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Articles • Biota neotrop. 14 (1) • Mar 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06033937   copy

Geographic distribution patterns of Leguminosae and their relevance for the conservation of the Itacolomi State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstracts

This study identified patterns of geographic distribution of 102 Leguminosae taxa within the Park, based on literature data and herbarium specimens. Among the taxa, 38 grow exclusively in CamposRupestres (rocky fields) and 49 in the Semideciduous Forest. Eleven patterns of geographic distribution were identified, of which the West-East-Central South America pattern was the most representative, with 27 taxa. Of the 102 sampled taxa of Leguminosae, five are endemic to the Espinhaço Range and ten are included in lists of endangered species of the flora of Brazil and Minas Gerais. Information on these taxa is crucial to provide conservation practices for conserving the vegetation formations of the PEIT.

Atlantic Forest; Espinhaço Range; Fabaceae; rocky fields; Semideciduous Forest

Neste estudo foram identificados os padrões de distribuição geográfica dos 102 táxons de Leguminosae ocorrentes no PEIT, com base nos dados obtidos na literatura e em material de herbário, sendo 38 exclusivos dos Campos Rupestres e 49 das Florestas Estacionais. Foram reconhecidos 11 padrões de distribuição geográfica, dos quais o padrão América do Sul Ocidental-Centro-Oriental foi o mais representativo com 27 táxons. Dos 102 táxons amostrados de Leguminosae, cinco são endêmicos da Cadeia do Espinhaço e 10 constam nas listas de espécies ameaçadas da flora brasileira ou da Flora de Minas Gerais, sendo consideradas importantes para fornecer subsídios na conservação das formações vegetacionais do PEIT.

Cadeia do Espinhaço; campos rupestres; Fabaceae; Florestas Estacionais; Mata Atlântica

Introduction

Leguminosae is the third largest family of flowering plants, comprising 727 genera and 19.325 species (Lewis et al. 2005Lewis, G.P., Schrire, B.D., Mackinder, B.A. & Lock, J.M. 2005. Legumes of the World. Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens.). The high ecological plasticity of the family allows its distribution in highly diverse habitats and this peculiar feature is determinant for its great diversity in neotropical vegetation types (Lima 2000). In Brazil, the family is represented by 212 genera and 2717 species (Lima et al. 2010a Lima, H.C., Queiroz, L.P., Morim, M.P., Souza, V.C., Dutra, V.F., Bortoluzzi, R.L.C., Iganci, J.R.V., Fortunato, R.H., Vaz, A.M.S.F., Souza, E.R., Filardi, F.L.R., Valls, J.F.M., Garcia, F.C.P., Fernandes, J.M., Martins-da-Silva, R.C.V., Perez, A.P.F., Mansano, V.F., Miotto, S.T.S., Tozzi, A.M.G.A., Meireles, J.E., Lima, L.C.P., Oliveira, M.L.A.A., Flores, A.S., Torke, B.M., Pinto, R.B., Lewis, G.P., Barros, M.J.F., Ribeiro, R.D., Schütz, R., Pennington, T., Klitgaard, B.B., Rando, J.G., Scalon, V.R., Cardoso, D.B.O.S., Costa, L.C., Silva, M.J., Moura, T.M., Barros, L.A.V., Silva, M.C.R., Queiroz, R.T., Sartori, A.L.B. & Camargo, R. 2010a. Fabaceae. In Catálogo de Plantas e fungos do Brasil vol. 2. (R.C. Forzza et al., eds.). Andrea Jakobsson Estudio: Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, p. 989-1102. ), distributed in almost all vegetation types (Barroso et al. 1991Barroso, G.M., Peixoto, A.L., Costa, C.G., Ichasso, C.L.F., Guimarães, E.F. & Lima, H.C. 1991. Sistemática das Angiospermas do Brasil, vol. 2. Imprensa Universitária, Viçosa.). Moreover, it has been identified as one of the most representative of flowering species in the Campos Rupestres(rocky fields), in the Cerrado (Brazilian savannas) and Tropical Forests (Giulietti & Pirani 1988Giulietti, A. M. & Pirani, J.R. 1988. Patterns of geographic distribution of some plant species from the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. In Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns (W.R. Heyer & P.E. Vanzolini, eds.). Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, p.39-67., Mendonça et al. 1998Mendonça, R.C., Felfili, J.M., Walter, B.M.T., Silva Jr., M.C., Rezende, A.V., Filgueiras, T.S. & Nogueira, P.E. 1998. Flora vascular do cerrado. In Cerrado: Ambiente e Flora. (S.M. Sano & S.P. Almeida, eds.). Embrapa-CPAC, Planaltina, p.289-539., Ribeiro 1998Ribeiro, J.F. 1998. Cerrado: Matas de galeria. Embrapa-CPAC, Planaltina., Pirani et al. 2003Pirani, J.R., Mello-Silva, R. & Giulietti, A.M. 2003. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 21:1-24., Dutra et al. 2008aDutra, V.F., Garcia, F.C.P., Lima, H. C. & Queiroz, L.P. 2008a. Diversidade florística de Leguminosae Adans. em áreas de campos rupestres. Megadiversidade 4: 105-113.), highlighting its importance for the flora of Brazil.

In floristic surveys of biomes of the state of Minas Gerais, Leguminosae has also been considered one of the most representative flowering plant families, as reported for Caatinga (e.g.Brandão & Gavilanes 1994Brandão, M. & Gavilanes, M.L. 1994. Composição Florística das áreas recobertas pela Caatinga na área mineira da SUDENE. Informe Agropecuário 17:20-33.),Cerrado (e.g.Brandão & Gavilanes 1997BRASIL. 2008. Instrução Normativa n° 6, de 23 de setembro de 2008. Anexo 1. Lista oficial das espécies da flora brasileira ameaçada de extinção. Brasília, Ministério do Meio Ambiente.),Campos Rupestres (Dutra et al. 2008aDutra, V.F., Garcia, F.C.P., Lima, H. C. & Queiroz, L.P. 2008a. Diversidade florística de Leguminosae Adans. em áreas de campos rupestres. Megadiversidade 4: 105-113.) and areas of Atlantic Forest (Oliveira-Filho et al. 1994Oliveira-Filho, A.T.; Vilelas, E.A.; Gavilanes, M.L.; Carvalho, D.A. 1994. Comparison of the flora and soils of six areas of Montane Semideciduous Forest in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Edinburgh J. Bot. 51:355-389.). Information as this about the diversity of species, together with data on the presence of endemic, threatened and rare species, has been used to determine priority conservation areas in the State and to delimit areas which require the creation and implementation of Conservation Units (Drummond et al. 2005Drummond, G.M.; Martins, C.S.; Machado, A.B.M.; Sebaio, F.A. & Antonini, Y. 2005. Biodiversidade em Minas Gerais: um atlas para sua conservação. Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte.).

