Floristic composition of the Montane Forest in the Almadina-Barro Preto axis, Southern Bahia, Brazil

Composição florística em Floresta Montana no eixo Almadina-Barro Preto, sul da Bahia, Brasil

Abstracts

The aim of this study is to survey the angiosperms of two montane forest remnants in the southern Bahia, Brazil: Corcovado (SCO) and Pedra Lascada (SPL). Both fragments are located in the municipality of Almadina and Barro Preto, respectively, and are 18 km distant from each other. We sampled 899 species of angiosperms distributed in 437 genera and 116 families. The SCO was the richest area with 678 species, distributed in 367 genera and 100 families. SPL showed 466 species in 269 genera and 88 families. The percentage of species identified was 85.8% and of this total, 37.7% are endemic to the Atlantic Forest, 11.2% are endemic to southern Bahia and northern Espírito Santo and 7% are disjunct between the Atlantic Forest and Amazon. The remaining percentages (44.3%) were of species widely distributed. The richest families in the two areas were Orchidaceae (10%), Rubiaceae (7%), Bromeliaceae (5.5%), Melastomataceae (4.2%) and Poaceae (4%). The richest genera were Psychotria (2%),Piper (1.8%), Ocotea (1.6%),Vriesea (1.5%) and Peperomia (1.4%). More than half of the recorded species showed non-arboreal habit, regarding life forms documented. That comes against the assertion that many authors in the tropical forests, where species richness in angiosperms is expected for non-woody species, especially in montane forests. Twelve species have been identified as new, but seven others already described from collections previously obtained in these two areas. Orchidaceae, Rubiaceae, Poaceae and Bromeliaceae showed significant richness in this study these families are commonly reported as the richest in other inventories in the Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia reinforcing their importance to the regional flora. The high levels of richness, endemism, and the growing numbers of new taxonomic discoveries from the SPL and SCO sites indicate the biological importance of these two forest remnants. The implementation of parks or other protected environmental reserves would be essential to the conservation of its species.

Atlantic Forest; Biodiversity conservation; Floristic survey and Remnant forests

O presente estudo objetivou inventariar as angiospermas de dois remanescentes florestais no sul da Bahia, Brasil. Os remanescentes se encontram nas Serras do Corcovado (SCO) e da Pedra Lascada (SPL), situados nos municípios de Almadina e Barro Preto, respectivamente, e distantes 18 km um do outro. Foram registradas 899 espécies de angiospermas distribuídas em 437 gêneros e 116 famílias. A SCO foi a área mais rica em espécies, com um total de 678 espécies distribuídas em 367 gêneros e 100 famílias, enquanto a SPL apresentou 466 espécies em 269 gêneros e 88 famílias. O percentual de espécies identificadas foi de 85,8%. Desse total, 37,7% são endêmicas da Floresta Atlântica e 11,2% são endêmicas do sul da Bahia e norte do Espírito Santo. A distribuição disjunta entre Florestas Atlântica e Amazônica foi constatada em 7% das espécies inventariadas. O percentual restante (44,3%) foi de espécies amplamente distribuídas no Brasil. As famílias mais ricas nas duas áreas foram Orchidaceae (com 10%), Rubiaceae (7%), Bromeliaceae (5,5%), Melastomataceae (4,2%) e Poaceae (4%). Já os gêneros mais ricos foramPsychotria, (com 2%), Piper (1,8%),Ocotea (1,6%), Vriesea (1,5%) ePeperomia (1,4%). Mais de metade das espécies registradas apresentaram hábito não-arbóreo com relação ès formas de vida documentadas. Isso vem de encontro com a afirmativa de diversos autores de que em florestas tropicais a grande riqueza nas angiospermas é esperada para as espécies não-lenhosas, especialmente na Floresta Montana. Até o momento, doze espécies foram apontadas como novas, além de outras sete já descritas a partir das coleções obtidas anteriormente nessas duas áreas. Orchidaceae, Rubiaceae, Bromeliaceae e Poaceae apresentaram significativa riqueza nesse estudo e são famílias comumente reportadas como as mais ricas em outros inventários na Floresta Atlântica no sul da Bahia comprovando sua importância na flora local. Os altos índices de riqueza, endemismo e o crescente número de novidades taxonômicas provenientes de ambas as áreas indicam a importância biológica desses dois remanescentes. A implementação de parques ou demais reservas ambientais protegidas seriam essenciais para a conservação de suas espécies.

Floresta Atlântica; Conservação da biodiversidade; Documentação florística e Remanescentes florestais

Introduction

The Atlantic Forest covers the east coast of Brazil and is the second largest tropical rainforest on the American continent. It comprises 1% to 8% of the world's biodiversity (Silva and Casteleti 2005) and is the largest hotspot in the country, comprising 17,691 plant species, including algae, bryophytes, ferns, lycophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, 40% of which are endemic (Forzza et al. 2012). The Atlantic Forest is considered one of the most important phytogeographic domains for biodiversity preservation worldwide because it is extremely diversified, covering regions with various levels of species abundance, composition, and endemism (Silva and Casteleti 2005).

The abundance and diversity are thought to have resulted in the isolation of two large South American forest blocks: the Amazonian Forest and the Andean Forests (Silva and Casteleti 2005). The Atlantic Forest and the vast Amazonian domain are separated by an open corridor formed by seasonal vegetation, including the Caatinga in the northeast semi-arid region of Brazil; the Cerrado in the midwest; and the Chaco, a region of dry vegetation located in the central lowlands of South America (Argentia, Bolivia, and Paraguay), which separates the Atlantic domain from the Andean forests (Rizzini 1997, Silva and Casteleti 2005). The transition from the Atlantic Forest to the Caatinga in the semi-arid regions is relatively abrupt and occurs in northeastern Brazil, where a narrow strip of coastal forests (less than 50 km) is delimited by an equally narrow strip of seasonal semi-deciduous forests (Oliveira-Filho and Fontes 2000). In southeastern Brazil, the transition from coastal forests to the Cerrado biome involves a much larger extension of semi-deciduous forests, which extends southward and forms complex mosaics with the Cerrado vegetation to the west. In the south, these semi-deciduous forests also extend along the Paraná river basin in eastern Paraguay and northeastern Argentina, where they make a transition to the Chaco biome (Oliveira-Filho and Fontes 2000).

The isolation of the South American forest blocks has resulted in consistent demographic changes in forest populations during the Pleistocene and Holocene eras, followed by climate changes during the late Quarternary era (Carnaval and Moritz 2008). These changes have had a greater impact on the southern portion of the Atlantic Forest and resulted in the evolution of a unique biota (Oliveira-Filho and Ratter 1995, Carnaval and Moritz 2008). The Atlantic Forest is considered one of the most unique biogeographical zones in South America. It shows great variations in topography, pluviometric regimes, and phytogeographic units because of its wide latitude (approximately 27°), longitude (from the coast to the interior), and altitude (from the sea level to altitudes of approximately 2700 m) (Silva and Casteleti 2005). These elements have led to the floristic and physiognomic heterogeneity present across the entire area (Pinto et al. 1996, Oliveira-Filho and Fontes 2000).

Special importance should be given to the forest altitude, which accounts for several environmental factors, including variations in the availability of solar energy, resources, and the forest's potential to serve as refuge for immigrant species; this potential may be higher in the lowlands and lower in the more isolated montane areas (Lomolino 2001). In addition, higher altitudes lead to a reduction in the number of species because of the occurrence of more severe environmental conditions with an increase in the altitude (e.g., edaphic factors, temperature, wind speed, and rainfall) (Lieberman et al. 1996, Pendry and Proctor 1996).

Taken together, these factors result in a wide variation in the species composition of the Atlantic Forest and make this area a heterogeneous unit with regard to studies on biodiversity conservation (Silva and Casteleti 2005). The difference between ombrophilous and semi-deciduous forests is consistent from a floristic point of view and is closely correlated with the rainfall (Oliveira-Filho and Fontes 2000). In this respect, the arboreal flora of semi-deciduous forests is largely a subset of the flora of ombrophilous forests and probably gives rise to species capable of withstanding more prolonged dry seasons (Oliveira-Filho and Fontes 2000, Oliveira-Filho et al. 2005). In addition, changes in the flora of semi-deciduous forests are associated with an increase in length of the dry season, which is caused by an increase in the distance from the ocean. Furthermore, altitude variations and the corresponding temperature variations are closely correlated with the internal floristic differentiation in both ombrophilous and semi-deciduous forests (Oliveira-Filho and Fontes 2000). Notably, the difference between deciduous and semi-deciduous forests is probably linked to a combination of chemical properties of the soil, rainfall, and variations in the altitude and latitude (Oliveira-Filho and Ratter 1995). Therefore, the definition of the Atlantic Forest should be as broad as that of the Amazonian formations (Oliveira-Filho and Fontes 2000).

In this context, the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia can be included among the wet forests of the Northeast, which extend from Pernambuco to northern Espírito Santo. It is represented by coastal forests that cover an area of approximately 100-200 km in width along the east coast of Brazil and by forests that become increasingly drier toward the interior. Therefore, open formations gradually change to ombrophilous forests, semi-deciduous forests, and seasonally dry deciduous forest as one moves from east to west (Gouvêa et al. 1976, Silva and Casteleti 2005). In these forests, the minimum annual rainfall of 1600 mm and a dry period of not more than 2 months per year reflect the separation between wet and seasonal forests, with wet forests being essentially evergreen and comprising less than 20% of deciduous trees (Thomas and Barbosa 2008). In addition, wet forests can be classified according to the altitude as follows: lowland (20-100 m), submontane (100-600 m), and montane (600-800 m) (Thomas and Barbosa 2008). However, Veloso (1992) defined other altitude ranges for these areas, with montane forests occurring at altitudes between 500 and 1500 m.

The coastal forests of southern Bahia may have provided refuge for the biodiversity present during the Pleistocene era. The continual identification of new species and the high level of endemism detected in other studies reinforce the evidence of the uniqueness of this relatively unexplored region (Mori et al. 1981, Thomas et al. 1998, Carnaval and Moritz 2008,Amorim et al. 2009). Of all the coastal areas of Brazil, coastal forests contain the highest number of endemic species of Myrtaceae (15 species), which are threatened with extinction (Carnaval and Moritz 2008, Murray-Smith et al. 2008).

To investigate the flora of the Montane Forest in southern Bahia, the present study aimed to produce an inventory of angiosperms in two vestigial areas of the Montane Forest located on the Almadina-Barro Preto axis in the cocoa-growing region of southern Bahia. Moreover, the present study aimed to investigate whether these vestigial areas differ in terms of abundance from other areas of vestigial forests located in nearby regions, for which floristic documentation exists. In southern Bahia, the abundance and endemism of vascular plants reportedly yields high levels of diversity (Thomas et al. 1998, Martini et al. 2007, Thomas et al. 2009, Amorim et al. 2009, Murray-Smith et al. 2008). Importantly, this floristic documentation provides more detailed information on the endemism, abundance, areas of occurrence of taxa, and identification of new species and may serve as the foundation for future studies on biome similarities, biogeography, and community structure (Giulietti et al. 2005, Funk 2006).

Material and Methods

Study areas

The study areas are located in the Montane Forest (Veloso, 1992) in the cocoa-growing region of the State of Bahia (Gouvêa, 1976), in the cities of Barro Preto [Serra da Pedra Lascada (SPL)] and Almadina [Serra do Corcovado (SCO)], which are approximately 18-km apart (Figure 1). The floristic richness of SLP has been reported previously (Amorim et al. 2009) and has been revised and extended in the present study.

Figure 1
Location of Serra da Pedra Lascada (SPL) and Serra do Corcovado (SCO) regions and their respective cities (Barro Preto and Almadina) in southern Bahia, Brazil.

SPL (14°46′S and 39°32′W) is a vestigial forest of approximately 300 ha that lies approximately 56 km from the coast, with altitudes ranging from 600 to 950 m above the sea level (Amorim et al. 2009). There is a rocky outcrop of the “inselberg” type on the eastern side of the slope. This outcrop is formed by granites and gnaisses from the Precambrian era, comprising ancient elements of the landscape (Porembski et al. 1998). SPL is primarily populated by rupicolous monocotyledons and exhibits particular edaphic and microclimatic conditions, revealing its importance from a geomorphological and topographical perspective (Figures 2B, C and D). This forest has some well-preserved areas, with trees 20 to 30 m in height, and a dense subforest. There is an abundance of epiphytes, particularly mosses, ferns, and lycophytes, which sometimes give the appearance of cloud forests as the altitude increases. The forest fragment surveyed has an irregular area and is sharply demarked by the adjacent cocoa plantations (Theobroma cacao L.) where the trees are cultivated under the cabruca system. This fragment also comprises regeneration areas and pasture lands (Amorim et al. 2009).

Figure 2
Serra do Corcovado (SCO) and Serra da Pedra Lascada (SPL) in the Montane Forest, southern Bahia, Brazil

A: General view of SCO from the urban center of Almadina. B: General view of SPL from the access road. C: Secondary vegetation on one of the slopes of SPL. D: Interior of a mature forest in SPL showing the base of the inselberg. E: Vegetation at the top of the slope showing one of the exposed sides of the inselberg in SCO. Photos A and E were taken by André Paviotti. Photos B, C, and D were taken by André Amorim.

SCO (14°42′S and 39°36′W) is located at altitudes ranging from 400 to 1040 m above the sea level. It comprises an area of approximately 2500 ha and is located at a distance of 65 km from the coast; its slopes contain springs that form part of the river basin of Almada, the main river in the region. These springs ultimately provide water supply to the city of Almadina (Figure 2A). A part of the slope of SCO comprises a steep rocky outcrop of the “inselberg” type, which gives it a unique geomorphology. This outcrop is populated by a large number of vascular plants, particularly rupicolous flora such as Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae (Figure 2E) (Porembski et al. 1998). The forest contains dense subforests, trees up to 35 m in height, and an abundance of epiphytes, giving it the appearance of a cloud forest at altitudes of 800 m above the sea level. There is an abundance of rupicolous species, particularly mosses, and the presence of various species of Cyatheaceae. Cocoa plantations, with trees cultivated under the cabruca system, and pasture lands are also common around SCO.

