Hematological parameters

The studied hematological parameters are shown in Table 1. A pattern of significantly low values of RBC count, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and lymphocytes (%) was observed in CF exposed groups A, B, and C compared to control. A decrease in these markers indicates anemia, which might be due to the negative impact of CF on bone marrow, which resulted in an impaired hemopoietic system associated with reduced cell production. Similar results of decreased hematological parameters have previously been reported by Elkomy et al. (2014) in chickens, Gupta (1994) in albino mice, Adhikari et al. (2004) and Ramesh et al. (2015) in fish. Leukocyte count, heterophils (%), monocytes (%), eosinophils (%), and basophils (%) of groups A, B, and C (CF exposed) were significantly high compared to the control. An increase in leukocyte count may be due to stress exhibited by cattle egret after CF administration. Similarly, leukocytosis, heterophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia, and monocytosis were reported in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to CF (Harabawy and Ibrahim, 2014). The increased leucocyte count may be attributed to general immune response and inflammatory conditions (Dick and Dixon, 1985; Singh and Srivastava, 2010).

Table 1
Comparison of hematological parameters of carbofuran exposed and non-exposed cattle egret (mean±SD).

Parameters	Groups				P-Value (P<0.05)
	A	B	C	D
RBC count (×106/mm3)	2.56±0.06a	2.61±0.09ab	2.65±0.07b	2.83±0.04c	<0.0001
PCV (%)	38.18±0.10a	38.20±0.11ab	38.24±0.11b	39.51±0.44c	<0.0001
Hb (g/L)	8.80±0.96a	9.23±0.72b	9.58±0.15c	10.83±1.33d	<0.0001
MCV (fL)	159.94±0.24a	160.02±0.22ab	160.07±0.26b	160.82±0.05c	<0.0001
MCH (pg)	29.97±0.36a	30.12±0.21ab	30.20±0.23b	30.91±0.06c	<0.0001
MCHC (g/dL)	24.20±0.04a	24.39±0.10b	24.48±0.07c	24.99±0.07d	<0.0001
Leukocytes (×109/L)	1.05±0.05c	0.99±0.18b	0.90±0.10b	0.76±0.12a	<0.0001
Heterophils (%)	50.74±0.15d	48.65±0.15c	45.32±0.13b	43.02±0.19a	<0.0001
Lymphocytes (%)	41.82±0.07a	43.80±0.09b	45.83±0.06c	48.74±0.55d	<0.0001
Monocytes (%)	4.29±0.02d	4.26±0.01c	4.23±0.01b	4.21±0.04a	<0.0001
Eosinophils (%)	3.60±0.01d	3.55±0.01c	3.53±0.01b	3.50±0.01a	<0.0001
Basophils (%)	1.94±0.09d	1.81±0.07c	1.68±0.07b	1.32±0.01a	<0.0001

• Within a row superscript ^(a,b,c,d) represent significantly different (P<0.05) values of each parameter. Description of groups: (A) Carbofuran@0.03 mg/L; (B) Carbofuran@0.02 mg/L; (C) Carbofuran@0.01 mg/L; (D) Control.

3.2. Serum biochemical parameters

Concerning the serum biochemistry analysis, a significant increase in ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, and urea were found in a dose-dependent pattern in CF-exposed cattle egret compared to the control group (Table 2). Faisal et al. (2008) found that liver injury may cause elevated enzymatic activity (AST and ALT) in birds. This finding strongly suggests that CF has a deleterious impact on the structure and function of the liver, as evidenced by microscopic lesions in the liver of CF exposed cattle egret. Furthermore, degenerative changes in hepatocytes may have caused blabbing of ALT outside the cells resulting in high blood ALT levels (Sultan et al., 2017). Similarly, high levels of creatinine and urea are the markers of kidney damage, as noticed in this experiment, indicating the nephrotoxic repercussions of CF. The microscopic lesions can also justify the nephrotoxic impact of CF in the kidneys. Moreover, Kaur et al. (2012) reported the nephrotoxic effects in rats intoxicated with CF, which is in accordance with our results.

Table 2
Comparison of serum biochemical parameters of carbofuran exposed and non-exposed cattle egret (mean±SD).