The Itacolomi State Park (PEIT) is located in the southern part of the Espinhaço Range, in the so-called Quadrilátero Ferrífero (Peron 1989Peron, M.V. 1989. Listagem preliminar da flora fanerogâmica dos Campos Rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Ouro Preto/Mariana, MG. Rodriguésia 41:63-69.), in a vegetation transition zone between the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, representing an important migratory corridor and consisting of gallery forests between the two formations (Oliveira-Filho & Ratter 1995Oliveira-Filho, A.T. & Ratter, J.A. 1995. A study of the origin of central Brazilian forests by the analysis of plant species distribution patterns. Edinburgh J. Bot. 52:141-194.).

The vegetation of the Espinhaço Range includes a series of altitudinal strata, withCampos Rupestres and cloud forests in the highest strata,Cerrado and Semideciduous Forests in the intermediary strata and a varied combination of vegetation types of the adjacent lowlands (Harley 1995Harley, R.M. 1995. Introduction. In Flora of the Pico das Almas, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (B.L. Stannard, ed). Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, p. 1-40. ). The geological antiquity, geographical position and climate fluctuations that occurred during the Quaternary and allowed a vertical migration of the flora from the lower regions, as well as the physiognomy variety are the main factors related to the high biodiversity of the Espinhaço Range (Giulietti et al . 2002Giulietti, A. M.; Harley, R. M.; Queiroz, L. P.; Wanderley, M. G. L. & Pirani, J. R. 2002. Caracterização e endemismos nos Campos rupestres da Cadeia do Espinhaço. In Tópicos atuais em Botânica (T. B. Cavalcanti & B. M. T. Walter, eds.). Brasília, SBB/Embrapa, p. 311-318.,Gontijo 2008Gontijo, B.M. 2008. Uma geografia para a Cadeia do Espinhaço. Megadiversidade 4:7-15.). The high species richness, high landscape diversity and high degree of endemism led to the recognition of the Espinhaço Range as one of the priority areas for conservation, with special biological importance, hence the area of the PEIT has great biological relevance (Drummond et al. 2005Drummond, G.M.; Martins, C.S.; Machado, A.B.M.; Sebaio, F.A. & Antonini, Y. 2005. Biodiversidade em Minas Gerais: um atlas para sua conservação. Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte.).

The aim of this study was to analyze the endemism and habitat preference of the Itacolomy State Park flora using the Leguminosae family as a model to characterize geographic distribution patterns of specific and/or infraspecific taxa. The patterns that emerged from the analysis were used to answer the following questions: (i) What is the influence of the surrounding vegetation on the flora of the PEIT? (ii) What are the implications of the findings for the conservation of the flora of the park?

Methods

The PEIT is located in the municipalities of Ouro Preto and Mariana, State of Minas Gerais, (between 20º22'30"and 20º30'00" S and 43°32'30"and 43º22'30" W) (Fig. 1), comprising the entire Itacolomi Range (Peron 1989Peron, M.V. 1989. Listagem preliminar da flora fanerogâmica dos Campos Rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Ouro Preto/Mariana, MG. Rodriguésia 41:63-69.). The Park encompasses an area of ​​approximately 7000 ha. The relief is characterized by steep slopes and altitudes between 700 and 1772 m (Messias et al. 1997Messias, M.C.T.B.; Dias, S.J.; Roschel, M.B.; Sousa, H.C. & Matos, A.M. 1997. Levantamento florístico das matas e distribuição de algumas espécies endêmicas da área do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi. UFOP/BIRD/IEF-PROFLORESTA. Relatório Técnico, Ouro Preto.).

Figure 1
Location of the Itacolomi State Park.

The regional climate is typically tropical, Cwa and Cwb, according to Koeppen's classification, with two well-defined seasons: a dry season, from May to September, and a rainy season, from October to April. The annual rainfall is on average 2018 mm (Messias et al. 1997Messias, M.C.T.B.; Dias, S.J.; Roschel, M.B.; Sousa, H.C. & Matos, A.M. 1997. Levantamento florístico das matas e distribuição de algumas espécies endêmicas da área do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi. UFOP/BIRD/IEF-PROFLORESTA. Relatório Técnico, Ouro Preto., Nalini Junior et al. 2006Nalini Junior, H.A., Garcia, M.P.L & Castro, P.T.A. 2006. Plano de Manejo do parque Estadual do Itacolomi - Meio físico. Relatório Final, Ouro Preto.). Fog is frequent and the average annual temperature is 21 ºC (maximum 33 ºC, minimum 4 °C) (Messias et al. 1997Messias, M.C.T.B.; Dias, S.J.; Roschel, M.B.; Sousa, H.C. & Matos, A.M. 1997. Levantamento florístico das matas e distribuição de algumas espécies endêmicas da área do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi. UFOP/BIRD/IEF-PROFLORESTA. Relatório Técnico, Ouro Preto.).

The soils were formed by the weathering of parent material, mostly of quartzite and mica-schists of the Minas Supergroup, with latosols, where the topography is hilly, and lithosols where the relief is jagged (Messias et al. 1997Messias, M.C.T.B.; Dias, S.J.; Roschel, M.B.; Sousa, H.C. & Matos, A.M. 1997. Levantamento florístico das matas e distribuição de algumas espécies endêmicas da área do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi. UFOP/BIRD/IEF-PROFLORESTA. Relatório Técnico, Ouro Preto.).