The climate of the region is warm and wet, with a dry season of the Af (Köppen) type (Peel et al. 2007). The average annual rainfall ranges between 1500 and 1750 mm, and the average daily rainfall varies between 50 and 100 mm. The average annual temperature varies between 23°C and 24°C, with a thermal range of 10°C to 14°C. The annual total potential evapotranspiration varies from 1200 to 1300, mm and the relative humidity is less than 80%.

Floristic Surveys

Eight field trips were conducted between July 2011 and June 2012, each lasting for 2 to 3 days. The surveys prioritized SCO because it is an area with large gaps in floristic documentation. These field trips, when added to the 12 previous trips (five in SCO and seven in SPL) conducted by various collaborators between 2004 and 2010, enabled the collections to be distributed throughout the year and increased the documentation of fertile specimens. Preliminary data from SPL used in this study had been previously published by Amorim et al. (2009).

The documentation of angiosperms was conducted through collection along the trails and access roads by careful visual examination with the aid of binoculars, with the aim of collecting the largest number of fertile species possible. Some trees were surveyed using climbing techniques to collect arboreal specimens and document the epiphytic flora. In addition, fallen trees and canopy branches were examined in detail. Sterile specimens were collected whenever their identification in the field was possible.

The material collected was prepared according to Fidalgo and Bononi (1989) and deposited in the CEPEC Herbarium. Duplicates were sent to the HUEFS and RB archives. Species were identified by literature search, comparison with the material deposited in the CEPEC, and consultation with specialists. The material identified was standardized in morphotypes and classified as proposed by APG III (2009). The specific epithets and citations of the authors of the species were standardized on the basis of the Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil (2012) [List of Species of the Brazilian Flora (2012)] and on the website The Plant List (2012). The occurrence of species and endemism were verified in the Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil (2012), Amorim et al. (2009), Thomas et al. (2003), and Stehmann et al. (2009). Endangered species were searched in the lists of Biodiversitas (2009) and MMA (2008).

Classification of life forms into arboreal, arbustive, epiphytic, hemiepiphytic, parasitic, and hemiparasitic followed the standard used by Amorim et al. (2009) and was obtained by field observation and, in some cases, from exsiccate labels of each taxon. Rupicolous speces are indicated in Table 1 with an asterisk (*). The percentage of contribution of these species was calculated and compared with that obtained in previous survey (Amorim et al. 2009) conducted in the Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia, which used a similar methodology and for which sample material is accessible in scientific archives such as CEPEC and RB.

Table 1
List of species sampled on Serra do Corcovado and Serra da Pedra Lascada in the Montane Forest, southern Bahia, Brazil. Arb. = Arboreal, Shr. = Shrub, Epip. = Epiphyte, Hemiep.= Hemiepiphytes , Hemi-par. = Hemi-parasitic, Herb. = Herbaceous, Holopar. = Holoparasitic, Sub-shr. = Sub-shrub, Clim. = Climber; Collectors: AA = André Amorim, AF = André Fontana, Adriana Lobao AL =, DC = Domingos Cardoso, DM = Daniele Monteiro JJ = Jomar Jardim, JP = José Paixão, LD = Daneu Lucas, MC = Macielle Coelho, ML = Mardel Lopes, PF = Pedro Fiaschi, PO = Patricia Oliveira, RB = Rafael Borges, RP = Ricardo Perdiz, WT = Thomas Wayt. Domains: AM = Amazonian, CA = Caatinga CE = Cerrado, AF = Atlantic Forest, PA = Pampa, PAN = Pantanal. Category of threat: CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, LC = Least concern, NT = Near Threatened, VU = Vulnerable. * = rupicolous