Parameters	Groups				P-Value (P<0.05)
	A	B	C	D
ALT (IU/L)	30.37±0.34d	28.00±0.17c	25.89±0.12b	9.02±0.31a	<0.0001
AST (IU/L)	125.12±0.46d	114.84±0.42c	96.18±0.42b	51.91±0.38a	<0.0001
ALP (IU/L)	209.74±0.67d	201.35±0.39c	196.08±0.75b	71.18±0.88a	<0.0001
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.63±0.01d	0.60±0.01c	0.57±0.01b	0.41±0.01a	<0.0001
Urea (mg/dL)	4.18±0.01d	4.11±0.01c	4.02±0.01b	3.12±0.01a	<0.0001

• Within a row superscript ^(a,b,c,d) represent significantly different (P<0.05) values of each parameter. Description of groups: (A) Carbofuran@0.03 mg/L; (B) Carbofuran@0.02 mg/L; (C) Carbofuran@0.01 mg/L; (D) Control.

3.3. Immunological parameters

Regarding the immune response analysis, a significant decrease in IFN-γ and IL-2 was noted in CF exposed cattle egret compared to the control group (Table 3). T-lymphocytes are important for cell-mediated immunity because they generate IFN-γ and IL-2, required for maturation and differentiation of cytotoxic T cells (Peace et al., 2019). IFN-γ can also trigger the production of other cytokines, hence contributing to cell-mediated immunity (Haq et al., 2011). Moreover, Casale et al. (1993) reported CF as a potential inhibitor of serine hydrolase-dependent immunological activities, such as IL-2 signaling, which ultimately results in T cell proliferation suppression. CF produced abnormalities in IL-2 synthesis and splenocyte responsiveness to IL-2, leading to T-cell proliferation inhibition. Also, CF substantially reduced the synthesis of Concanavalin A-induced production of IFN-γ (Jeon et al., 2001), which agrees with our findings.

Table 3
Comparison of immunological parameters of carbofuran exposed and non-exposed cattle egret (mean±SD).

Parameters	Groups				P-Value (P<0.05)
	A	B	C	D
IFN-γ (pg/mL)	24.73±1.08a	26.53±1.22b	27.42±1.51c	33.82±1.11d	<0.0001
IL-2 (pg/mL)	21.30±0.38a	23.35±0.73b	25.12±0.56c	28.06±0.66d	<0.0001

• Within a row superscript ^(a,b,c,d) represent significantly different (P<0.05) values of each parameter. Description of groups: (A) Carbofuran@0.03 mg/L; (B) Carbofuran@0.02 mg/L; (C) Carbofuran@0.01 mg/L; (D) Control.

3.4. Histopathological examinations

Histopathological examination revealed anomalies in the liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus in a dose-dependent pattern of CF administration trials. The liver of the control group was normal with intact parenchyma and well-arranged hepatic cords and central veins. The cytosol of hepatocytes showed no abnormality (Figure 1d). Mild hydropic changes in cytosol along with pyknotic nuclei in the hepatocytes were observed in group C (Figure 1c). Mild to moderate congestion and coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes with diminished sinusoidal spaces due to cellular swelling was noticed in group A and B. Along with this, inflammatory cells aggregation was also seen in the perivascular area of central veins (Figure 1a, 1b). Up till now the most of the histopathological work related to CF intoxication is reported in Labeo rohita (Sarkar et al., 2005), African catfish (Hamed and Osman, 2017), Mus musculus (Astuti et al., 2019), and rats (Brkić et al., 2008), which showed the similar microscopic anomalies as elucidated in this study, however, there is no evidence of comparable findings in cattle egret in literature.