The vegetation consists of Semideciduous Forest and Campos Rupestres(Messias & Sousa 2006Messias, M.C.T.B. & Souza, H.C. 2006. Plano de Manejo do parque Estadual do Itacolomi - Flora. Relatório Final, Ouro Preto., Fig. 2), varying with the soil, water availability, altitude and topography.

Figure 2
Semideciduous forest and campos rupestres of the Itacolomi State Park. a-d. semideciduous forest; e-h. campos rupestres.

The Campos Rupestres practically cover the entire Park at elevations above 1000 m. They are characterized by the diversity of substrates formed by the exposure of various types of rocks, shallow, lithic, sandy, acidic and nutrient-poor soils with limited water and intense sun exposure (Giulietti & Pirani 1988Giulietti, A. M. & Pirani, J.R. 1988. Patterns of geographic distribution of some plant species from the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. In Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns (W.R. Heyer & P.E. Vanzolini, eds.). Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, p.39-67., Meguro et al. 1994Meguro, M.; Pirani, J. R.; Giulietti, A. M. & Mello-Silva, R. 1994. Phytophysiognomy and composition of the vegetation of Serra do Ambrósio, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasil. Bot. 17:149-166., Giulietti et al. 1997Giulietti, A.M.; Pirani, J.R. & Harley, R.M. 1997. Espinhaço Range region, Eastern Brazil. In Centres of plants diversity 3 (S.D. Davis et al., eds). Information Press, Oxford, p. 397-404. ). The vegetation is formed by a well-developed herbaceous-shrub stratum and has a heterogeneous flora composed of many endemic species (Harley 1995Harley, R.M. 1995. Introduction. In Flora of the Pico das Almas, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (B.L. Stannard, ed). Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, p. 1-40. , Mendonça et al. 1998Mendonça, R.C., Felfili, J.M., Walter, B.M.T., Silva Jr., M.C., Rezende, A.V., Filgueiras, T.S. & Nogueira, P.E. 1998. Flora vascular do cerrado. In Cerrado: Ambiente e Flora. (S.M. Sano & S.P. Almeida, eds.). Embrapa-CPAC, Planaltina, p.289-539.).

The Semideciduous Forests that grow in highly seasonal parts of the tropics, with a severe and prolonged dry season, have mean annual precipitation below 1600 mm and 5-6 months of the year with less than 100 mm rainfall (Gentry 1995GENTRY, A.H. 1995. Patterns of diversity and floristic composition in neotropical montane forests. In Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests. Proceedings of the Neotropical Montane Forests Biodiversity and Conservation Symposium. (S.P. Churchill et al., eds.). The New York Botanical Garden, New York, p. 103-26.). Most species of these forests are deciduous, with 20-50% of the trees losing their leaves in the dry season (IBGE 2012). The Semideciduous Forest of the PEIT can be classified, by the altitudinal gradient, as submontane (300-700 m), lower highlands (700-1100m) and upper highlands (above 1100m) (Oliveira-Filho 2009OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A.T. 2009. Classificação das fitofisionomias da América do Sul cisandina tropical e subtropical: proposta de um novo sistema - prático e flexível - ou uma injeção a mais de caos?. Rodriguésia 60(2):237-258.).

The list of taxa used in this study was obtained from the floristic survey of the Leguminosae within the PEIT (Lima et al. 2007Lima, L.C.P., Garcia, F.C.P. & Sartori, A.L.B. 2007. Leguminosae nas florestas estacionais do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais, Brasil: ervas, arbustos, subarbustos, lianas e trepadeiras. Rodriguésia 58: 331-358., Dutra et al. 2008bDutra, V.F., Garcia, F.C.P., Lima, H. C. 2008b. Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) nos Campos Rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, MG, Brasil. Acta Bot. Brasil. 22:547-558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062008000200021
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062008... , 2008cDutra, V.F., Garcia, F.C.P., Lima, H. C. 2008c. Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) nos campos rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 59:573-585., 2009Dutra, V.F. 2009. Diversidade de Mimosa L. (Leguminosae) nos campos rupestres de Minas Gerais: taxonomia, distribuição geográfica e filogeografia. Tese de doutorado, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 280p., Lima et al. 2010c). The habit descriptions were according to Guedes-Bruni et al. (2002)GUEDES-BRUNI, r.r., morim, M.P., Lima, H.C., sYLVESTRE, l. da S. 2002. Inventário Florístico. In Manual Metodológico para estudos botânicos na Mata Atlântica (L. da S. Sylvestre & M.M.T., Rosa, orgs.). Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, p. 24-49..

The mapping of the geographical distribution was based on the occurrence records of herbarium collections (BHCB, OUPR, RB, VIC) and specialized literature. The distribution patterns were adapted from Giulietti & Pirani (1988)Giulietti, A. M. & Pirani, J.R. 1988. Patterns of geographic distribution of some plant species from the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. In Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns (W.R. Heyer & P.E. Vanzolini, eds.). Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, p.39-67., Lima et al. (1997), Lima (2000)Lima, H.C. 2000. Leguminosas arbóreas da Mata Atlântica: uma análise da riqueza, padrões de distribuição geográfica e similaridades florísticas em remanescentes florestais do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Tese de doutorado, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 156 p. and Morim (2006)Morim, M.P. 2006. Leguminosae arbustivas e arbóreas da floresta atlântica do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, sudeste do Brasil: padrões de distribuição. Rodriguésia 57:27-45.: [1] Wide geographical distribution, which corresponds to the taxa that occur in Africa, Asia, Australasia, North America, Central America and South America; [2] South America, Central America and North America, taxa whose distribution is restricted to the Americas, from the United States to southern Argentina; [3] Neotropical, taxa with a range of distribution in the tropics of South America, which can extend to Central America and Mexico; [4] West, Central and Eastern South America, taxa distributed across areas in the western, central and eastern South America, up to the far north of Venezuela, Suriname and Guyana; [5] Brazil-wide distribution, includes taxa widely distributed in all regions of Brazil; [6] Central-Eastern Brazil, taxa distributed in the midwest, northeast, southeast, and/or south of Brazil; [7] Atlantic-Northeast-Southeast-Southern Brazil, taxa that occur from the northeast to the south of Brazil; [8] Atlantic-Northeast-Southeastern Brazil, taxa with a range of distribution from northeast to southeastern Brazil; [9] Atlantic-Southeast-Southern Brazil, taxa distributed in the restricted range of the states of southeastern and southern Brazil; [10] Southeastern Brazil, taxa restricted to the states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo; and [11] Espinhaço Range, taxa restricted to the highlands of the mountain range, in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia.