Family/Species	Habit	SCO	SPL	Phytogeographic Domain	New Occurrence	Threat
ACANTHACEAE
Aphelandra cf. bahiensis(Nees) Wassh.	Sub-shr.	JP 888		Atlantic Forest
Aphelandra blanchetiana (Nees) Hook.	Sub-shr.		AA 4080	Atlantic Forest
Aphelandra hirta (Klotzsch) Wassh.	Sub-shr.		AA 4080a	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Aphelandra nitida Nees & Mart.	Sub-shr.	PF 1635		Atlantic Forest
Justicia sp.1	Sub-shr.		MC 338
Justicia beyrichii (Nees) Lindau	Sub-shr.		AA 4242	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Justicia genuflexa Nees & Mart.	Herb.	LM 4926		Atlantic Forest
Justicia cf. symphyantha(Nees) Lindau	Sub-shr.	JP 829	RB 476	Atlantic Forest
Ruellia sp. 1	Sub-shr.	ML 357
Ruellia sp. 2	Herb.	PF 1638
Ruellia sp. 3	Herb.	MC 386
Ruellia curviflora Nees & Mart.	Herb.	MC 689		Atlantic Forest
Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.	Clim.	MC 454		Atlantic Forest
ACHARIACEAE
Carpotroche brasiliensis (Raddi) Endl.	Arb.	MC 415		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
AGAVACEAE
Herreria sp. 1	Clim.	MC 475
AMARANTACEAE
Cyathula achyranthoides (Kunth) Moq.	Herb.	MC 696		Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
ANACARDIACEAE
Tapirira guianensis Aubl.	Arb.		RB 472	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal
ANNONACEAE
Annonac. sp.1	Arb.	MC 594
Annona acutiflora Mart.	Shr.		PF 1907	Atlantic Forest
Annona cacans Warm.	Arb.	MC 762		Atlantic Forest
Annona dollabripetala Raddi	Arb.	MC 614	PF 1915	Atlantic Forest
Guatteria sp. 1	Arb.	LM 4913
Guatteria australis A.St.-Hil.	Arb.	AL 720		Atlantic Forest
Guatteria ferruginea A.St.-Hil.	Arb.	AL 722		Atlantic Forest
Guatteria pogonopus Mart.	Arb.	ML 1126		Atlantic Forest
Unonopsis sp. 1	Arb.	LM 4897
Unonopsis bahiensis Maas & Orava	Arb.	MC 405	WT 14294	Atlantic Forest
Xylopsia sericea A. St.-Hil.	Arb.	JP 889		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
APOCYNACEAE
Aspidosperma spruceanum Benth. ex Müll. Arg.	Arb.	PF 2929		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Bahiella infundibuliflora J.F. Morales	Clim.	JP 903	RB 515	Atlantic Forest
Forsteronia leptocarpa (Hook. & Arn.) A.DC.	Arb.		PF 1756	Atlantic Forest
Himatanthus bracteatus (A.DC.) Woodson	Arb.	JP 899		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Lacmellea pauciflora (Kuhlm.) Markgr.	Arb.	ML 721		Atlantic Forest
Malouetia cestroides (Nees ex Mart.) Müll.Arg.	Arb.		RB 518	Atlantic Forest
Mandevilla funiformis (Vell.) K. Schum.	Clim.	MC 712	AA 4785	Atlantic Forest
Mandevilla permixta Woodson	Sub-shr.	RB 414		Atlantic Forest
Orthosia parviflora (E.Fourn.) Liede & Meve.	Clim.	MC 852		Atlantic Forest
Peltastes peltatus (Vell.) Woodson	Clim.	AA 8130		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Rauvolfia grandiflora Mart. ex A.DC.	Arb.	PF 1615	JP 766	Atlantic Forest
Tabernaemontana flavicans Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.	Arb.	MC 346		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Tabernaemontana salzmannii A.DC.	Arb.	MC 473		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
APODANTHACEAE
Apodanthes caseariae Poit.	Holopar.	ML 1112		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest	Northeast
AQUIFOLIACEAE
Ilex aff. conocarpaReissek	Arb.	PF 2642		Atlantic Forest
Ilex psammophila Mart. ex Reissek.	Arb.	MC 657		Atlantic Forest
ARACEAE
Anthurium sp.1	Epip.	DC 2135		Atlantic Forest
Anthurium sp.2	Epip.	MC 380	PF 1830	Atlantic Forest
Anthurium bellum Schott	Herb.	MC 400	AA 4079	Atlantic Forest
Anthurium gladiifolium Schott	Epip.	MC 511	PF 1904	Atlantic Forest
Anthurium gracile (Rudge) Lindl.	Epip.	MC 619		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Anthurium illepidum Schott	Hemiep.		FF 1494	Atlantic Forest
Anthurium intermedium Kunth	Epip.	RP 836		Atlantic Forest
Anthurium jilekii Schott	Epip.*	RB 554	ML 1106	Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Anthurium pentaphyllum (Aubl.) G.Don	Epip.	MC 838	PF 1856	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal
Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engl.	Hemiep.	DC 2154	RB 503	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Anthurium solitarium Schott	Epip.	JP 866		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Asterostigma riedelianum (Schott) Kuntze	Herb.	ML 1125	PF 1782	Atlantic Forest
Heteropsis oblongifolia Kunth	Hemiep.		LD 428	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Monstera adansonii Schott var.klotzschiana (Schott) Madison	Hemiep.	MC 403	AA 4209	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Philodendron sp. nova	Epip.	MC 466		Atlantic Forest
Philodendron cordatum Kunth ex Schott	Hemiep.	MC 862	WT 14315	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Philodendron edmundoi G.M.Barroso	Hemiep.	MC 849	AA 4820	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Philodendron fragrantissimum (Hook.) G.Don	Hemiep.		AA 4818a	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott	Hemiep.	MC 755		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Philodendron longilaminatum Schott	Hemiep.*		MC 430	Atlantic Forest
Philodendron ornatum Schott	Epip.	MC 742		Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Philodendron pedatum (Hook.) Kunth	Hemiep.	MC 720	AA s.n.	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Philodendron propinquum Schott	Hemiep.	MC 836	JP 774	Atlantic Forest
Philodendron recurvifolium Schott	Hemiep.	MC 859		Atlantic Forest
Rhodospatha latifolia Poepp.	Hemiep.	ML 362	JP 780	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Stenospermation spruceanum Schott	Hemiep.*	MC 413	WT 14322	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Syngonium vellozianum Schott	Hemiep.	MC 754		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
ARALIACEAE
Dendropanax amorimii Fiaschi	Shr.		ML 321	Atlantic Forest
Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin	Arb.	ML 1230		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal
Schefflera aff. varisianaFrodin	Arb.	JP 844	AA 4542	Atlantic Forest
ARECACEAE
Attalea oleifera Barb.Rodr.	Arb.	RB 373		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest		LR Lc
Bactris sp. 1	Arb.	RB 440		Atlantic Forest
Bactris pickelli Burret	Shr.	RB 432	AA 4881	Atlantic Forest		VU
Bactris setosa Mart.	Arb.	AA 8138		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Euterpe edulis Mart.	Arb.	MC 822	AA s.n.	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest		EN anexo I
Geonoma elegans Mart.	Shr.	MC 510	ML 305	Atlantic Forest
Geonoma pauciflora Mart.	Shr.	WT 14170		Atlantic Forest
Geonoma pohliana Mart.	Shr.	MC 845	AA 4208	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Syagrus botryophora Mart.	Arb.	AA 8136		Atlantic Forest		LR nt
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Aristolochia tamnifolia (Klotzsch) Duch.	Clim.	ML 1253		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
ASTERACEAE
Asterac. sp.1	Herb.	MC 702
Asterac. sp.2	Herb.	MC 831
Achyrocline satureioides DC.	Herb.	RB 393		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa
Albertinia brasiliensis Spreng.	Clim.	ML 1257		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Baccharis sp. 1	Herb.	MC 803
Baccharis calvescens DC.	Shr.	MC 804	RB 514	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Baccharis oblongifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.	Arb.		PF 1770	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Baccharis singularis (Vell.) G.M. Barroso	Shr.	AA 8125		Atlantic Forest, Pampa
Barrosoa atlantica R.M.King & H.Rob.	Herb.	RP 117		Atlantic Forest
Calyptocarpus biaristatus (DC.) H.Rob.	Herb.	MC 799		Atlantic Forest
Chaptalia nutans (L.) Pol.	Herb.	MC 692		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Conocliniopsis prasiifolia (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob.	Herb.	RP 114		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Cyrtocymura scorpioides (Lam.) H.Rob.	Sub-shr.	DC 2153	AA 4106	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Diacranthera hebeclinia H.Rob.	Herb.	MC 506		Atlantic Forest
Elephantopus mollis H.B.K.	Sub-shr.	MC 703	AA 4243	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal
Erechtites valerianifolius (Wolf) DC.	Herb.	RB 387		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa
Heterocondylus alatus (Vell.) R.M. King & H. Rob.	Shr.	RB 392		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Lepidaploa cotoneaster (Willd. ex Spreng.) H. Rob.	Shr.	ML 374		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Lepidaploa aff.mucronifolia (DC.) H.Rob.	Sub-shr.		PF 1546
Mikania sp. 1	Clim.	RP 118
Mikania argyreiae DC.	Clim.	WT 14172		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Mikania buddleiaefolia DC.	Clim.	ML 738		Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Mikania callineura Sch.Bip. ex Baker	Clim.		JP 571	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Mikania candolleana Gardner	Clim.		PF 1526	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Mikania aff. hookerianaDC.	Clim.		AA 4909	Atlantic Forest
Mikania kubitzkii R.M.King & H.Rob.	Clim.		PF 2636	Atlantic Forest
Mikania mattos-silvae R.M. King & H. Rob.	Clim.	PF 1620		Atlantic Forest
Mikania trinervis Hook. & Arn.	Clim.	MC 379	AA 4241	Atlantic Forest
Mikania ulei Hieron.	Clim.		AA 4077	Atlantic Forest
Piptocarpha pyrifolia (DC.) Baker	Clim.	DC 2124		Atlantic Forest
Solidago chilensis Meyen	Shr.		RB 502	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.	Herb.	MC 695		Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Vernonanthura discolor (Less.) H.Rob.	Arb.		PF 1845	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Vernonanthura vinhae (H. Rob.) H. Rob.	Shr.	RB 407		Atlantic Forest
BEGONIACEAE
Begonia sp.1	Herb.	RB 415	AA 4906	Atlantic Forest
Begonia convolvulacea (Klotzsch) A.DC.	Hemiep.	WT 14166	AA 4912	Atlantic Forest
Begonia digitata Raddi	Sub-shr.	MC 604	ML 347	Atlantic Forest
Begonia fischeri Schrank	Herb.	DC 2143		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Begonia fruticosa (Klotzsch) A.DC.	Epip.	PF 2937	AA 4229	Atlantic Forest
Begonia itaguassuensis Brade	Herb.	WT 14167	PF 1533	Atlantic Forest
Begonia neglecta A.DC.	Herb.	MC 378	AA 4847	Atlantic Forest
Begonia polygonifolia A.DC.	Hemiep.	WT 14164		Atlantic Forest
Begonia smilacina A. DC.	Hemiep.	MC 617	AA 4527	Atlantic Forest
BIGNONIACEAE
Adenocalymma sp. 1	Clim.	MC 401	PF 1777	Atlantic Forest
Adenocalymma comosum (Cham.) DC.	Clim.	MC 449		Atlantic Forest
Amphilophium crucigerum (L.) L.G. Lohmann	Arb.	MC 566		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal
Anemopaegma sp. 1	Clim.	ML 1239		Atlantic Forest
Callichlamys latifolia (Rich.) K.Schum.	Clim.		ML 1177	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal
Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos	Arb.	DC 2127		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Jacaranda sp. 1	Arb.	MC 858		Atlantic Forest
Lundia cordata (Vell.) DC.	Clim.	MC 409		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Pleonotoma albiflora (Salzm. ex DC.) A.H.Gentry	Clim.		JP 771	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal
Sparattosperma leucanthum (Vell.) K. Schum.	Arb.	PF 2926		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal
Tabebuia elliptica (DC.) Sandwith	Arb.	ML 1286		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Tanaecium jaroba Sw.	Clim.	ML 1248	ML 686	Amazonian, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest
BORAGINACEAE
Cordia sp. 1	Arb.	JP 840	MC 425	Atlantic Forest
Cordia sp.2	Arb.		AA 4893	Atlantic Forest
Cordia candida Vell.	Arb.	MC 573		Atlantic Forest
Cordia ecalyculata Vell.	Arb.	PF 2916	AA 4218	Atlantic Forest
Cordia cf. superbaCham.	Arb.	WT 14178 c		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Cordia trichoclada DC.	Arb.	MC 515		Atlantic Forest
Tournefortia gardneri A.DC.	Clim.		ML 340	Atlantic Forest
Varronia curassavica Jacq.	Shr.	MC 733		Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Varronia tarodaea J.S.Mill.	Shr.	ML 739	JP 798	Atlantic Forest
BROMELIACEAE
Aechmea sp. 1	Epip.	MC 479	ML 678	Atlantic Forest
Aechmea sp. 2	Epip.	MC 358	PF 2626	Atlantic Forest
Aechmea sp. 3	Herb.	AA 8134		Atlantic Forest
Aechmea conifera L.B.Sm.	Epip.	MC 741		Atlantic Forest	Bahia
Aechmea digitata L.B.Sm. & R.W.Read	Epip.	AA 8135		Atlantic Forest
Aechmea froesii (L.B.Sm.) Leme & J.A.Siqueira	Epip.		ML 685	Atlantic Forest
Aechmea guaratingensis Leme & L. Kollmann	Epip.	RB 434		Atlantic Forest
Aechmea miniata Beer ex Baker	Epip.	RB 530	WT 14308	Atlantic Forest
Aechmea sulbahianensis Leme, Amorim & J.A.Siqueira	Epip.		ML 1169	Atlantic Forest
Aechmea turbinocalyx Mez	Epip.		PF 1763	Atlantic Forest
Aechmea viridipetala A.F.Costa & Amorim	Epip.		AA 4110	Atlantic Forest
Aechmea viridostigma Leme & H.Luther	Epip.		PF 1560	Atlantic Forest
Billbergia euphemiae E. Morren	Epip.	JP 873	RP 843	Atlantic Forest
Billbergia iridifolia (Nees & Mart.) Lindley	Epip.	WT 14175		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Billbergia saundersii Bull	Epip.	MC 687	AA 4849	Atlantic Forest
Bromelia cf. binotiiE.Morren ex Mez	Herb.	MC 739		Atlantic Forest
Canistrum auratum Leme	Epip.		AA 4797	Atlantic Forest
Canistrum montanum Leme	Epip.		PF 1762	Atlantic Forest
Canistrum seidelianum W.Weber	Epip.		PF 1917	Atlantic Forest
Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez	Epip.	AA 4681		Atlantic Forest
Hohenbergia sp.1	Epip.	WT 178 a		Atlantic Forest
Hohenbergia brachycephala L.B. Sm.	Epip.	ML 1130		Atlantic Forest
Lymania marantoides (L.B.Sm.) Read	Epip.		AA 4840	Atlantic Forest
Neoregelia kerryi Leme	Epip.	MC 749	AA 4806	Atlantic Forest
Neoregelia wilsoniana M.B. Foster	Epip.	MC 563		Atlantic Forest
Nidularium innocentii Lem.	Epip.		AA 4530	Atlantic Forest
Nidularium procerum Lindm.	Epip.		RB 493	Atlantic Forest
Pitcairnia flammea Lindl.	Herb.		AA 4216	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Portea filifera L.B.Sm.	Epip.	MC 681	AA 4825	Atlantic Forest
Portea petropolitana (Wawra) Mezvar. noettigii (Wawra) L.B.Sm.	Epip.	MC 580		Atlantic Forest
Racinaea spiculosa (Griseb.) M.A.Spencer & L.B.Sm.	Epip. *	MC 758	AA 4817a	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Ronnbergia silvana Leme	Epip.		PF 1764	Atlantic Forest
Tillandsia gardneri Lindl.	Epip.	MC 398		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Tillandsia sprengeliana Klotzsch ex Mez	Epip.	AA 4684	JP 505	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Tillandsia stricta Sol.	Epip.	RB 460		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.	Epip.	MC 752		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Vriesea sp. 1	Epip.	MC 882		Atlantic Forest
Vriesea sp.2	Epip.		RB 511	Atlantic Forest
Vriesea blackburniana Leme	Epip.	AA 6338	RB 494	Atlantic Forest
Vriesea drepanocarpa (Baker) Mez	Epip.	MC 366		Atlantic Forest
Vriesea duvaliana E.Morren	Epip.	AA 8165		Atlantic Forest
Vriesea ensiformis (Vell.) Beer	Epip.		PF 1887	Atlantic Forest
Vriesea flammea L.B.Sm.	Epip.		RB 497	Atlantic Forest
Vriesea graciliscapa W.Weber	Epip.	MC 759		Atlantic Forest
Vriesea procera (Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Wittm.	Epip.	ML 1132		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Vriesea psittacina (Hook.) Lindl.	Epip.	RB 435	ML 1178	Atlantic Forest		VU anexo II
Vriesea rhodostachys L.B.Sm.	Epip.		JJ 4783	Atlantic Forest
Vriesea ruschii L.B. Sm.	Epip.	RB 439	RB 501	Atlantic Forest
Vriesea sandrae Leme	Epip.	ML 743		Atlantic Forest
Vriesea simplex (Vell.) Beer	Epip.	MC 664	JP 777	Atlantic Forest
BURMANNIACEAE
Gymnosiphon divaricatus (Benth.) Benth. & Hook. f.	Herb.	ML 1288	ML 691	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
CACTACEAE
Cereus sp.1	Shr.	MC 769
Hatiora salicornioides (Haw.) Britton & Rose	Epip.		AA 4823	Atlantic Forest
Lepismium cruciforme (Vell.) Miq.	Epip.	MC 723		Atlantic Forest		LC
Rhipsalis baccifera (J.M.Muell.) Stearn subsp. hileiabaiana N.P.Taylor & Barthlott	Epip. *	MC 495		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest		VU
Rhipsalis floccosa Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff.	Epip.	MC 497		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest		LC
Rhipsalis oblonga Loefgr.	Epip.	RB 430	PF 1778	Atlantic Forest		NT
CAMPANULACEAE
Centropogon cornutus (L.) Druce	Sub-shr.	MC 375	AA 4211	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
CANNABACEAE
Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg.	Shr.	WT 14162		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal
CANNACEAE
Canna paniculata Ruiz & Pav.	Sub-shr.		AA 4236	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
CARDIOPTERIDACEAE
Citronella megaphylla (Miers) R.A. Howard	Arb.	RP 121		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
CARICACEAE
Jacaratia heptaphylla (Vell.) A.DC.	Arb.	MC 820	ML 350	Atlantic Forest
CARYOCARACEAE
Caryocar edule Casar.	Arb.		AA 4544	Atlantic Forest
CELASTRACEAE
Anthodon decussatum Ruiz & Pav.	Clim.	RB 377		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers) A.C.Sm.	Clim.	RB 420		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal
Cheiloclinium serratum (Cambess.) A.C.Sm.	Clim.		RP 844	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Maytenus brasiliensis Mart.	Arb.	MC 491	PF 1805	Atlantic Forest
Peritassa hatschbachii Lombardi	Clim.	ML 1128		Atlantic Forest
Pristimera nervosa (Miers) A.C. Sm.	Clim.	MC 558		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest	Bahia
Salacia elliptica (Mart. ex Schult.) G.Don	Clim.		JP 498	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal
Tontelea mauritioides (A.C.Sm.) A.C.Sm.	Clim.	MC 842		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Tontelea miersii (Peyr.) A.C.Sm.	Clim.		JJ 4784	Atlantic Forest
CHLORANTHACEAE
Hedyosmum brasiliense Mart. ex Miq.	Shr.		AA 4791	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
CHRYSOBALANACEAE
Hirtella santosii Prance	Arb.	MC 624	JJ 4791	Atlantic Forest
Licania belemii Prance	Arb.	ML 736		Atlantic Forest
Licania hoehnei Pilg.	Arb.	PF 2915		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Licania hypoleuca Benth.	Arb.	ML 710		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Licania octandra (Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult.) Kuntze	Arb.	LM 4900		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
CLUSIACEAE
Clusia cf. criuvaCambess.	Arb.		ML 323	Atlantic Forest
Clusia cf. dardanoiG.Mariz & Maguire	Shr.	MC 767		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Clusia melchiori Gleason	Arb.	ML 719	WT 14318	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Clusia panapanari (Aubl.) Choisy	Epip.		MC 648	Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Garcinia gardneriana (Planch. & Triana) Zappi	Arb.	RB 522		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Garcinia macrophylla Mart.	Arb.	AA 4678		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Tovomita sp. 1	Arb.	MC 602
Tovomita mangle G.Mariz	Arb.		PF 1906	Atlantic Forest
COMBRETACEAE
Combretum mellifluum Eichler	Clim.	MC 672		Atlantic Forest
COMMELINACEAE
Callisia monandra (Sw.) Schult.f.	Herb.	MC 701		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Commelina sp.1	Herb.		ML 1152	Atlantic Forest