Figure 1
Photomicrographs of liver (a, b, c, d), kidney (e, f, g, h), spleen (i, j, k, l) and thymus (m, n, o, p) of group A (Carbofuran 0.03 mg/L), group B (Carbofuran 0.02 mg/L), group C (Carbofuran 0.01 mg/L) and group D (control) (H&E stain, 10X). (a) Inflammatory cells infiltration in perivascular area (blue arrow) and coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes (black arrow) in group A; (b) Cellular swelling resulted in narrowing sinusoidal spaces (blue arrow) and moderate hepatic congestion (black arrow) in group B; (c) Necrotic hepatocytes with pyknotic nuclei (black arrow) in group C; (d) Normal central vein (blue arrow) and normal hepatic cords (black arrow) in group D; (e) Severe hemorrhages (blue arrow) and inflammatory cells aggregation in interstitial spaces resulted in interstitial nephritis (black arrow) in group A; (f) Severe renal congestion (blue arrow) and renal tubular epithelial cells necrosis with pyknotic nuclei (black arrow) in group B; (g) Mild degenerative changes in renal tubular epithelial cells (black arrow) in group C; (h) Normal renal tubules (blue arrow) and renal corpuscles (black arrow) in group D; (i) Extensive lymphocytolysis in bursal dependent lymphoid follicles of spleen (black arrow) in group A; (j) Moderate splenic congestion (blue arrow) and necrotic immune cells in white pulp of spleen (black arrow) in group B; (k) Mild necrosis of splenocytes (black arrow) in group C; (l) Normal white pulp and red pulp having normal central artery (black arrow) in group D; (m) Multiple necrotic foci (blue arrow) and extensive hemorrhages (black arrow) in group A; (n) Moderate hemorrhages (blue arrow) and necrotic thymocytes (black arrow) in group B; (o) Mild hemorrhages (blue arrow) and necrotic thymocytes (black arrow) in group C; (p) Normal cortex (black arrow) and medulla (blue arrow) of thymus of group D.

The renal parenchyma of the control group was normal with intact renal corpuscle containing glomerulus along with Bowman's capsule and renal tubules in the cortex and medullary region (Figure 1h). Mild hemorrhages and necrosis were observed in tubular epithelial cells of group C (Figure 1g). Mild to moderate necrosis and pyknotic nuclei were seen in renal tubules of group B (Figure 1f). A similar pattern of anomalies was noticed in group A. However, the kidney of group A showed severe hemorrhages, necrosis along with occlusion of fluid in renal tubules lumen, and accumulation of inflammatory cells in renal spaces resulted in interstitial nephritis (Figure 1e). Similar renal abnormalities were also reported in albino mice (Islam et al., 2014), tilapia fish (Hamed et al., 2021), broiler chicks (Ali et al., 2020), and rats (Datta et al., 2021), while the literature is lacking in evidence about CF intoxication in cattle egret.

The parenchyma of the thymus was normal in the control group with no microscopic lesions in the cortex, medulla, and corticomedullary region (Figure 1l). However, progressive atrophy of thymic lobules was observed in groups A, B, and C, in a dose-dependent pattern of CF administration (Figure 1i, 1j, 1k). Focally extensive necrosis along with pyknotic nuclear debris was noted in the multiple necrotic foci in CF-treated groups. Also, extensive hemorrhages, focal areas of fibrosis, and localized inflammation were seen in groups A and B. The microscopic architecture of the spleen of the control group was normal with marked white and red pulp (Figure 1p). CF administration induced disseminated multifocal necrosis, splenic congestion, and extensive lymphocytolysis in bursal dependent lymphoid follicles of spleen of groups A, B, and C (Figure 1m, 1n, 1o). A similar pattern of microscopic abnormalities in immune organs exposed to CF was observed in mice (Handy et al., 2002), broiler chicks (Garg et al., 2004), and ewes (Rawlings et al., 1998), but the literature on CF poisoning in cattle egret is lacking.

4. Conclusions

It has been proven that CF administration could lead to hemato-biochemical, histopathological, and immunopathological alterations in cattle egret in a dose-dependent pattern. However, the actual mode of action of CF in cattle egret is enigmatic. According to our findings, systemic insecticides like CF may have harmful impacts on humans and the environment, especially at high concentrations. Quantity and modes of application of this pesticide in the field must be strictly monitored to mitigate the possibility of exposure to non-target species, including human beings. This can be accomplished by raising public awareness about the deleterious effects of CF through public health education.

Acknowledgements

This work was partially supported by the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Government of Pakistan through the program National Research Program for Universities (No. 20-4258/NRPU/R&D/HEC/14/1081).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 Jan 2022
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  05 Aug 2021
• Accepted
  22 Sept 2021