The taxa were also classified as generalist or specialist species and according to habitat preference. The species exclusive to the Atlantic domain (which includes Rain Forest, Semideciduous and Deciduous Forests and Ombrophilous Mixed Forest) were considered specialist and those from other biomes, beyond the Atlantic area, such as the Amazon, Cerrado and/or Caatinga, were considered generalist. The classification of Veloso et al. (1991)VELOSO, H.P., RANGEL FILHO, A.L. & LIMA, J.C.A. 1991. Classificação da vegetação brasileira, adaptada a um sistema universal. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro. modified by Oliveira-Filho (2009) was used for the determination of the taxon habitats. The term domain is used here according to Joly et al. (1999)JOLY, C.A., AIDAR, M.P.M., KLINK, C.A., McGRATH, D.G., MOREIRA, A.G., MOUTINHO, P., NEPSTAD, D.C., OLIVEIRA, A. A., POTT, A., RODAL, M.J.N. & SAMPAIO, E.V.S.B. 1999. Evolution of the Brazilian phytogeography classification systems: implications for biodiversity conservation. Ciência e Cultura 51(5/6):331-368. .

Maps of geographical taxa distribution representing each pattern were drawn based on information available in the literature and records from herbarium collections available at speciesLink (CRIA, 2013).

Results

The Leguminosae family in the Itacolomi State Park is represented by 102 specific and/or infraspecific taxa of 43 genera (Table 1). Papilionoideae was the subfamily with the largest number of taxa (48), followed by Mimosoideae (33) and Ceasalpinioideae (21). One of the species found, Trifolium repens, is exotic and occurs sub-spontaneously in the PEIT.

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Table 1
Specific and infraspecific Leguminosae taxa of the Itacolomi State Park, their geographic distribution patterns, habits and vegetation types. He = herbaceous; Li = lianas; Sb = subshrubs; Tr = trees; Sh = shrubs; Vi = vines. CRP = campos rupestres; SLF = Semideciduous lower highland forest; SMF = semideciduous submontane forest; SUF = Semideciduous upper highland forest.

The most representative genera were Mimosa L. (11 spp.),Chamaecrista Moench. (9 spp.) and Inga Mill. (9 spp.), the former two ones predominated in Campos Rupestres and the latter in the Semideciduous Forests of PEIT.

Of the sampled taxa, 38 were exclusive to the Campos Rupestres(elevation range of 1000−1540m), including Andira surinamensis(Bondt) Splitg. ex Pulle (Fig. 3a),Chamaecrista dentata (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Fig. 3b), C. hedysaroides(Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Fig. 3b), C. ochnacea(Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby var. ochnacea (Fig. 3c), Mimosa montis-carasaeBarneby (Fig. 3c) and M. ourobrancoënsis Burkart (Fig. 3d).

Figure 3
Distribution patterns a. Neotropical Andira surinamensis (Source:Pennington 2003Pennington, R.T. 2003. Monograph of Andira (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 64: 1-143., Mattos 1979Mattos, N.F. 1979. O gênero Andira Lam. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) no Brasil. Acta Amazônica 9:241-266.); b. Endemic to the Espinhaço Range Chamaecrista dentata (▲) and Chamaecrista hedysaroides (l) (Source: Irwin & Barneby 1982Irwin, H.S. & Barneby, R.C. 1982. The American Cassiinae - A synoptical revision of Leguminosae - Tribe Cassieae subtribe Cassiinae in the New World. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35:1-918.); c. Chamaecrista ochnacea var. ochnacea (▲) and Mimosa montis-carasae (l) (Sources: Irwin & Barneby 1982Irwin, H.S. & Barneby, R.C. 1982. The American Cassiinae - A synoptical revision of Leguminosae - Tribe Cassieae subtribe Cassiinae in the New World. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35:1-918., Dutra 2009Dutra, V.F. 2009. Diversidade de Mimosa L. (Leguminosae) nos campos rupestres de Minas Gerais: taxonomia, distribuição geográfica e filogeografia. Tese de doutorado, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 280p.); d. Southeastern Brazil Mimosa ourobrancoënsis (▲) and Ormosia friburgensis (l) (Sources: Dutra 2009Dutra, V.F. 2009. Diversidade de Mimosa L. (Leguminosae) nos campos rupestres de Minas Gerais: taxonomia, distribuição geográfica e filogeografia. Tese de doutorado, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 280p., Rudd 1965Rudd, V.E. 1965. The American species of Ormosia (Leguminosae). Contributions from the National Herbarium 32:278-384. ).

Forty nine taxa were exclusive to Semideciduous Forests, including Ormosia friburgensis Taub. ex Harms (Fig. 3d), Bionia bella Mart. ex Benth. (Fig. 4a) and Tachigali friburgensis (Harms) L.G. Silva & H.C. Lima (Fig. 4a). Leguminosae were predominant in the submontane forests (elevation range of 620−700m) and less representative in lower highland and upper highland forests (elevation range of 700−1360m).

Figure 4
Distribution patterns a. Southeastern Brazil Bionia bella (▲) and Tachigali friburgensis (l) (Sources: Queiroz 1999, 2008, Silva 2007); b. Brazil-wide distribution Crotalaria breviflora (Source: Flores 2004, 2011); c. Atlantic-Northeast-Southeast-Southern Brazil Abarema langsdorfii (Source: Barneby & Grimes 1996); d. Atlantic-Northeast-Southeast-Southern Brazil Inga vulpina (Source: Garcia 1998).

Fifteen taxa occurred in both vegetation types, such as Crotalaria breviflora DC. (Fig. 4b),Abarema langsdorfii (Benth.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes (Fig. 4c) and Inga vulpinaMart. ex Benth. (Fig. 4d).