Dichorisandra sp. 1	Herb.	MC 605		Atlantic Forest
Dichorisandra sp. nova	Herb.	MC 691		Atlantic Forest
Dichorisandra sp.3	Herb.		RB 496	Atlantic Forest
CONNARACEAE
Connarus sp. 1	Clim.	JP 901		Atlantic Forest
Connarus sp. 2	Clim.	MC 854		Atlantic Forest
COSTACEAE
Chamaecostus cuspidatus (Nees & Mart.) C. Specht & D. W. Stev.	Herb.	MC 493		Atlantic Forest		EN anexo I
Costus scaber Ruiz & Pav.	Sub-shr.		AA 4899	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Costus spiralis (Jacq.) Roscoe	Herb.	MC 568		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Bahia
CUCURBITACEAE
Cayaponia sp. 1	Clim.	MC 357
Cayaponia cf. tayuya(Vell.) Cogn.	Clim.	RB 375		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Cayaponia trifoliolata (Cogn.) Cogn.	Clim.		MC 654	Atlantic Forest
Gurania acuminata Cogn.	Clim.		JP 788	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Gurania bignoniacea (Poepp. & Endl.) C.Jeffrey	Clim.	AA 4685	AA 4219	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Gurania speciosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Cogn.	Clim.		ML 1145	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Melothria cucumis Vell.	Clim.	RP 108		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
CUNONIACEAE
Lamanonia ternata Vell.	Arb.		AA 4830	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
CYCLANTHACEAE
Asplundia gardneri (Hook.) Harling	Hemiep.	MC 531		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Asplundia maximiliani Harling	Hemiep.	DC 2139		Atlantic Forest
Evodianthus funifer (Poit.) Lindm.	Hemiep.	MC 528	FF 1492	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Thoracocarpus bissectus (Vell.) Harling	Hemiep.		ML 303	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
CYPERACEAE
Becquerelia cymosa Brongn.	Herb.	RB 446	AA 4532a	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Cryptangium sp.1	Herb.		ML 660	Atlantic Forest
Hypolytrum aff. lucennoiM.Alves & W.W.Thomas	Herb.		PF 1836	Atlantic Forest
Hypolytrum schraderianum Nees	Herb.		AA 4532	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Kyllinga sp.1	Herb.		ML 1163	Atlantic Forest
Pleurostachys sp.1	Herb.	WT 14182		Atlantic Forest
Pleurostachys sp.2	Herb.		AA 4888	Atlantic Forest
Pleurostachys gaudichaudii Brongn.	Herb.	WT 14180	ML 1151	Atlantic Forest
Pleurostachys aff.orbignyana Brongn.	Herb.	RB 544		Atlantic Forest
Pleurostachys puberula Boeckeler	Herb.	MC 365		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Rhynchospora sp. 1	Herb.	RB 425		Atlantic Forest
Rhynchospora cryptantha C.B.Clarke	Herb.		WT 14326	Atlantic Forest
Rhynchospora splendens Lindm.	Herb.	MC 356	WT 14332	Atlantic Forest
Scleria sp.1	Herb.		AA 4235	Atlantic Forest
Scleria latifolia Sw.	Herb.	MC 355		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Scleria panicoides Kunth	Herb.	ML 380		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa
Scleria scabra Willd.	Herb.	RB 396		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal
DICHAPETALACEAE
Stephanopodium blanchetianum Baill.	Arb.	MC 794		Atlantic Forest
DILLENIACEAE
Davilla nitida (Vahl) Kubitzki	Clim.	RP 712		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Doliocarpus sp. 1	Clim.	MC 871		Atlantic Forest
DIOSCOREACEAE
Dioscorea sp.1	Clim.		MC 638	Atlantic Forest
Dioscorea macrothyrsa Uline	Clim.		MC 670	Atlantic Forest
Dioscorea multiflora Mart. ex Griseb.	Clim.		JP 566	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Dioscorea subhastata Vell.	Clim.	RB 561		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
EBENACEAE
Diospyros sp. 1	Arb.	MC 589
Diospyros apeibacarpos Raddi	Arb.		PF 1826	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Diospyros riedelii (Hiern) B.Walln.	Arb.	AA 4677		Atlantic Forest
ELAEOCARPACEAE
Sloanea guianensis (Aubl.) Benth.	Arb.	MC 867	PF 2637	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Sloanea garckeana K. Schum.	Arb.	ML 703		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
ERYTHROXYLACEAE
Erythroxylum citrifolium A.St.-Hil.	Arb.	MC 530	WT 14320	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Erythroxylum columbinum Mart.	Arb.		AA 4879	Atlantic Forest
Erythroxylum cuspidifolium Mart.	Arb.		AA 4834	Atlantic Forest
Erythroxylum flaccidum Salzm. ex Peyr.	Shr.	MC 686		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Erythroxylum aff.macrocalyx Mart.	Arb.	MC 559		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Erythroxylum nobile O.E. Schulz	Arb.	MC 626		Atlantic Forest
Erythroxylum aff. pulchrumA.St.Hil.	Arb.	MC 735		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Erythroxylum squamatum Sw.	Arb.	MC 622		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
EUPHORBIACEAE
Acalypha sp.1	Shr.	RB 382		Atlantic Forest
Actinostemon appendiculatus Jabl.	Shr.	LM 4901		Atlantic Forest
Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Müll. Arg.	Arb.	ML 706		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Aparisthmium cordatum (A.Juss.) Baill.	Arb.		ML 295	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Bernardia scabra Müll.Arg.	Shr.		WT 14291	Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Cnidosculus oligandrus (Müll.Arg.) Pax	Arb.	MC 745		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Croton sp.1	Shr.	AA 4704		Atlantic Forest
Croton floribundus Spreng.	Arb.	MC 766		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Croton macrobothrys Baill.	Arb.	MC 879		Atlantic Forest
Croton sincorensis Mart.	Shr.	MC 824		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Dalechampia ficifolia Lam.	Clim.	MC 450	RB 484	Atlantic Forest
Dalechampia ilheotica Wawra	Clim.		WT 14288	Atlantic Forest
Mabea piriri Aubl.	Arb.		FF 1501	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Microstachys aff. hispida(Mart.) Govaerts	Shr.	MC 595	RB 485	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Pausandra morisiana (Casar.) Radlk.	Arb.	MC 823	PF 2627	Atlantic Forest
Senefeldera verticillata (Vell.) Croizat	Arb.	MC 483		Atlantic Forest
Tetrorchidium rubrivenium Poepp.	Arb.	PF 2910	JP 782	Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
FABACEAE
Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & J.W. Grimes	Arb.	RB 380		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest		VU
Albizia pedicellaris (DC.) L. Rico	Arb.	JP 908		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Anadenanthera peregrina var.falcata (Benth.) Altschul	Arb.	MC 407		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Andira fraxinifolia Benth.	Arb.		PF 1543	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Bauhinia sp. 1	Clim.	MC 729		Atlantic Forest
Bauhinia integerrima Mart. ex Benth.	Arb.	JP 904	JP 765	Atlantic Forest		EN
Centrolobium robustum (Vell.) Mart. ex Benth.	Arb.	MC 746		Atlantic Forest
Centrosema virginianum (L.) Benth.	Clim.	MC 455		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Copaifera trapezifolia Hayne	Arb.	ML 1280		Atlantic Forest
Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth.	Arb.	MC 811		Atlantic Forest		VU
Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC.	Sub-shr.	MC 781		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa
Exostyles venusta Schott	Arb.	MC 717		Atlantic Forest
Inga blanchetiana Benth.	Arb.	PF 1612		Atlantic Forest		EN
Inga capitata Desv.	Arb.	ML 353	ML 1089	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Inga conchifolia L.P. Queiroz	Arb.		PF 2648	Atlantic Forest
Inga grazielae (Vinha) T.D.Penn.	Arb.	MC 600	ML 1097	Atlantic Forest		VU
Inga marginata Willd.	Arb.	MC 488	MC 424	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Inga tenuis (Vell.) Mart.	Arb.	ML 1108	ML 669	Atlantic Forest
Inga thibaudiana DC.	Arb.	MC 801		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Machaerium sp.1	Clim.	AA 8161		Atlantic Forest
Machaerium salzmannii Benth.	Clim.	RP 706		Atlantic Forest
Macrolobium latifolium Vogel	Arb.	PF 1639	PF 1820	Atlantic Forest
Ormosia fastigiata Tul.	Arb.		ML 313	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Peltogyne confertiflora (Mart. ex Hayne) Benth.	Arb.	RP 711		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Phanera sp. 1	Clim.	MC 704		Atlantic Forest
Phanera sp.2	Clim.	MC 839		Atlantic Forest
Phanera smilacina (Schott) Vaz	Clim.	MC 728		Atlantic Forest
Piptadenia adiantoides (Spreng.) J.F.Macbr.	Arb.	AA 8127		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Plathymenia reticulata Benth.	Arb.	MC 864	AA s.n.	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Senegalia grandistipula (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger	Shr.	MC 489	LD 431	Atlantic Forest
Senegalia martiusiana (Steud.) Seigler & Ebinger	Arb.	PF 2907		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Senna affinis (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	Shr.	JP 896	AA 4091	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Senna splendida (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	Shr.	MC 716		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Swartzia simplex (Sw.) Spreng. var.continentalis Urb.	Arb.		JP 494	Atlantic Forest
GENTIANACEAE
Chelonanthus purpurascens (Aubl.) Struwe	Herb.	MC 783		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Macrocarpaea atlantica J.R. Grant & V. Trunz	Shr.	MC 596	AA 4792	Atlantic Forest
Macrocarpea orbiculata J.R.Grant & V.Trunz	Shr.		PF 2638	Atlantic Forest
Voyria aphylla (Jacq.) Pers.	Herb.	RP 128		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Voyria flavescens Griseb.	Herb.		AA 4237	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Voyria obconica Progel	Herb.	MC 516	JJ 4769	Atlantic Forest
Voyria tenella Hook.	Herb.		RB 712	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
GESNERIACEAE
Besleria flavovirens Nees & Mart.	Sub-shr.	MC 505	PF 1853	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Codonanthe cordifolia Chautems	Epip.		AA 4526	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Codonanthe gracilis (Mart.) Hanst.	Epip.	WT 14163		Atlantic Forest
Codonanthe uleana Fritsch	Epip.	MC 620	PF 1919	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Columnea sanguinea (Pers.) Hanst.	Epip.	WT 14173	AA 4203	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Nematanthus albus Chautems	Epip.	LM 4896	AA 4907	Atlantic Forest
Nematanthus corticola Schrad.	Epip.	MC 570	AA 4777	Atlantic Forest
Nematanthus lanceolatus (Poir.) Chautems	Epip.	MC 778		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Sinningia barbata (Nees & Mart.) G.Nicholson	Herb.		AA 4848	Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Sinningia brasiliensis (Regel & E.Schmidt) Wiehler & Chautems	Herb.	MC 571		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Sinningia nordestina Chautems, Baracho & Siqueira-Filho	Herb.	DC 2141		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
HELICONIACEAE
Heliconia sp.1	Herb.		AA 4245	Atlantic Forest
Heliconia angusta Vell.	Herb.	JJ 4661	RP 855	Atlantic Forest		Anexo I
Heliconia richardiana Miq.	Herb.	WT 14144	PF 1538	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Heliconia spathocircinata Aristeg.	Herb.	RB 555		Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal
HYPERICACEAE
Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy	Arb.	JP 857	ML 687	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
IRIDACEAE
Neomarica sp.1	Herb.		RB 499	Atlantic Forest
LACISTEMATACEAE
Lacistema robustum Schnizl.	Arb.		ML 1090	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest		LR lc
LAMIACEAE
Aegiphila vitelliniflora Walp.	Clim.	JP 905		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Hyptis cf. atrorubensPoit.	Sub-shr.		AA 4239	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
LAURACEAE
Aiouea laevis (Mart.) Kosterm.	Arb.	MC 841		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Aniba intermedia (Meisn.) Mez	Arb.	MC 597		Atlantic Forest
Cryptocarya velloziana P.L.R.Moraes	Arb.	JP 802		Atlantic Forest
Licaria bahiana Kurz	Arb.	LM 4910	PF 1781	Atlantic Forest
Ocotea sp. 1	Arb.	LM 1139		Atlantic Forest
Ocotea sp. 2	Arb.	JP 832		Atlantic Forest
Ocotea aciphylla (Nees & Mart.) Mez	Arb.		PF 2645	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest		LR lc
Ocotea cernua (Nees) Mez	Arb.	MC 565	JJ 4781	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ocotea daphnifolia (Meisn.) Mez	Arb.	WT 14158	ML 668	Atlantic Forest
Ocotea aff. deflexaRohwer	Arb.	MC 432		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Ocotea dispersa (Nees & Mart.) Mez	Arb.		PF 1774	Atlantic Forest
Ocotea divaricata (Nees) Mez	Arb.	MC 376	ML 1102	Atlantic Forest
Ocotea indecora (Schott) Mez	Arb.		LD 436	Atlantic Forest
Ocotea cf. insignisMez	Arb.	MC 581		Atlantic Forest
Ocotea nitida (Meisn.) Rohwer	Arb.		ML 346	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ocotea notata (Nees & Mart.) Mez	Arb.	RB 457		Atlantic Forest
Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees	Arb.	MC 498		Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest		LR lc
Ocotea tabacifolia (Meisn.) Rohwer	Arb.	RB 538	AA 4233	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Ocotea cf. velloziana(Meisn.) Mez	Arb.		RP 852	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Persea americana Mill.	Arb.	JP 893	AA 4232	Atlantic Forest
Rhodostemonodaphne sp. 1	Arb.	RB 448	PF 1792	Atlantic Forest
LECYTHIDACEAE
Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze	Arb.		JP 506	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Lecythis lanceolata Poir.	Arb.		PF 1843	Atlantic Forest		LR cd
Lecythis pisonis Cambess.	Arb.	MC 765		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
LINACEAE
Roucheria columbiana Hallier	Arb.	MC 875	ML 1159	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
LINDERNIACEAE
Cubitanthus alatus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Barringer	Herb.	MC 446		Atlantic Forest
LOASACEAE
Aosa parviflora (Schrad. ex DC.) Weigend	Herb.		AA 4225	Atlantic Forest
LOGANIACEAE
Spigelia sp. 1	Herb.	RB 569		Atlantic Forest
Spigelia laurina Cham. & Schltdl.	Sub-shr.	ML 1262		Atlantic Forest
Strychnos sp.1	Clim.	AA 8146		Atlantic Forest
LORANTHACEAE
Phthirusa clandestina (Mart.) Mart.	Hemi-par.		PF 1525	Atlantic Forest
Struthanthus sp.1	Hemi-par.	AA 8124	ML 316	Atlantic Forest
Struthanthus polyrhizus (Mart.) Mart.	Hemi-par.	MC 722		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Struthanthus salicifolius Mart.	Hemi-par.	MC 865		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
MALPIGHIACEAE
Amorimia rigida (A.Juss.) W.R.Anderson	Shr.		AA 4102	Atlantic Forest
Banisteriopsis sp.1	Clim.		AA 4104	Atlantic Forest
Banisteriopsis membranifolia (A.Juss.) B.Gates	Clim.		PF 1539	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Byrsonima sericea DC.	Arb.	RB 441		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Byrsonima stipulacea A.Juss.	Arb.	MC 872		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Diplopterys patula (B.Gates) W.R.Anderson & C.Cav.Davis	Clim.	MC 697	AA 4838	Atlantic Forest
Heteropterys bullata Amorim	Clim.	WT 14193	RP 839	Atlantic Forest		VU anexo II
Heteropterys imperata Amorim	Clim.	ML 1137	PF 2632	Atlantic Forest
Heteropterys macrostachya A.Juss.	Clim.	AA 8131		Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Heteropterys nitida (Lam.) DC.	Clim.		AA 4105	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Hiraea sp. 1	Clim.	MC 734		Atlantic Forest
Hiraea bullata W.R.Anderson	Clim.	MC 443	AA 4559	Atlantic Forest
Niedenzuella acutifolia (Cav.) W.R. Anderson	Shr.	MC 555	AA 4524	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Stigmaphyllon sp.1	Clim.		MC 422	Atlantic Forest
Stigmaphyllon blanchetii C.E. Anderson	Clim.	ML 1109	PF 1920	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Stigmaphyllon salzmannii A.Juss.	Clim.	MC 711		Atlantic Forest
Tetrapterys phlomoides (Spreng.) Nied.	Clim.	MC 682	AA 4871	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
MALVACEAE
Ceiba ventricosa (Nees & Mart.) Ravenna	Arb.	MC 690		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Eriotheca globosa (Aubl.) A. Robyns	Arb.	MC 395	ML 657	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Helicteres ovata Lam.	Shr.	MC 451		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Hydrogaster trinervis Kuhlm.	Arb.	MC 718		Atlantic Forest
Pachira glabra Pasq.	Arb.	MC 721	WT 14287	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Pavonia castaneifolia A.St.-Hil. & Naudin	Herb.	MC 693		Atlantic Forest
Pavonia fruticosa (Mill.) Fawc. & Rendle	Sub-shr.		AA 4882	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Pavonia cf. moriiKrapov.	Shr.	ML 716		Atlantic Forest
Pseudobombax grandiflorum (Cav.) A.Robyns	Arb.	MC 726		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Quararibea sp.1	Arb.	MC 826		Atlantic Forest
Quararibea penduliflora (A.St.-Hil.) K.Schum.	Arb.	MC 572		Atlantic Forest
Sterculia excelsa Mart.	Arb.	MC 676		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.	Sub-shr.	MC 805		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
MARANTACEAE
Calathea sp. 1	Herb.	MC 417		Atlantic Forest
Calathea cylindrica (Roscoe) K.Schum.	Herb.	MC 469		Atlantic Forest
Calathea rotundifolia Körn.	Herb.	ML 390		Atlantic Forest
Calathea zebrina (Sims) Lindl.	Herb.	RB 546		Atlantic Forest
Monotagma grallatum Hagberg	Herb.	RB 563	ML 1157	Atlantic Forest
Stromanthe porteana Griseb.	Sub-shr.	PF 1616		Atlantic Forest
Stromanthe tonckat (Aubl.) Eichler	Sub-shr.	DC 2144	ML 1156	Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
MARCGRAVIACEAE
Marcgravia polyantha Delpino	Hemiep.		AA 4250	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Schwartzia jucuensis Gir.-Caňas	Hemiep.		PF 1850	Atlantic Forest
MELASTOMATACEAE
Bertolonia sp.1	Epip.	RB 461	AA 4521	Atlantic Forest
Bertolonia sp. 2 *	Herb. *	MC 477		Atlantic Forest
Bertolonia bullata Baumgratz, Amorim & A.B.Jardim *	Epip. *		AA 4831	Atlantic Forest
Bertolonia carmoi Baumgratz	Epip.	MC 389		Atlantic Forest
Bertolonia marmorata (Naudin) Naudin	Herb.		AA 4861	Atlantic Forest
Clidemia capilliflora (Naudin) Cogn.	Shr.	MC 359		Atlantic Forest
Clidemia dentata D. Don	Shr.	PF 1614		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don	Sub-shr.	MC 575		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Conostegia icosandra (Sw.) Urb.	Arb.		JP 764	Atlantic Forest
Graffenrieda intermedia Triana	Arb.	RP 127	ML 1103	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Huberia consimilis Baumgratz	Arb.	RB 383		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Leandra sp.1	Shr.	MC 608		Atlantic Forest
Leandra aff. carassana(DC.) Cogn.	Arb.		AA 4819	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Leandra clidemioides (Naudin) Wurdack	Shr.	RP 860	ML 682	Atlantic Forest
Leandra cuneata (Mart.) Cogn.	Arb.		PF 1823	Atlantic Forest
Leandra dasytricha (A. Gray) Cogn.	Arb.	RB 540	PF 1901	Atlantic Forest
Leandra ionopogon (Mart.) Cogn.	Shr.	MC 591	AA 4789	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Leandra laevigata (Triana) Cogn.	Shr.		WT 14297	Atlantic Forest
Leandra melastomoides Raddi	Shr.	MC 601	AA 4539	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Leandra rhamnifolia (Naudin) Cogn.	Sub-shr.	RB 571	RB 521	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Miconia calvescens DC.	Arb.	MC 659	AA 4234	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Miconia centrodesma Naudin	Arb.		AA 4803	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Miconia chartacea Triana	Arb.	MC 353	WT 14305	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Miconia dodecandra Cogn.	Arb.		AA 4214	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Miconia dorsaliporosa R.Goldenb. & Reginato	Arb.	JP 851		Atlantic Forest
Miconia holosericea (L.) DC.	Shr.	MC 860		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Miconia octopetala Cogn.	Arb.	RB 405	ML 1105	Atlantic Forest
Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC.	Arb.	RP 861		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Miconia aff. rimalisNaudin	Arb.	MC 731	ML 697	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Miconia ruficalyx Gleason	Arb.	RP 120	PF 2639	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Miconia tristis Spring	Shr.	PF 2936	ML 671	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ossaea angustifolia (DC.) Triana	Shr.	MC 632	WT 14302	Atlantic Forest
Ossaea cabraliensis (Wurdack) D'El Rei Souza	Arb.	MC 583	WT 14301	Atlantic Forest
Ossaea quadrisulca (Naudin) Wurdack	Shr.	MC 503	AA 4224	Atlantic Forest
Ossaea sulbahiensis D'El Rei Souza	Shr.	ML 1282		Atlantic Forest
Pleiochiton blepharodes (DC.) Reginato & R. Goldenb.	Epip.		AA 4774	Atlantic Forest
Tibouchina arborea (Gardner) Cogn.	Arb.		ML 304	Atlantic Forest
Tibouchina fissinervia (Schrank & Mart. ex DC.) Cogn.	Arb.	JP 846	AA 4787	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
MELIACEAE
Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart. subsp.canjerana	Arb.	JP 897	ML 1087	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Guarea blanchetii C.DC.	Arb.	ML 729	PF 1529	Atlantic Forest
Guarea kunthiana A. Juss.	Arb.	PF 2931	MC 522	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Trichilia lepidota Mart.	Arb.	JP 906	JP 773	Atlantic Forest		EN
Trichilia tetrapetala C.DC.	Arb.	MC 461	ML 330	Atlantic Forest		EN
MENISPERMACEAE
Anomospermum reticulatum (Mart.) Eichler	Clim.		AA 4856	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Chondodendron microphyllum (Eichl.) Mold.	Clim.	MC 471		Atlantic Forest
Disciphania hernandia (Vell.) Barneby	Clim.	MC 874		Atlantic Forest
MONIMIACEAE
Mollinedia sp. 1	Shr.	ML 1118	PF 1818	Atlantic Forest
Mollinedia sp. 2	Shr.	MC 507		Atlantic Forest
Mollinedia oligantha Perkins	Arb.	ML 1122	JP 499	Atlantic Forest
MORACEAE
Clarisia ilicifolia (Spreng.) Lanj. & Rossberg	Arb.	MC 543		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Dorstenia bahiensis Klotzsch ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.	Herb.		AA 4238	Atlantic Forest
Dorstenia hirta Desv.	Herb.	AA 4707	WT 14295	Atlantic Forest
Dorstenia setosa Moric.	Herb.	AA 4708		Atlantic Forest
Ficus arpazusa Casar.	Arb.	PF 2913		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ficus bahiensis C.C. Berg & Carauta	Arb.	ML 1281		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ficus citrifolia Mill.	Arb.	MC 460		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ficus cyclophylla (Miq.) Miq.	Arb.	AA 8157		Atlantic Forest
Ficus hirsuta Schott	Arb.	JP 862		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest		LR nt
Ficus insipida Willd.	Arb.	ML 365		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ficus nymphaeifolia Mill.	Arb.	MC 770		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ficus trigona L.f.	Arb.	MC 743	RC 1046	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Helicostylis tomentosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Rusby	Arb.		JP 767	Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Sorocea hilarii Gaudich.	Arb.	JP 853		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Sorocea racemosa Gaudich.	Arb.	MC 750	AA 4560	Atlantic Forest
MYRISTICACEAE
Virola bicuhyba (Schott ex Spreng.) Warb.	Arb.	MC 877		Atlantic Forest
Virola officinalis Warb.	Arb.	RB 537		Atlantic Forest
MYRTACEAE
Myrtac. sp.1	Arb.	MC 878		Atlantic Forest
Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O.Berg	Arb.		ML 696	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa
Calyptranthes pulchella DC.	Arb.		WT 14336	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Eugenia sp. 1	Arb.	ML 1124		Atlantic Forest
Eugenia sp. 2	Arb.	MC 556		Atlantic Forest
Eugenia adenantha O. Berg.	Arb.	MC 593		Atlantic Forest
Eugenia cerasiflora Miq.	Arb.	MC 557		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Eugenia excelsa O.Berg	Arb.	ML 715		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Eugenia cf. floridaDC.	Arb.		ML 310	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Eugenia itapemirimensis Cambess.	Arb.	PF 2911	PF 1814	Atlantic Forest
Eugenia ligustrina (Sw.) Willd.	Arb.	RP 119		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Bahia
Eugenia schottiana O. Berg.	Arb.	MC 628		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Eugenia tinguyensis Cambess.	Arb.	LM 4917	ML 1091	Atlantic Forest
Gomidesia sp. 1	Arb.	RP 705	WT 14321	Atlantic Forest
Marlierea sp. 1	Arb.	DC 2131		Atlantic Forest
Marlierea cf. affinis(O.Berg) D. Legrand	Arb.	ML 360		Atlantic Forest
Marlierea cf. obversa D. Legrand	Arb.	ML 391		Atlantic Forest
Marlierea cf. racemosa(Vell.) Kiaersk.	Arb.		AA 4213	Atlantic Forest
Marlierea cf.verticillaris O.Berg	Arb.	MC 485		Atlantic Forest
Myrceugenia pilotantha (Kiaersk.) Landrum	Arb.	RB 548		Atlantic Forest		VU
Myrcia cf. bicolorKiaersk.	Arb.	RP 719		Atlantic Forest
Myrcia lascada Sobral	Arb.		ML 658	Atlantic Forest
Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC.	Arb.	MC 669		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Myrcia pendula Sobral	Arb.	ML 1232		Atlantic Forest
Myrcia pubescens DC.	Arb.	RB 550	RP 686	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Myrcia racemosa (O.Berg) Kiaersk.	Arb.	JP 807		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Myrcia spectabilis DC.	Arb.	ML 366		Atlantic Forest
Myrcia tenuivenosa Kiaersk.			JJ 4794	Atlantic Forest
Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) Landrum	Arb.	JP 819		Atlantic Forest	Northeast
NYCTAGINACEAE
Guapira sp.1	Arb.	AA 4697	ML 336	Atlantic Forest
Guapira sp.2	Arb.	JP 891	PF 1851	Atlantic Forest
Guapira cf. obtusata(Jacq.) Little	Arb.	WT 14168	AA 4535	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz	Arb.	RB 536	ML 327	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Neea floribunda Poepp. & Endl.	Arb.	AA 4690		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Neea laxa Poepp. & Endl.	Arb.	JP 821	ML 1085	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
OCHNACEAE
Ouratea sp.1	Shr.		AA 4202	Atlantic Forest
Sauvagesia vellozii (Vell. ex A.St.-Hil.) Sastre	Sub-shr.		PF 1812	Atlantic Forest
OLACACEAE
Tetrastylidium grandifolium (Baill.) Sleumer	Arb.	JP 808		Atlantic Forest
OLEACEAE
Chionanthus micranthus (Mart.) Lozano & Fuertes	Shr.		JJ 4780	Atlantic Forest
ONAGRACEAE
Fuchsia regia (Vell.) Munz	Epip.	RB 385		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
ORCHIDACEAE
Acianthera oligantha (Barb.Rodr.) F.Barros	Epip.	AF 2631		Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Acianthera saundersiana (Rchb.f.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase	Epip.	JP 894		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Alatiglossum ciliatum (Lindl.) Baptista	Herb.	MC 419		Atlantic Forest
Alatiglossum longipes (Lindl.) Baptista	Epip.	MC 478		Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Anathallis sclerophylla (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase	Epip.	MC 678	AA 4083	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Aspidogyne argentea (Vell.) Garay	Herb.	JP 917	PF 1834	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Aspidogyne foliosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay	Herb.		ML 342	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Baptistonia silvana (V.P.Castro & Campacci) V.P.Castro & Chiron	Epip.	ML 1121		Atlantic Forest
Bifrenaria calcarata Barb.Rodr.	Epip.	RP 86		Atlantic Forest
Brasilaelia grandis (Lindl. & Paxton) Gutfreund	Epip.		PF 1769	Atlantic Forest
Brassia arachnoidea Barb.Rodr.	Epip.	MC 404		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Bulbophyllum cf. exaltatumLindl.	Epip.	MC 714		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Bulbophyllum napellii Lindl.	Epip.	MC 369		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Camaridium carinatum (Barb.Rodr.) Hoehne	Epip.	ML 1275	PF 1576	Atlantic Forest
Camaridium cf. micranthumM.A.Blanco	Epip.	AF 2625		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Campylocentrum cf.linearifolium Cogn.	Epip.	RP 113		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Campylocentrum robustum Cogn.	Epip.	PF 2750		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Catasetum cf. hookeriLindl.	Epip.	AA 8123		Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Cattleya cf. elongataBarb. Rodr.	Epip.		MC 421	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Atlantic Forest
Cattleya warneri T.Moore	Herb.	MC 445		Atlantic Forest		VU
Coppensia flexuosa (Sims) Campacci	Epip.	ML 1135	PF 1810	Atlantic Forest
Coppensia hookeri (Rolfe) F.Barros & L.Guimarães	Epip.	AF 2644		Atlantic Forest
Coryanthes sp.1	Epip.		AF 2601	Atlantic Forest
Cyrtopodium flavum Link & Otto ex Rchb.f.	Herb. *	MC 472		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Dichaea cogniauxiana Schltr.	Epip.	AF 2636	AA 4537	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Elleanthus brasiliensis (Lindl.) Rchb.f.	Herb.	JP 874		Atlantic Forest
Elleanthus crinipes Rchb.f.	Epip.		ML 1164	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Elleanthus linifolius C. Presl	Epip.	RP 102	ML 1161	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Encyclia patens Hook.	Epip.		MC 428	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Epidendrum sp. 1	Epip.	AF 2628		Atlantic Forest
Epidendrum densiflorum Lindl.	Epip. *	MC 684		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Epidendrum flexuosum G.Mey.	Epip.		AF 2600	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Epidendrum paranaense Barb.Rodr.	Epip.	RP 95	JP 583	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Epidendrum proligerum Barb.Rodr.	Epip.		ML 674	Atlantic Forest
Epidendrum ramosum Jacq.	Epip.		AA 4808	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Epidendrum rigidum Jacq.	Herb.	MC 496		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Epidendrum saxatile Lindl.	Herb.		PF 1572	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Epidendrum secundum Jacq.	Epip.	AF 2638		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Gomesa handroi (Hoehne) Pabst	Epip.		WT 14310	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Gomesa recurva Barb.Rodr.	Epip.	MC 585	AF 2613	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Heterotaxis brasiliensis (Brieger & Illg) F.Barros	Epip. *	ML 1276	ML 664	Atlantic Forest
Houlletia brocklehurstiana Lindl.	Epip.	MC 641		Atlantic Forest
Huntleya meleagris Lindl.	Epip.		AA 4877	Atlantic Forest
Isochilus linearis (Ruiz & Pav.) R.Br.	Epip.	AF 2627		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Jacquiniella globosa (Jacq.) Schltr.	Epip.	MC 771	ML 1167	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Liparis nervosa (Thumb.) Lindl.	Herb.	JP 887		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Lockhartia lunifera (Lindl.) Rchb.f.	Epip.	MC 533		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Malaxis excavata (Lindl.) Kuntze	Herb.	ML 726	AA 4073	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Maxillaria leucaimata Barb. Rodr.	Epip.	RP 98	PF 1573	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Maxillaria ochroleuca Lodd. ex Lindl.	Epip.		ML 688	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Maxillaria cf. rodriguesiiCogn.	Epip.	RP 103		Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Maxillariella robusta (Barb.Rodr.) M.A.Blanco & Carnevali	Epip.	AA 4706		Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Microchilus arietinus (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Ormerod	Herb.	ML 352		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Microchilus lamprophyllus (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Ormerod	Herb.	AF 2624	ML 690	Atlantic Forest
Myoxanthus punctatus (Barb. Rodr.) Luer	Epip.	MC 569		Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Nitidobulbon nasutum (Rchb.f.) Ojeda & Carnevali	Epip.	RP 101	AA 4541	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Octomeria crassifolia Lindl.	Epip.	AF 2643	PF 1559	Atlantic Forest
Octomeria tricolor Rchb.f.	Epip.	RP 93	JJ 4768	Atlantic Forest
Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl.	Herb.	RP 87		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ornithidium rigidum (Barb.Rodr.) M.A.Blanco & Ojeda	Epip.	ML 1274		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Pabstiella carinifera (Barb.Rodr.) Luer	Epip.	LD 332		Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Pabstiella ramphastorhyncha (Barb. Rodr.) L. Kollmann	Epip.	RP 106		Atlantic Forest
Platystele sp.1	Epip.		AA 4839	Atlantic Forest
Pleurothallis sp.1	Epip.		AA 4810	Atlantic Forest
Pleurothallis ruscifolia (Jacq.) R.Br.	Epip.	RP 88		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Polycycnis silvana F.Barros	Epip.		AA 4090	Atlantic Forest
Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & Sweet	Epip.	MC 763		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Polystachya estrellensis Rchb.f.	Epip.	MC 394	AA 4230	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Prescottia stachyodes (Sw.) Lindl.	Herb.	RP 89	JP 586	Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Promenaea silvana F.Barros & Cath.	Epip. *	MC 532		Atlantic Forest
Prosthechea sp.1	Epip.		AA 4207	Atlantic Forest
Prosthechea bueraremensis (Campacci) Campacci	Epip.	ML 1133		Atlantic Forest
Prosthechea calamaria (Lindl.) W.E.Higgins	Epip.	RP 100		Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Prosthechea fragrans (Sw.) W.E.Higgins	Epip.		ML 1104	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Prosthechea pachysepala (Klotzsch) Chiron & V.P.Castro	Epip.		PF 1567	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Prosthechea pygmaea (Hook.) W.E.Higgins	Epip.	ML 1272		Atlantic Forest
Psilochilus modestus Barb.Rodr.	Herb.		AA 4788	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Rhetinantha notylioglossa (Rchb.f.) M.A.Blanco	Epip.	AF 2632		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Scaphyglottis modesta (Rchb.f.) Schltr.	Epip.	RP 99	AF 2603	Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Scuticaria hadwenii (Lindl.) Planch.	Epip.	RP 94		Atlantic Forest
Sobralia sessilis Lindl.	Epip.	ML 1264		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Stelis sp. 1	Epip.	ML 1263		Atlantic Forest
Stelis intermedia Poepp. & Endl.	Epip.		ML 348	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Stelis megantha Barb. Rodr.	Epip.		PF 1553	Atlantic Forest
Stelis papaquerensis Rchb.f.	Epip.	AA 8139		Atlantic Forest	Bahia
Stigmatosema polyaden (Vell.) Garay	Herb.	WT 14165		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Vanilla cf. bahianaHoehne	Epip.	AF 2642		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Vanilla cf. bicolorLindl.	Epip.	ML 1277		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest	Northeast and Atlantic Forest
Xylobium colleyi (Batem. ex Lindl.) Rolfe	Epip.	ML 1269		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Xylobium variegatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Mansf.	Epip.	JP 877	ML 1165	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Zygopetalum sp. 1	Herb.	ML 1268		Atlantic Forest
PASSIFLORACEAE
Passiflora contracta Vitta	Clim.	MC 673	ML 677	Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Passiflora nitida Kunth	Clim.	PF 2924		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Atlantic Forest
PENTAPHYLLACEAE
Ternstroemia alnifolia Wawra	Arb.		WT 14339	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
PERACEAE
Pogonophora schomburgkiana Miers ex Benth.	Shr.	MC 623		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
PHYLLANTHACEAE
Hieronyma oblonga (Tul.) Müll.Arg.	Arb.	JP 801	AA 4827	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Margaritaria nobilis L.f.	Arb.	RB 541	JP 776	Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Phyllanthus gradyi M.J.Silva & M.F.Sales	Arb.		AA 4842	Atlantic Forest
Phyllanthus subemarginatus Müll. Arg.	Sub-shr.	RP 109	AA 4860	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
PHYTOLACCACEAE
Phytolacca thyrsiflora Fenzl. ex J.A.Schmidt	Shr.		WT 14338	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa
PICRAMNIACEAE
Picramnia ciliata Mart.	Arb.	WT 14190	AA 4223	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Picramnia glazioviana Engl.	Arb.	JP 885	ML 672	Atlantic Forest
PIPERACEAE
Peperomia sp.1	Epip.	RB 421	DM 572	Atlantic Forest
Peperomia sp. Nova	Herb. *	RB 419	DM 571	Atlantic Forest
Peperomia alata Ruiz & Pav.	Epip. *	RB 564		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth	Epip. *	ML 1265		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Bahia
Peperomia corcovadensis Gardner	Epip. *	AA 4689	PF 2630	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Peperomia emarginella (Sw.) C.DC.	Epip.	MC 536	MJ 890	Atlantic Forest
Peperomia hernandiaefolia (Vahl) A.Dietr.	Epip.		AA 4783	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Peperomia macrostachya (Vahl) A.Dietr.	Epip.	JP 890	PF 1892	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Peperomia magnoliifolia (Jacq.) A. Dietr.	Epip. *	AA 4712	ML 317	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr.	Epip.	ML 714		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Peperomia pernambucensis Miq.	Epip.		PF 1797	Atlantic Forest
Peperomia tetraphylla (G.Forst.) Hook. & Arn.	Epip.	MC 371	PF 2625	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Peperomia urocarpa Fisch. & C.A. Mey.	Epip. *	AA 4694		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Piper amplum Kunth	Shr.	AA 4711	MJ 880	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Piper arboreum Aubl.	Shr.	AA 4709	MC 436	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Piper bowiei Yunck.	Shr.		MJ 879	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Piper caldense C.DC.	Shr.		MC 524	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Piper cernuum Vell.	Arb.	MC 590		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Piper dilatatum Rich.	Shr.		MJ 885	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Piper eucalyptophyllum C.DC.	Shr.	MC 459	MJ 878	Atlantic Forest