Most of the identified taxa were trees (35%), followed by shrubs (31.5%), herbs (11.8%), lianas (9.9%) and vines (9%). The subshrub habit was the least represented, with 2.8% of the taxa. Trees, vines and lianas were prevalent in the forest areas of the Park, while the shrubs, herbs and subshrubs were most common in theCampos Rupestres.

The analysis of the geographical distribution of 102 specific and infraspecific Leguminosae taxa of the PEIT covered the five geographical macroregions (Table 2): Wide geographic distribution (7.8% of the taxa), South America, Central America and North America (4%), Neotropical (16.5%), West, Central and Easten South America (26.3%), and distribution restricted to Brazil (45.6% of the taxa).

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Table 2
Number of specific and infraspecific Leguminosae taxa in the Itacolomi State Park and percentage of geographic distribution patterns.

Among the taxa of occurrence restricted to the Brazilian territory, seven geographic distribution patterns were defined (Table 2): Brazil-wide distribution (2.9%), Central-Eastern Brazil (11.6%), Atlantic-Northeast-Southeast-Southern Brazil 3.8%), Atlantic-Northeast-Southeastern Brazil (6.8%), Atlantic-Southeast-Southern Brazil (2.9%), Southeastern Brazil (12.7%) and endemic to the Espinhaço Range (4.9%).

The correlation between the patterns of geographic distribution and the number of species per habitat in the PEIT (Fig. 5) showed that in the Semideciduous Forests there is predominance of species of the patterns West, Central and Eastern South America (18 spp), Central-Eastern Brazil (9 spp) and Southeastern Brazil (9 spp.). Note also that 17 species are unique patterns of the Atlantic Forest domain. In Campos Rupestres there is predominance of species of the patterns Neotropical (09 spp), Wide geographic distribution (7 spp), South America, Central America and North America (4 spp) and Endemic to the Espinhaço Range (5 spp).

Figure 5
Correlation between geographic distribution patterns and number of taxa found in vegetation types of the Itacolomi State Park

Discussion

The diversity of Leguminosae in PEIT can be considered high compared with other areas of the Espinhaço Range, losing in number of species only to the Serra do Cipó, where 104 species were listed according to Giulietti et al. (1987)Giulietti, A.M., Menezes, N.L., Pirani, J.R., Meguro, M. & Wanderley, M.G.L. 1987. Flora da Serra do Cipó: caracterização e lista das espécies. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 9:1-151.. Furthermore, it contains 15% of the Leguminosae diversity in the Campos Rupestres reported by Dutra et al. (2008a)Dutra, V.F., Garcia, F.C.P., Lima, H. C. & Queiroz, L.P. 2008a. Diversidade florística de Leguminosae Adans. em áreas de campos rupestres. Megadiversidade 4: 105-113.. Considering only the grassland vegetation, the PEI is the fifth richest area of Campo Rupestre in Leguminosae, while considering only the areas of the Iron Quadrangle, it is the first richest area in Leguminosae (Dutra et al . 2008aDutra, V.F., Garcia, F.C.P., Lima, H. C. & Queiroz, L.P. 2008a. Diversidade florística de Leguminosae Adans. em áreas de campos rupestres. Megadiversidade 4: 105-113.).

Besides this high diversity in Campos Rupestres of PEIT, the high percentage of taxons (43%) in Submontane Forests corroborates the results found in the National Park of Itatiaia (PARNA Itatiaia), by Morim (2006)Morim, M.P. 2006. Leguminosae arbustivas e arbóreas da floresta atlântica do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, sudeste do Brasil: padrões de distribuição. Rodriguésia 57:27-45.. Elevational gradients in species diversity are nearly as ubiquitous as latitudinal gradients, and they provide a number of characteristics that make them perhaps more suitable for uncovering the underlying cause(s) of spatial variation in diversity, as the decline in species richness with increasing altitude is a common pattern in Tropical Forests (Colwell et al. 2004Colwell, R.K., Rahbek, C. & Gotelli, N.C. 2004. The Mid-domain effect and species richness patterns: what have we learned so far? The American Naturalist 163(3): E1-23., Sanders & Rabbeck 2012Sanders, N.J. & Rahbek, C. 2012. The patterns and causes of elevational diversity gradients. Ecography 35: 1-3.). This was recorded for Leguminosae in areas ofCampos Rupestres by Dutra (2005)Dutra, V. F. 2005. Leguminosae Adans. nos campos rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais, Brasil: florística, preferência por habitat, aspectos reprodutivos e distribuição geográfica. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 171p., however, in these fields, as well as altitudinal variation, other factors such as topographic variation and heterogeneity of the substrate and microclimate are also determinants for the occurrence of species (Rapini et al. 2008Rapini, A; Ribeiro, P.L.; Lambert, S. & Pirani, J.R. 2008. A flora dos campos rupestres da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Megadiversidade 4:16-24.) .

Mimosa and Chamaecrista, the richest genera in number of species in the Campos Rupestres of the PEIT, are widely distributed in the Neotropics and characteristic of dry environments, such as theCerrado (Schrire et al . 2005Schrire, B.D.; Lewis, G.P. & Lavin, M. 2005. Biogeography of the Leguminosae. In Leguminosae of the world (G.P. Lewis, B. D. Schrire, B. A. Mackinder & J. M. Lock, eds.). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, p. 21-54., Queiroz 2006QUEIROZ, L.P. 2006. The Brazilian Caatinga: phytogeographical patterns inferred from distribution data of the Leguminosae. In Neotropical Savannas and Seasonally Dry Forests: plant diversity, biogeography, and conservation (R.T. Pennington, G.P. Lewis & J.A Ratter, eds.). Taylor & Francis Boca Raton, p.122 -157.).Inga, the most representative genus in the Semideciduous Forests of the PEIT, is prevalent in tropical and subtropical forests of Tropical America and has high diversity in the Atlantic Domain, with 22 species cited for secondary forests (León 1966, Garcia & Fernandes 2013Garcia, F.C.P. & Fernandes, J.M. 2013. Inga. In Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2011/FB22803 (accessed 13/02/2012)
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2011/FB... ). The genera Lupinus andCalliandra, cited as diverse in the Campos Rupestres by Giulietti et al. (1997)Giulietti, A.M.; Pirani, J.R. & Harley, R.M. 1997. Espinhaço Range region, Eastern Brazil. In Centres of plants diversity 3 (S.D. Davis et al., eds). Information Press, Oxford, p. 397-404. , were not found in the Campos Rupestres of the PEIT. The low representation or absence of species of these genera in otherCampos Rupestres within the Iron Quadrangle had already been recorded by Dutra et al . (2008a).

The highest percentage of shrub and herbaceous species found in the Campos Rupestres is mainly due to the presence of representatives ofDesmodium, Stylosanthes,Aeschynome and Zornia, among others, which are among the genera with high species richness in tropical grasslands. The richness of these genera in the extensive herbaceous-shrub stratum prevalent in Campos Rupestres has been observed in other studies and is consistent with the percentage of habit variation in forest and grassland formations (Pirani et al. 2003Pirani, J.R., Mello-Silva, R. & Giulietti, A.M. 2003. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 21:1-24., Zappi et al. 2003Zappi, D.C., Lucas, E., Stannard, B.L., Lughadha, E.N., Pirani, J.R., Queiroz, L.P., Atkins, S., Hind, D.J.N., Giulietti, A.M., Harley, R.M. & Carvalho, A.M. 2003. Lista das plantas vasculares de Catolés, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 21:345-398., Ferreira & Forzza 2009FERREIRA, f.m. & fORZZA, r. 2009. Florística e caracterização da vegetação da Toca dos Urubus, Baependi, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 9(4):1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032009000400014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032009... ).

The analysis of the geographical distribution of Leguminosae taxa in the PEIT showed a high percentage of taxa distribution restricted to the Brazilian territory, with predominance, under the phytogeographical aspect, of components of the flora of areas of Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. Morim (2006)Morim, M.P. 2006. Leguminosae arbustivas e arbóreas da floresta atlântica do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, sudeste do Brasil: padrões de distribuição. Rodriguésia 57:27-45. reported that 65% of the species recorded in the Itatiaia National Park (RJ) are restricted to Brazil. Filardi et al. (2007)Filardi, F.L.R., Garcia, F.C.P., Dutra, V.F. & São-Thiago, P.S. 2007. Papilionoideae (Leguminosae) do Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Hoehnea 34:383-408. and Nunes et al. (2007)Nunes, S.R.D.F.S., Garcia, F.C.P., Lima, H.C. & Carvalho-Okano, R.M. 2007. Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) arbóreas do Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brasil: distribuição geográfica e similaridade florística na Floresta Atlântica no Sudeste do Brasil. Rodriguésia 58:403-421. found that 44% of the Leguminosae-Papilionoideae taxa growing in the National Park Serra da Canastra (MG) and 54% of the Leguminosae-Mimosoideae taxa in the State Park of Rio Doce (MG) are unique to the flora of Brazil.

The species with the widest distribution patterns (Wide Geographic Distribution, South America, Central America and North America and Neotropical), are mostly herbaceous plants and subshrubs of Campos Rupestres and correspond to ruderal species that occur in different types of vegetation, mainly as weeds in degraded areas, being considered generalists (Miotto 1987Miotto, S.T.S. 1987. Os gêneros Centrosema (DC.) Benth. e Clitoria L. (Leguminosae, Faboideae) no Rio Grande do Sul. Iheringia, série Botânica 36:15-39., Fortuna-Perez 2010FORTUNA-PEREZ, A.P. 2010. Zornia. In Catálogo de Plantas e fungos do Brasil vol. 2. (R.C. Forzza et al., eds.). Andrea Jakobsson Estudio: Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 1100-1101. ,Lima et al. 2010bLima, L.C.P., Oliveira, m.l.a.a. & Tozzi, a.m.g. 2010b. Desmodium. In Catálogo de Plantas e fungos do Brasil vol. 2. (R.C. Forzza et al., eds.). Andrea Jakobsson Estudio: Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, p. 1029-1030. ) and well represented in the Campos Rupestres of the Iron Quadrangle (Dutra et al. 2008aDutra, V.F., Garcia, F.C.P., Lima, H. C. & Queiroz, L.P. 2008a. Diversidade florística de Leguminosae Adans. em áreas de campos rupestres. Megadiversidade 4: 105-113.). The wide distribution can also be explained by the presence of neotropical species that have the riverbanks as preferred habitat, such as Inga marginata and Inga vera subsp. affinis that occur in Submontane and Upper Highland Forests, respectively, corroborating Pennington (1997)Pennington, T.D. 1997. The genus Inga: Botany. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew., who explained the occurrence of the wide distribution of these species in the Neotropics by the dispersal of fruits through hydrochory or zoochory.

In the distribution pattern Western, Central and Eastern South America, 56 % of the species are restricted to semi-deciduous forests of the PEIT, among them, the specieAnadenanthera colubrina var. colubrina is referred as representative in the Semideciduous Forests of Brazil. It is also considered as a specialist species of the Atlantic domain by Lima (2000)Lima, H.C. 2000. Leguminosas arbóreas da Mata Atlântica: uma análise da riqueza, padrões de distribuição geográfica e similaridades florísticas em remanescentes florestais do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Tese de doutorado, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 156 p.. However, this taxon is found in areas ofCaatinga in northeastern Brazil and in part of Minas Gerais and Maranhão, in Seasonal Forests in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Parana, as well as in northeastern Argentina and southeastern Bolivia (Prado & Gibbs 1993Prado, D.E. & Gibbs, P.E. 1993. Patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forests of South America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80:902-927.); these vegetation types are currently recognized as Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF), according to Pennington et al. (2000PENNINGTON, R.T., PRADO, D.A. & PENDRY, C. 2000 Neotropical seasonally dry forests and Pleistocene vegetation changes. Journal of Biogeography 27:261-273., 2004PENNINGTON, R.T., LAVIN, M., PRADO, D.E., PENDRY, C.A., PELL, S.K. & BUTTERWORTH, C.A. 2004. Historical climate change and speciation: neotropical seasonally dry forest plants show patterns of both Tertiary and Quaternary diversification. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 359: 515-538., 2006PENNINGTON, R.T., RICHARDSON, J.E. & LAVIN, M. 2006. Insights into the historical construction of species-rich biomes from dated plant phylogenies, neutral ecological theory and phylogenetic community structure. New Phytologist 172: 605-616. ) and Miles et al. (2006)Miles, L., Newton, A.C., DeFries, R..S., Ravilious, C., May, I., Blyth, S., Kapos, V. & Gordon, J.E. 2006. A global overview of the conservation status of tropical dry forests. Journal of Biogeography 33:491-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01424.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.20... .