Piper hispidum Sw.	Shr.	AA 4713	MJ 887	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Piper klotzschianum (Kunth) C. DC.	Shr.	WT 14145		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Piper malacophyllum (C.Presl) C.DC.	Shr.	MC 856		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Piper mollicomum Kunth	Shr.		MJ 884	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Piper mosenii C.DC.	Shr.	AA 4710	MJ 876	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Piper robustipedunculum Yunck.	Shr.	DM 573		Atlantic Forest
Piper sprengelianum C.DC.	Shr.	DM 582	MJ 881	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Piper subglabrifolium C.DC.	Shr.	DM 577		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest	Northeast and Atlantic Forest
Piper umbellatum L.	Shr.	MC 525	MJ 882	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Piper vellosoi Yunck.	Shr.	WT 178b		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
POACEAE
Alvimia lancifolia Soderstr. & Londoão	Arb.		PO 1224	Atlantic Forest
Andropogon bicornis L.	Herb.	RB 374		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal
Arberella bahiensis Soderstr. & Zuloaga	Herb.		AA 4843	Atlantic Forest
Atractantha aureolanata Judz.	Arb.	MC 835		Atlantic Forest
Chusquea sp. 1	Arb.	RP 708	PO 1223	Atlantic Forest
Chusquea aff. attenuata(Döll) L.G.Clark	Arb.		PO 1220	Atlantic Forest
Chusquea oxylepis (Hack.) Ekman	Arb.		PO 1222	Atlantic Forest
Dichanthelium sp.1	Herb.		PO 1219	Atlantic Forest
Eremocaulon sp. 1	Arb.	ML 1251	PO 1226	Atlantic Forest
Guadua calderoniana Londoão & Judz.	Arb.	AA 8153		Atlantic Forest
Ichnanthus sp. 1	Herb.	MC 368	RB 505	Atlantic Forest
Ichnanthus hirtus (Raddi) Chase	Herb.	ML 1260		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ichnanthus leiocarpus (Spreng.) Kunth	Herb.	RB 384	PO 1215	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ichnanthus nemoralis (Schrad. ex Schult.) Hitchc. & Chase	Herb.	MC 761		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ichnanthus pallens (Sw.) Munro ex Benth.	Herb.	ML 1261	PO 1212	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ichnanthus tenuis (J.Presl & C.Presl) Hitchc. & Chase	Herb.		PO 1210	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Bahia
Lasiacis ligulata Hitchc. & Chase	Shr.	MC 715	AA 4220	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Merostachys sp. 1	Arb.	MC 848	PO 1221	Atlantic Forest
Merostachys sp. 2	Arb.	WT 14155		Atlantic Forest
Merostachys leptophylla Send.	Arb.	MC 760		Atlantic Forest
Merostachys cf.sparsiflora Rupr.	Arb.	AA 4688	PF 2651	Atlantic Forest
Ocellochloa cf. rudis(Nees) Zuloaga & Morrone	Herb.		RB 510	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Olyra latifolia L.	Herb.	ML 1229		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Panicum sp.1	Herb.	MC 385		Atlantic Forest
Panicum sp.2	Herb.		RB 478	Atlantic Forest
Panicum pilosum Sw.	Herb.		PO 1207	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal
Parodiolyra micrantha (Kunth) Davidse & Zuloaga	Herb.	MC 412		Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Parodiolyra ramosissima (Trin.) Soderstr. & Zuloaga	Herb.	ML 1107		Atlantic Forest
Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius	Herb.		PO 1211	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal
Paspalum corcovadense Raddi	Herb.		PO 1209	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Paspalum decumbens Sw.	Herb.	ML 1258	PO 1213	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Paspalum pilosum Lam.	Herb.		PO 1217	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Pharus lapullaceus Aubl.	Herb.	RB 523	PO 1214	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Pseudechinolaena polystachya (Kunth) Stapf	Herb.	MC 688		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Schizachyrium condensatum (Kunth) Nees	Herb.	ML 723		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa
Setaria sp.1	Herb.		PO 1208	Atlantic Forest
Streptochaeta spicata Schrad. ex Nees	Herb.	ML 1287		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
PODOSTEMACEAE
Mourera aspera (Bong.) Tul.	Herb.	MC 396		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Northeast
POLYGALACEAE
Polygala laureola A. St.-Hil.	Sub-shr.	MC 796	JP 797	Atlantic Forest
POLYGONACEAE
Coccoloba sp. 1	Clim.	MC 612		Atlantic Forest
Coccoloba declinata (Vell.) Mart.	Clim.	ML 733		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
PRIMULACEAE
Cybianthus sp. 1	Shr.	AA 4696		Atlantic Forest
Cybianthus amplus (Mez) G. Agostini	Arb.	MC 544	RP 850	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Cybianthus aff. detergensMart.	Arb.	ML 1123		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Cybianthus peruvianus (A.DC.) Miq.	Arb.	RP 715	WT 14341	Atlantic Forest
Myrsine sp.1	Arb.	MC 627		Atlantic Forest
Myrsine guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze	Arb.		JP 579	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Myrsine leuconeura Mart.	Arb.		JP 563	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Atlantic Forest
Myrsine venosa A.DC.	Arb.	MC 797	ML 349	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
PROTEACEAE
Panopsis multiflora (Schott) Ducke	Arb.		RP 847	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
QUIINACEAE
Lacunaria crenata (Tul.) A.C.Sm. subsp.decastyla (Radlk.)	Arb.	ML 1117	PF 1535	Atlantic Forest
RHAMNACEAE
Rhamnus sphaerosperma Sw.	Arb.	RB 458		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
ROSACEAE
Rubus sp.1	Clim.		MC 433	Atlantic Forest
RUBIACEAE
Amaioua sp.1	Arb.		WT 14342	Atlantic Forest
Bathysa sp.1	Arb.		PF 1914	Atlantic Forest
Bathysa cuspidata (A. St. Hil.) Hook. f. ex K.Schum.	Arb.	WT 14188		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Bathysa mendoncaei K.Schum.	Arb.		PF 2634	Atlantic Forest
Carapichea lucida J.G. Jardim & Zappi	Shr.	ML 1238	ML 683	Atlantic Forest
Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc.	Clim.	JP 816		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Coccocypselum aureum (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl.	Herb.	MC 680	MC 324	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Coccocypselum cordifolium Nees & Mart.	Herb.		JP 790	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Coccocypselum geophiloides Wawra	Herb.		JP 789	Atlantic Forest
Coccocypselum hasslerianum Chodat	Herb.		AA 4227	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Coccocypselum lanceolatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.	Herb.	JP 799		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Cordiera sp. 1	Shr.	LM 4914	ML 1096	Atlantic Forest
Coussarea contracta (Walp.) Müll.Arg.	Arb.	MC 416	AA 4836	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Coussarea graciliflora (Mart.) Müll.Arg.	Shr.		ML 661	Atlantic Forest
Coussarea ilheotica Müll. Arg.	Arb.	AA 4705		Atlantic Forest
Denscantia cymosa (Spreng.) E.L. Cabral & Bacigalupo	Clim.	RP 122		Atlantic Forest
Emmeorhyza umbellata (Spreng.) K. Schum.	Clim.	RP 116		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Faramea sp. 1	Shr.	ML 1119	PF 1825	Atlantic Forest
Faramea sp. 2	Arb.	MC 629		Atlantic Forest
Faramea martiana Müll.Arg.	Arb.	MC 391		Atlantic Forest
Faramea multiflora A.Rich.	Shr.		AA 4828	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Ferdinandusa edmundoi Sucre	Arb.	LM 4906		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Hillia parasitica Jacq.	Epip.	DC 2134	ML 1101	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Hillia ulei K.Krause	Epip.	PF 1622		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Ixora muelleri Bremek.	Arb.	MC 347	AA 4833	Atlantic Forest
Malanea sp.1	Shr.	MC 830		Atlantic Forest
Malanea boliviana Standl.	Clim.		PF 1844	Atlantic Forest
Margaritopsis astrellantha (Wernhan) L.Anderson	Shr.		PF 1544	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Notopleura bahiensis C.M. Taylor	Epip.	RB 445	AA 4212	Atlantic Forest
Notopleura tapajozensis (Standl.) Bremek.	Arb.	RB 424	AA 4815	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Palicourea blanchetiana Schltdl.	Shr.	MC 465	AA 4210	Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Palicourea guianensis Aubl.	Arb.	MC 616	WT 14319	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Palicourea aff. rigidaKunth	Shr.		RB 520	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Schult. subsp.latifolia	Shr.	WT 14189		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Psychotria sp.1	Shr.	MC 529		Atlantic Forest
Psychotria sp.2	Arb.	AA 8147	AA 4846	Atlantic Forest
Psychotria sp.3	Arb.	AA 8133		Atlantic Forest
Psychotria colorata (Willd. ex Schult.) Müll.Arg.	Arb.	AA 8149	JJ 4788	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Psychotria cupularis (Müll.Arg.) Standl.	Shr.	RB 454	AA 4215	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest	Bahia
Psychotria deflexa DC.	Shr.	AA 4702	PF 1889	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Psychotria hoffmannseggiana (Willd. ex Schult.) Müll. Arg.	Shr.	RB 463	PF 2640	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Psychotria leiocarpa Cham. & Schltdl.	Arb.	JP 920	PF 1787	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Psychotria longipes Müll.Arg.	Shr.	ML 370	PF 2641	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Psychotria lupulina Benth.	Shr.		JJ 4790	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Psychotria mapourioides DC.	Arb.	MC 829	AA 4864	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Northeast and Atlantic Forest
Psychotria minutiflora Müll.Arg.	Shr.	JP 850	PF 1897	Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Psychotria myriantha Müll. Arg.	Shr.	ML 713		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Psychotria platypoda DC.	Shr.		WT 14300	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Psychotria phyllocalymmoides Müll. Arg.	Shr.	PF 2934		Atlantic Forest
Psychotria schlechtendaliana(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.	Shr.	DC 2130		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Psychotria aff.stachyoides Benth.	Shr.	MC 607	AA 4534	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Psychotria vellosiana Benth.	Arb.	RB 467		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Randia armata (Sw.) DC.	Arb.	MC 541	AA 4829	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Richardia sp.1	Herb.	AA 8148		Atlantic Forest
Ronabea latifolia Aubl.	Shr.	MC 578	PF 1530	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Rudgea sp. 1	Shr.	ML 1245		Atlantic Forest
Rudgea aff. interruptaBenth.	Arb.		PF 1768	Atlantic Forest
Rudgea cf. involucrataMüll. Arg.	Shr.	MC 453		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Rudgea aff. nodosa (Cham.) Benth.	Shr.	PF 1640		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Rudgea pachyphylla Müll.Arg.	Arb.		ML 308	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Rudgea reticulata Benth.	Arb.		PF 1759	Atlantic Forest
Sabicea sp.1	Sub-shr.		AA 4228	Atlantic Forest
Schradera polycephala DC.	Hemiep.	RB 535	WT 14330	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
RUTACEAE
Conchocarpus macrophyllus J.C. Mikan	Shr.	MC 509		Atlantic Forest
Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl.	Arb.	RB 400		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest		VU
Galipea laxiflora Engl.	Arb.	JP 880		Atlantic Forest
Neoraputia alba (Nees & Mart.) Emmerich ex Kallunki	Arb.	MC 730		Atlantic Forest
Pilocarpus grandiflorus Engl.	Arb.	MC 463		Atlantic Forest
Pilocarpus riedelianus Engl.	Shr.	PF 2925		Atlantic Forest
Zanthoxylum acuminatum (Sw.) Sw.	Arb.	ML 356		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
SABIACEAE
Meliosma sp.1	Arb.		JJ 4789	Atlantic Forest
Meliosma sellowii Urb.	Arb.	ML 740	ML 667	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
SALICACEAE
Banara serrata (Vell.) Warb.	Arb.		WT 14290	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Casearia sp. 1	Arb.	MC 671		Atlantic Forest
Casearia sp. 2	Arb.	LM 4924		Atlantic Forest
Casearia arborea (Rich.) Urb.	Arb.	AA 4676	JP 783	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Casearia bahiensis Sleumer	Arb.	MC 457		Atlantic Forest
Casearia commersoniana Cambess.	Arb.	MC 392	PF 1780	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Casearia decandra Jacq.	Arb.	MC 838		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Prockia crucis P.Browne ex L.	Shr.	MC 567		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
SANTALACEAE
Phoradendron sp.1	Hemi-par.	JP 828		Atlantic Forest
Phoradendron affine (Pohl ex DC.) Engl. & Krause	Hemi-par.	MC 740		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal
Phoradendron chrysocladon A. Gray	Hemi-par.	PF 2912		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Phoradendron crassifolium (Pohl ex DC.) Eichler	Hemi-par.	MC 609	ML 302	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal
Phoradendron nigricans Rizzini	Hemi-par.	ML 711		Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Phoradendron piperoides (Kunth) Trel.	Hemi-par.	JP 831		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal
SAPINDACEAE
Allophylus sp. 1	Arb.	MC 448		Atlantic Forest
Allophylus leucophloeus Radlk.	Arb.	ML 1246		Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Allophylus petiolulatus Radlk.	Arb.	MC 613		Atlantic Forest
Allophylus sericeus (Cambess.) Radlk.	Arb.		PF 1913	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Cupania sp.1	Arb.		PF 2647	Atlantic Forest
Cupania rugosa Radlk.	Arb.	RP 713		Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Matayba cf. grandisRadlk.	Arb.		RP 698	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Matayba intermedia Radlk.	Arb.		ML 1086	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Paullinia carpopoda Cambess.	Clim.	MC 876	RP 701	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Paullinia revoluta Radlk.	Clim.	RP 856		Atlantic Forest
Paullinia rubiginosa Cambess.	Clim.		ML 1173	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Paullinia trigonia Vell.	Clim.	RP 710		Amazonian, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest
Paullinia weinmanniaefolia Mart.	Clim.	RB 534		Atlantic Forest
Serjania sp. 1	Clim.	MC 806		Atlantic Forest
Serjania clematidifolia Cambess.	Clim.	ML 1114		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Serjania salzmanniana Schltdl.	Clim.		RB 506	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Talisia aff. macrophyllaRadlk.	Arb.	MC 502		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Thinouia sp. 1	Clim.	JP 909		Atlantic Forest
SAPOTACEAE
Chrysophyllum gonocarpum (Mart. & Eichler ex Miq.) Engl.	Arb.	MC 458	LD 438	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Chrysophyllum splendens Spreng.	Arb.		ML 670	Atlantic Forest		VU
Chrysophyllum subspinosum Monach.	Arb.	MC 467		Atlantic Forest		EN
Micropholis gardneriana (A.DC.) Pierre	Arb.		FF 1471	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Micropholis guyanensis (A.DC.) Pierre	Arb.		AA 4837	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Pradosia lactescens (Vell.) Radlk.	Arb.	MC 630	JP 503	Atlantic Forest
SCHELEGELIACEAE
Schlegelia parviflora (Oerst.) Monach.	Clim.	RB 404	AA 4543	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
SIMAROUBACEAE
Simaba cf. subcymosaA.St.-Hil. & Tul.	Arb.	MC 658		Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Simarouba amara Aubl.	Arb.	AA 8158		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
SIPARUNACEAE
Siparuna reginae (Tul.) A.DC.	Arb.	AA 4679		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
SMILACACEAE
Smilax sp.1	Clim.	AA 8160		Atlantic Forest
Smilax sp.2	Clim.		ML 1100	Atlantic Forest
Smilax staminea Griseb.	Clim.	RB 406	PF 1791	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
SOLANACEAE
Solanac. sp.1	Clim.	MC 776		Atlantic Forest
Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl.	Arb.		JP 570	Atlantic Forest
Aureliana fasciculata (Vell.) Sendtn.	Arb.	WT 14187	WT 14286	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Brunfelsia cf. clandestinaPlowman	Shr.	PF 2927		Atlantic Forest
Cestrum cf. retrofractumDunal	Shr.	MC 550		Atlantic Forest, Pantanal
Cestrum salzmanni Dunal	Arb.		JP 796	Atlantic Forest
Cestrum schlechtendalii G.Don	Shr.		MC 527	Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Dyssochroma viridiflorum (Sims) Miers	Epip.	MC 706		Atlantic Forest
Solanum acerifolium Dunal	Shr.	ML 1279		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Solanum americanum Mill.	Shr.	RP 110		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal
Solanum asterophorum Mart.	Shr.	MC 857		Atlantic Forest
Solanum bahianum S. Knapp	Shr.	ML 382	MC 523	Atlantic Forest		CR anexo I
Solanum caavurana Vell.	Shr.	JP 858	MC 656	Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Solanum jussieui Dunal	Shr.	LM 4898		Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Solanum polytrichum Moric.	Shr.	RB 565		Atlantic Forest
Solanum reflexiflorum Moric. ex Dunal	Shr.	MC 442	ML 338	Atlantic Forest
Solanum restingae S. Knapp	Shr.	MC 370		Atlantic Forest		EN anexo II
Solanum aff. schizandrumSendtn.	Clim.	RB 543		Atlantic Forest
Solanum swartzianum Roem. & Schult.	Shr.	RP 123	AA 4082	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Solanum sycocarpum Mart. & Sendtn.	Arb.		PF 1817	Atlantic Forest		EN
STYRACACEAE
Styrax acuminatus Pohl	Arb.	MC 494		Atlantic Forest	Northeast
SYMPLOCACEAE
Symplocos sp.1	Arb.		AA 4824	Atlantic Forest
Symplocos estrellensis Casar.	Shr.		AA 4799	Atlantic Forest
THYMELAEACEAE
Daphnopsis sp. 1	Shr.	JP 830		Atlantic Forest
TRIGONIACEAE
Trigonia nivea Cambess.	Clim.	MC 665		Amazonian, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
URTICACEAE
Cecropia hololeuca Miq.	Arb.	MC 861		Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Cecropia pachystachya Trécul	Arb.	MC 817	RC 1047	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal
Pilea sp. 1	Herb.	RB 568		Atlantic Forest
Pilea rhizobola Miq.	Herb.	MC 482	AA 4826	Atlantic Forest	Northeast
Pourouma guianensis Aubl.	Arb.	MC 513	JP 781	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Pourouma velutina Mart. ex Miq.	Arb.	MC 808		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Griseb.	Arb.	MC 807		Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
VELLOZIACEAE
Barbacenia sp. 1	Herb.	DC 2150		Atlantic Forest
VERBENACEAE
Lantana sp.1	Shr.		AA 4239	Atlantic Forest
Lantana camara L.	Shr.		AA 4908	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Lantana morii Moldenke	Shr.	PF 2920		Atlantic Forest
Lantana undulata Schrank	Shr.	AA 8121		Atlantic Forest
Stachytarpheta sp. 1	Herb.	MC 694		Atlantic Forest
Vitex sp. 1	Arb.	MC 869		Atlantic Forest
VIOLACEAE
Noisettia orchidiflora (Rudge) Ging.	Herb.	MC 631	RB 507	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Rinorea guianensis Aubl.	Arb.		PF 2633	Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
VITACEAE
Cissus erosa Rich.	Clim.	RP 720	RB 473	Amazonian, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest
Cissus nobilis Kuhlm.	Clim.	MC 587		Amazonian, Atlantic Forest
Cissus paucinervia Lombardi	Clim.	MC 414		Atlantic Forest
VOCHYSIACEAE
Qualea sp. 1	Arb.	AA 4714		Atlantic Forest
Qualea sp. 2	Arb.		PF 1528	Atlantic Forest
ZINGIBERACEAE
Renealmia petasites Gagnep.	Herb.	ML 375	ML 312	Atlantic Forest	Northeast