In the pattern Central-Eastern Brazil there is also predominance of species of Semideciduous Forests of the PEIT, such as Andira fraxinifolia andPiptadenia gonoacantha, which are generalist species, corroborating Oliveira-Filho & Ratter (1995)Oliveira-Filho, A.T. & Ratter, J.A. 1995. A study of the origin of central Brazilian forests by the analysis of plant species distribution patterns. Edinburgh J. Bot. 52:141-194. that describe this area as an important migratory corridor, through the gallery forests of the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. Although PEIT lies in a transition zone between the Atlantic Forest and areas ofCerrado, its legume species indicate that the Atlantic Forest domain has a greater number of taxa than the Cerrado.

In the pattern Southeastern Brazil, of the 13 taxa identified, nine were exclusive to the Semideciduous Forests. Abarema obovata and Bionia bellaoccur in upper highlands, lower highlands and submontane forests of the PEIT and are restricted to the Atlantic Forest domain, growing in submontane or seasonal forests and highland areas related mainly to the Mantiqueira Range, respectively (Barneby & Grimes 1996, Queiroz 1999Queiroz, L.P. 1999. Sistemática e filogenia do gênero Camptosema W.J.Hook. & Arn. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Phaseoleae). Tese de Doutorado, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 259p., 2008Queiroz, L.P. 2008. Re-Establishment, synopsis and new combinations in the genus Bionia Mart. ex Benth. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) . Neodiversity 3: 13-18.).Inga schinifolia, Ormosia friburgensis and Senna pneumatica are specialist species and occur only in the upper highland forests of the PEIT, confirming reports by Rudd (1965)Rudd, V.E. 1965. The American species of Ormosia (Leguminosae). Contributions from the National Herbarium 32:278-384. , Garcia (1998)Garcia, F.C.P. 1998. Relações sistemáticas e fitogeografia do gênero Inga Miller (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae, Ingeae) nas florestas da costa sul e sudeste do Brasil. Tese de doutorado, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, 248 p. and Irwin & Barneby (1982)Irwin, H.S. & Barneby, R.C. 1982. The American Cassiinae - A synoptical revision of Leguminosae - Tribe Cassieae subtribe Cassiinae in the New World. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35:1-918..

Among the endemic species of the Espinhaço Range, all were exclusive to theCampos Rupestres, some can be considered microendemic because they occur only in two or three localities. Chamaecrista dentata is restricted to the Cipó Range and Itacolomi Range (Irwin & Barneby 1978);C. hedysaroides occurs in the region of Diamantina, Ouro Preto and Caraça Range (Irwin & Barneby 1978); C. ochnacea var.ochnacea grows in Nova Lima, Ouro Branco Range and Itacolomi Range (Irwin & Barneby 1978, Dutra et al. 2008bDutra, V.F., Garcia, F.C.P., Lima, H. C. 2008b. Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) nos Campos Rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, MG, Brasil. Acta Bot. Brasil. 22:547-558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062008000200021
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062008... ); C. rotundata var. grandistipulais limited to the region of Diamantina, Cipó Range and Itacolomi Range (Rando & Pirani 2011RANDO, j.g & pIRANI, j.r. 2011. Padrões de distribuição geográfica das espécies de Chamaecrista sect. Chamaecrista ser.Coriaceae (Benth.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby, Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae. Revista Brasil. Bot. 34:499-513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042011000400004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042011... ); andMimosa montis-carasae, unique to Caraça Range and Itacolomi Range (Barneby 1991Barneby, R.C. 1991. Sensitivae Censitae. A description of the genus Mimosa Linnaeus (Mimosaceae). New World. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 65:1-835., Dutra et al. 2008cDutra, V.F., Garcia, F.C.P., Lima, H. C. 2008c. Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) nos campos rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 59:573-585.).

In the PEIT, 45% of the listed Chamaecrista species are endemic to the Espinhaço Range, confirming the high degree of endemism of the genus for the flora of this mountain system, showing a pattern already identified for mainly the families of Eriocaulaceae, Velloziaceae, Xyridaceae, and Lythraceae (Giulietti et al. 1987Giulietti, A.M., Menezes, N.L., Pirani, J.R., Meguro, M. & Wanderley, M.G.L. 1987. Flora da Serra do Cipó: caracterização e lista das espécies. Bol. Bot. Univ. São Paulo 9:1-151.). The states of Bahia and Minas Gerais are cited as a center of diversity forChamecrista, mainly the Cerrado and Campos Rupestres, especially the portion of the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, which has several endemic species (Irwin & Barneby 1982Irwin, H.S. & Barneby, R.C. 1982. The American Cassiinae - A synoptical revision of Leguminosae - Tribe Cassieae subtribe Cassiinae in the New World. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35:1-918., Lewis 1987Lewis, G.P. 1987. Legumes of Bahia. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. , Giulietti & Pirani 1988, Harley 1988HARLEY, R.M. 1988. Evolution and distribution of Eriope (Labiatae), and its relatives in Brazil. In Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns (W.R. Heyer & P.E. Vanzolini, eds.). Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, p.71-119., Dutra et al. 2008aDutra, V.F., Garcia, F.C.P., Lima, H. C. & Queiroz, L.P. 2008a. Diversidade florística de Leguminosae Adans. em áreas de campos rupestres. Megadiversidade 4: 105-113.,Rando & Pirani 2011RANDO, j.g & pIRANI, j.r. 2011. Padrões de distribuição geográfica das espécies de Chamaecrista sect. Chamaecrista ser.Coriaceae (Benth.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby, Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae. Revista Brasil. Bot. 34:499-513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042011000400004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042011... ). In this region, some series of the genus had a significant diversification, which may have been caused by periods of climatic fluctuations that occurred in the Quaternary and resulted in the irregularity in the gene flow between populations and in the evolution of new species (Giulietti et al . 1997Giulietti, A.M.; Pirani, J.R. & Harley, R.M. 1997. Espinhaço Range region, Eastern Brazil. In Centres of plants diversity 3 (S.D. Davis et al., eds). Information Press, Oxford, p. 397-404. ).

The distribution patterns of Leguminosae taxa in the Park show that its flora consists of floristic elements of both the Atlantic Forest and theCerrado, the two Brazilian biomes considered hotspots (Mittermeier et al. 2005Mittermeier, R.A., Gil, P.R., Hoffmann, M., Pilgrim, J., Brooks, T., Mittermeier, C.G., Lamoreux, J. & Fonseca, G.A.B. 2005. Hotspots Revisited: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. CEMEX; Agrupación Sierra Madre, Washington.). The Semideciduous Forests of the PEIT receive the combined contribution of elements from different forest types, especially from those of the Atlantic Forest domain, since the distribution patterns of about 25% of the species were restricted to the Atlantic Forest. The Campos Rupestres, however, besides the high number of endemic taxa of the Espinhaço Range, receive the contribution of elements from theCerrado and the Atlantic Forest, due to the presence of Semideciduous Forests that occur in the lower parts of the PEIT, corroborating Santos et al. (2011)SANTOS, M.F.; SERAFIM, H. & SANTO, P.T. 2011. An analysis of species distribution patterns in the Atlantic Forests of Southeastern Brazil. Edinburgh J. Bot. 68:373-400. that point out the geographical proximity as one of the factors influencing the phytogeographic patterns in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero and also, as proposed byHarley (1995)Harley, R.M. 1995. Introduction. In Flora of the Pico das Almas, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (B.L. Stannard, ed). Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, p. 1-40. , the sectorization of the Espinhaço Range. Harley (1995)Harley, R.M. 1995. Introduction. In Flora of the Pico das Almas, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (B.L. Stannard, ed). Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, p. 1-40. referred theCampos Rupestres that are restricted to the higher and isolated areas and have more humid climate, with greater contact with the Semideciduous Forests than the Cerrado, to the southern sector of the Range, which comprises the south of Belo Horizonte and the Ouro Preto region.

Despite the presence of species endemic to the Espinhaço, the analysis of distribution patterns of the Leguminosae in the PEIT does not support the distribution patterns typically found in other areas of the Espinhaço Range, in which forest species are predominantly of wide distribution and the herbaceous-shrub species exhibit stricter standards (Giulietti & Pirani 1988) caused by the history of the region, such as migration routes and past climate changes occurred in southeastern Brazil during the Pleistocene, which promoted the isolation of species (Giulietti et al . 1997Giulietti, A.M.; Pirani, J.R. & Harley, R.M. 1997. Espinhaço Range region, Eastern Brazil. In Centres of plants diversity 3 (S.D. Davis et al., eds). Information Press, Oxford, p. 397-404. ).

Among the species found in the Park, 15 are of interest for the conservation of PEIT, because five are endemic to the Espinhaço mountain range and ten appear in the lists of endangered species of the flora of Brazil and Minas Gerais (Table 2). In areas of Campos Rupestres within the Park, the species Chamaecristadentata, with only two populations​​, and Mimosa ourobrancoënsis, with a single population, are noteworthy. In these forest formations, many species have a very restricted distribution or are rare.Senna pneumatica and Ormosia friburgensis are restricted to the Upper Highland Forests, and Melanoxylon braunaoccurs in Submontane Forests. So far, only one population of each of these species has been found. Dalbergia nigra occurs in Lower Highlands and Submontane Forests with two populations identified. Bionia bellagrows in Lower Highlands, Submontane and Upper Highland Forests, with scarce populations scattered throughout the forest formations. It is worth mentioning that the occurrence of all these taxa is restricted to the Atlantic Forest domain.

The representatives of the genera Abarema, Bionia, Chamaecrista, Inga,and Mimosa have ornamental potential, whereasDalbergia nigra and Melanoxylon brauna have timber potential. Therefore, these results do not only reinforce the important role of the PEIT in the conservation of the flora in the southern Espinhaço Range, but also highlight the existence of stocks of species threatened by extinction or with potential for sustainable use.

The presence of distinct and heterogeneous floras in vegetational gradients makes the PEIT an area with high biological diversity. Messias & Souza (2006)Messias, M.C.T.B. & Souza, H.C. 2006. Plano de Manejo do parque Estadual do Itacolomi - Flora. Relatório Final, Ouro Preto. reported 80 species of Leguminosae for the PEIT. This study shows an increase of 27.5% in the number of species within the park, which demonstrates the importance of research involving knowledge of biodiversity at the local scale.

Despite being a fully protected conservation unit, difficulties of managing the park prevents effective species protection and the vegetation of the PEIT is still subject to different impacts by uncontrolled urban sprawl, frequent fires, invasion of exotic species and firewood extraction (Messias & Souza 2006Messias, M.C.T.B. & Souza, H.C. 2006. Plano de Manejo do parque Estadual do Itacolomi - Flora. Relatório Final, Ouro Preto.). Within the park, it deserves attention, in the areas of Campo Rupestre, the trails Calais and the water catchment in Serrinha, home to endemic species of the Espinhaço, and in the Semideciduous Forests, the upper highlands forests, home to most of the forest species of the PEIT that are threatened with extinction.

The findings of this study on the Leguminosae family demonstrate the importance of conserving the vegetation of the Itacolomi Range and the need for studies on other plant families, with a view to the implementation of effective protection policies for the forests and fields of the PEIT.

Acknowledgements

We thank to CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), for the master's scholarship granted to the second author; to IEF-MG (Instituto Estadual de Florestas de Minas Gerais) for the logistics in the Itacolomi State Park; to Mário E.F. Araújo, for the assistance at the field work; to Evelyn Jardim de Oliveira for the English review; to anonymous reviewer for critically reading the manuscript.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Mar 2014

History

  • Received
    14 Apr 2013
  • Reviewed
    12 Dec 2013
  • Accepted
    10 Jan 2014
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