Results

Floristic Survey

In the SCO and SPL areas, a total of 899 species of angiosperms, distributed in 437 genera and 116 families, was documented (Table 1). SCO was the area with a greater abundance, with 678 species distributed in 367 genera and 100 families. SPL comprised 466 species in 269 genera and 88 families. The percentage of species identified was 85.8% (772 species), 14% (124 species) and 0.5% (5 species) of which were identified only at the genus and family level, respectively.

Of the total species documented, 37.7% (291 species) are endemic to the Atlantic Forest and 11.2% (101 species) are endemic to southern Bahia and northern Espírito Santo (Figure 3). The remaining 44.3% species are widely distributed in Brazil. Most endemic species were arboreal (36%), followed by epiphytic (23.3%), arbustive (11%), climbing (10.7%), and herbaceous (7.6%) species. In total, 81 species (7%) had a disjunct distribution between the Atlantic and Amazonian forests.

Figure 3
Endemic species

A and B: Portea filifera (Bromeliaceae), an endemic species of southern Bahia. C: Chamaecostus cuspidatus(Costaceae), an endemic species of the Atlantic Forest. D:Bertolonia bullata (Melastomataceae), an endemic species of southern Bahia. E: Dorstenia hirta(Moraceae), an endemic species of the Atlantic Forest. F:Notopleura tapajozensis (Rubiaceae), a disjunct species between the Amazonian and Atlantic forests. Photos A, B, D,E and F were taken by André Amorim. Photo C was taken by Macielle Coelho.

In SCO and SPL, the five most abundant families were Orchidaceae (10%; 91 species), Rubiaceae (7%; 63 species), Bromeliaceae (5.5%; 50 species), Melastomataceae (4.2%; 38 species), and Poaceae (4%; 37 species). These families accounted for 30.7% of the documented species (Figure 4). In terms of the number of species, the five most abundant families in SCO were Orchidaceae (69 species), Rubiaceae (46 species), Bromeliaceae (33 species), Fabaceae (30 species), and Melastomataceae (28 species). In SPL, the families with the largest number of species were Orchidaceae (42 species), Rubiaceae (41 species), Bromeliaceae (30 species), Melastomataceae (27 species), and Poaceae (23 species).

Figure 4
The most abundant angiosperm families in the vestigial forests of Serra do Corcovado (SCO) and Serra da Pedra Lascada (SPL) located in southern Bahia, Brazil

In these two areas, the most abundant genera were Psychotria (18 species), Piper (17 species), Ocotea (15 species), Vriesea (14 species), and Peperomia(13 species) (Figure 5). In SCO, the number of genera represented by a single species totaled 34.2% (233 genera), and in SPL, it totaled 40% (185 genera). When both the areas were analyzed together, the percentage was only 29.4% (265 genera). In terms of the number of species, the most abundant genera in SCO were Psychotria (16 species),Piper (13 species), Peperomia andSolanum (11 species each), and Anthurium,Ocotea, and Vriesea (10 species each), whereas the most abundant genera in SPL were Psychotria (12 species), Piper (11 species), Ocotea andPeperomia (9 species each), and Aechmea,Leandra, Miconia, andVriesea (8 species each).

Figure 5
The most abundant angiosperm genera in the vestigial forests of Serra do Corcovado (SCO) and Serra da Pedra Lascada (SPL) located in southern Bahia, Brazil

Among the life forms documented in SCO, 35.2% of the species were arboreal, 21% were epiphytic/hemiepiphytic, 16.5% were arbustive/subarbustive, 14,6% were herbaceous, 11.5% were climbing, and 1.3% were hemiparasitic (Figure 6). In SPL, 33.7% of the species were arboreal, 23.8% were epiphytic/hemiepiphytic, 18,5% were arbustive/subarbustive, 13.4% were herbaceous, 10% were climbing, and 0.6% were hemiparasitic. In total, 17 species were rupicolous, and most of them belonged to the family Piperaceae. More than 50% of the species recorded were nonarboreal (64.8% in SCO and 66.3% in SPL). These values were similar to those found in previous studies performed in the same region (Figure 6, Table 2).

Figure 6
Life forms found in distinct areas of the Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia: Serra do Corcovado (SCO), Serra da Pedra Lascada (SPL), Serra Bonita (SBO), Serra das Lontras (SLO), Una Biological Reserve (UNA), and Serra do Teimoso Natural Reserve [Patrimônio Natural Serra do Teimoso (TMS)]

Table 2
Comparison of taxonomic diversity and life forms from four montane areas of southern Bahia and other areas of Atlantic Forest. SCO = Corcovado Mountain, SPL = Pedra Lascada Mountain, SBO = Serra Bonita Mountain, SLO = Lontras Mountain, UNA = Una Biological Reserve, TMS = Teimoso Mountain. Epi./Hemiepiph. = Epiphytes and hemiepiphytes, Climb. = Climbers, Herb. = Herbaceous, Árb./Shr. = Trees and shrubs. (Adapted from Amorim et al. 2009 with updates numbers).

Locality	N. spp.	N. gen.	N. fam.	Arb./Shr. (%)	Herb. (%)	Climb. (%)	Epi./Hemiepiph. (%)
SCO	680	367	100	49	17,3	11,5	21
SPL	463	269	88	48	18	10	23,7
SBO	905	451	126	52,4	17,5	13,5	14,7
SLO	910	421	122	45,7	14	11,4	27,1
UNA	947	435	108	51,3	20,5	17,8	10,4
TMS	667	363	100	53,2	19,8	14,5	12,5

In SCO and SPL, the most abundant families in terms of liana species were Malpighiaceae (13 species), Asteraceae (12 species), Sapindaceae (9 species), Celastraceae (8 species), and Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae, and Cucurbitaceae (7 species each), accounting for 59.4% of the liana species recorded. The Orchidaceae family consisted of the highest number of epiphytic species (74 species), followed by Bromeliaceae (47 species), Araceae (25 species), and Piperaceae (12 species), accounting for 82.7% of the epiphytic species recorded. The Myrtaceae family had the highest number of arboreal species (25 species), followed by Fabaceae (23 species), Rubiaceae (22 species), Lauraceae (21 species), Melastomataceae (18 species), Annonaceae (10 species), and Euphorbiaceae and Sapindaceae (9 species each), accounting for 34.6% of the arboreal species sampled.

In addition to the seven angiosperm species recently described following the first field trips to SPL and SCO, 12 other species have been identified by nine specialists till date. Some of these species are in the description phase, including one species each of Philodendron (Araceae),Vriesea (Bromeliaceae), Dichorisandra(Commelinaceae), Bertolonia (Melastomataceae),Ichnanthus (Poaceae), Myrsine(Primulaceae), Faramea and Psychotria(Rubiaceae), Cupania (Sapindaceae), andSymplocos (Symplocaceae) and two species ofPeperomia (Piperaceae).

Discussion

From a floristic perspective, the abundance and percentage of endemic Atlantic Forest species found in the two areas surveyed (SCO and SPL) are corroborated in previous studies indicating that this environment is one of the richest ecosystems in Brazil with high levels of endemism (Mori et al. 1981, Gentry 1992, Martini et al. 2007, Murray-Smith et al. 2008, Amorim et al. 2009, Forzza et al. 2012). Southern Bahia is considered one of the three regions of endemism in the Atlantic Forest and one of the six regions with high levels of endemic plants threatened with extinction (Murray-Smith et al. 2008). However, research and conservation measures focused on this region are still inadequate (Carnaval and Moritz 2008, Amorim et al. 2009). The percentage of endemism among the species in southern Bahia and northern Espírito Santo found in this study (11.2%) was similar to that obtained byAmorim et al. (2009) in the Montane Forest (7.4%) but lower than that obtained in areas of lowland ombrophilous forests (18.9%-28.1% of the total flora) (Thomas et al. 1998, Amorim et al. 2008). However, the endemism in the Montane Forest appears to be more local, with species recorded only in these elevation zones, as exemplified by the recent addition of species to genera such as Bertolonia,Dichorisandra, Macrocarpaea,Quesnelia, and others.

In the two study areas, Psychotria, Piper,Ocotea, Vriesea, andPeperomia were the most abundant genera in terms of the number of species; these were also the most representative genera in previous study conducted in similar areas, with the exception of Vriesea (Amorim et al. 2009), which is epiphytic. In addition, the genera represented by a single species accounted for 29.4% of the total, which was close to the percentage (23.6%) obtained by Amorim et al. (2009).

In terms of the number of species, the families Orchidaceae, Rubiaceae, Bromeliaceae, and Poaceae were abundant not only in SCO and SPL but also in other areas of the Atlantic Forest (Pabst and Dungs 1975, Soderstrom et al. 1988, Giulietti et al. 2005, Martinelli et al. 2008, Amorim et al. 2009). Furthermore, Melastomataceae is another family with a high number of species in the areas surveyed and constitutes an important Atlantic Forest group, considering the species abundance (Oliveira-Filho and Fontes 2000, Rocha and Amorim 2012).

The abundance of Asteraceae, Melastomataceae, and Solanaceae tends to increase with altitude in the Atlantic Forest (Oliveira-Filho and Fontes 2000). According to Amorim et al. (2009), these families are among the most abundant families in the mountainous areas of southern Bahia, including SCO and SPL reported in the present study. In contrast, the abundance of Chrysobalanaceae, Rutaceae, and Sapotaceae tends to decrease with an increase in the altitude (Oliveira-Filho and Fontes 2000). In the present study, the latter three families contained five, seven, and six species, respectively, and were among the least abundant families. On the other hand, in the study of Amorim et al. (2005), a high abundance of Rutaceae was detected in a montane region.

One of the main differences in floristic documentation between the present study and previous studies is related to the families Burseraceae and Combretaceae. These families have been reported to be generally highly abundant in the lowlands of southern Bahia (Amorim et al. 2005). In contrast, we did not identify the family Burseraceae and found a low representativeness of the family Combretaceae in the present study.

With regard to the life forms documented, more than 50% of the species recorded in the two areas were nonarboreal (64.8% in SCO and 66.3 in SPL). This is in accordance with previous findings that in tropical forests, a high abundance of angiosperms is expected for nonwoody species (Gentry and Dodson 1987, Gentry 1988, Webster 1995), particularly in the Montane Forest. In addition, these values are very similar to those found in PARNA Serra das Lontras and in RPPN Serra Bonita and, to a lesser extent, in RPPN Serra do Teimoso and REBIO de Una (Amorim et al. 2009). However, the latter two regions represent very different physiognomies than SCO and SPL: RPPN Serra do Teimoso has a strong seasonal influence, whereas REBIO de Una is situated in a submontane area near the coast.

With regard to the Atlantic Forest regions located in southeast Brazil, our results were very similar to those of Lima and Guedes-Bruni (1997) in Macaé de Cima and, to a lesser extent, to the inventory of the Juréia Mountains (Mamede et al. 2001), indicating that this pattern of life forms is similar to that observed in the Atlantic Forest. Subtle differences in the life forms can be observed, for example, the greater abundance of climbing species in SCO than in SPL and the greater abundance of epiphytic species in PARNA Serra das Lontras in contast to the greater abundance of herbaceous species in REBIO de Una and RPPN Serra do Teimoso. However, the homogeneity in the patterns of life forms is evident in these distinct locations, as described by Amorim et al. (2009) in a floristic study conducted in three montane areas in southern Bahia.

According to the Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil (2012) [List of Species of the Brazilian Flora (2012)], three species were not found in the Atlantic Forest: Cattleya elongata (Orchidaceae), M. leuconeura (Primulaceae), and Passiflora nitida (Passifloraceae). Of all the species sampled, 47 are new occurrences in northeast Brazil, four are new occurrences in southern Bahia, and eight are new occurrences in Bahia. Of the 47 new occurrences,Vanilla cf. bicolor (Orchidaceae) andPiper subglabrifolium (Piperaceae) were known only in the State of Amazonas in northern Brazil. In addition, it should be emphasized that 32 species found in SCO and SPL have been classified into various categories of threat of extinction, including Bactris pickelli (Arecaceae),Rhipsalis baccifera subsp. hileiabaiana(Cactaceae), Abarema cochliacarpos and Inga grazielae (Fabaceae), Heteropterys bullata(Malpighiaceae), and C. warneri (Orchidaceae), all of which are in the vulnerable category (MMA 2008, Biodiversitas 2009).

The presence of disjunct taxa between the Amazonian and Atlantic forests (6.8%, represented by 78 species) reinforces the idea of possible floristic connections between southern Bahia and the Amazonian Forest during the Quaternary era (Prance 1979, Oliveira-Filho and Ratter 1995, Carnaval and Moritz 2008). Although the percentage of species typically found in the Amazonian Forest is lower in the Montane Forest than in lowland areas, the disjunct distribution between taxa of the Atlantic and Amazonian forests has been previously reported (Andrade-Lima 1953, Prance 1979, Mori et al. 1981, Gentry 1982,Rizzini 1997, Amorim et al. 2008, 2009). The presence of common species among Bahia, Espírito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro (40 species; 3.5%) indicates another pattern in taxa distribution, which is in agreement with the study of Oliveira-Filho et al. (2005), which suggests the occurrence of a continuous gradient in the ombrophilous forests, from Rio de Janeiro to the south of Bahia.

The percentage of species not yet described (1.3%) was similar to that reported in studies by Amorim et al. (2005) (1.8%) andAmorim et al. (2009) (3.5%). These figures when added to the recently published species collected in SCO and SPL, such as A. viridipetala A.F.Costa and Amorim (Bromeliaceae), M. atlantica J.R.Grant and V.Trunz and M. orbiculataJ.R.Grant and V.Trunz (Gentianaceae), B. bullata Baumgratz, Amorim, and A.B.Jardim and M. dorsaliporosa R.Goldenb and Reginato (Melastomataceae), Myrcia lascada Sobral (Myrtaceae), andCarrapichea lucida J.G.Jardim and Zappi (Rubiaceae), together with the records of other species previously unknown in southern Bahia (7.9%) indicate the lack of floristic studies in this region (Amorim et al. 2009). In addition to the rare and unknown angiosperm species, the presence of species of ferns and lycophytes also deserves attention, particularly in SCO, where the Diplazium fimbriatum(Athyriaceae) (Mynssen and Matos 2012) type originates and where Adiantum diphyllum (Pteridaceae), a rare and endemic species of Bahia, was detected during the initial field trips to the area (Sundue and Prado 2005).

Therefore, floristic surveys that contribute to the description of new species and help delimit the distribution of occurrence of taxa constitute rich sources of information for the studies on biodiversity and conservation because these surveys will enable the identification of hotspots that should be prioritized in future conservation projects, at both the state and national levels. Till date, there has been no effective action for the establishment of legal protection units in SCO and SPL, which is a cause for concern, considering the abundance of vascular plants and the high number of new and endemic species documented, in addition to the large number of threatened species. Morever, the results of the present study revealed the ecological importance of the vestigial Montane Forest in southern Bahia and the need for further surveys in these areas. We believe that the data presented here will be useful in developing future conservation strategies in these areas, while serving as the fountation for future ecological, phylogenetic, and taxonomic studies, thereby complementing studies on local biodiversity, which are necessary for the preservation of these ecosystems.

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior [Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)] for the Master's degree scholarship granted to the first author; the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico [National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)] for the productivity scholarship (process 306992/2012-4) granted to the second author and for the funding obtained in the Edital (call for research proposals) (process No. 481592/2009-1) and Edital Reflora (process No. 563548/2010-0), which assisted in the field activities; the Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB) (Bahia Research Foundation) for the funding obtained in the Edital de Pesquisas (process APP0041/2009) in the initial phase of this research and the postgraduate program in Botany of the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. We also thank the various taxonomists who assisted in the identification of the material; the technicians L. H. Daneu, L. C. Gomes, and J. L. Paixão; the collaborators who participated in previous field trips to the study areas; and R. Ramos for producing the map.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  08 Apr 2014
• Date of issue
  Jan-Mar 2014

History

• Received
  03 May 2013
• Reviewed
  11 Aug 2013
• Accepted
  19 Jan 2014