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Composition, abundance and biomass of a fish assemblage in a southern Brazilian coastal stream during polyhaline/euhaline condition

Composição, abundância e biomassa de uma assembléia de peixes em um arroio costeiro do sul do Brasil durante condição polihalina/euhalina

Abstract:

The coastal streams of southernmost Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul state, are marked by a period of regular marine intrusion resultant from intense oceanic winds. In the present study we aimed to investigate the species composition, abundance and relative biomass of the ichthyofauna in the lower stretch of a coastal stream during summer, a period of regular marine intrusion. Estreito is a coastal hydrological complex composed by lakes, swamps and a perennial stream, located at the central-south portion of the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul state. During the summer of 2018, the ichthyofauna of lower Estreito stream was sampled by beach hauls applied in 17 random points distributed in a stretch of ca. 2km. Measurements at the sampled stretch revealed salinities between 19.3 to 31.3 ppt, characterizing the studied system as polyhaline/euhaline during summer. The sample of 4,533 specimens revealed the occurrence of 20 species, being the great majority marine-dwelling. The most abundant species were the anablepid Jenynsia lineata (70.3%), the cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis (19.3%) and the the mugilid Mugil curema (7.5%). The highest relative biomass was recorded for J. lineata, followed by M. curema and G. brasiliensis. The dominance of marine-dwelling species in the assemblage composition and the high abundance of limnic-estuarine J. lineata corroborate previous studies conducted in other washouts of Rio Grande do Sul.

Keywords:
Jenynsia lineata; Mugil curema; Geophagus brasiliensis; ichthyofauna dynamics; salinity; washout

Resumo:

Os arroios costeiros do extremo sul do Brasil, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, são marcados por um período de regular intrusão marinha resultante de intensos ventos oceânicos. No presente estudo nós tivemos como objetivo investigar a composição de espécies, abundância e biomassa relativa da ictiofauna no trecho inferior de um arroio costeiro durante o verão, período de regular intrusão marinha. Estreito é um complexo hidrológico costeiro composto por lagoas, pântanos e um arroio perene, localizados na porção centro-sul da planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul. Durante o verão de 2018, a ictiofauna do baixo arroio Estreito foi amostrada por arrastos de praia aplicados em 17 pontos aleatórios distribuídos em um trecho de cerca de 2 km. Medidas no trecho amostrado revelaram salinidades entre 19.3 e 31.3 ppt, caracterizando o sistema estudado como polialino/euhalino durante o verão. A amostra de 4.533 espécimes revelou a ocorrência de 20 espécies, sendo a grande maioria habitantes marinhos. As espécies mais abundantes foram o anablepídeo Jenynsia lineata (70,3%), o ciclídeo Geophagus brasiliensis (19,3%) e o mugilídeo Mugil curema (7.5%). A maior biomassa relativa foi registrada para J. lineata, seguido por M. curema e G. brasiliensis. A dominância das espécies marinhas na composição da assembléia e a alta abundância da espécie límnica-estuarina J. lineata corrobora estudos prévios conduzidos em outros sangradouros do Rio Grande do Sul.

Palavras-chave:
Jenynsia lineata; Mugil curema; Geophagus brasiliensis; dinâmica da ictiofauna; salinidade; sangradouro

Introduction

Coastal streams are considered marine-freshwater ecotones, hosting diverse fish assemblages composed of freshwater, estuarine and marine dwelling species (Whitfield 1999WHITFIELD, A.K. 1999. Ichthyofaunal assemblages in estuaries: A South African case study. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 9(2): 151-186., Bastos et al. 2013BASTOS, R.F., CONDINI, M.V. & GARCIA, A.M. 2013. Fish species list of coastal stream in southern Brazil, with notes on austral distribution limits of marine and freshwater endangered species. Pan-Am. J. Aquat. Sci. 8(4): 347-351.). These systems, also known as "washouts", are abundant in the southernmost Brazilian coast (Rio Grande do Sul state), draining wetlands and lagoons distributed along a stretch of ca. 620 km of sandy deposits. The coastal streams or washouts of Rio Grande do Sul coastal plain (RSCP) are strongly influenced by climatic parameters such as precipitation and evaporation, which act directly on systems dynamics of discharge and connection to the sea (Figueiredo & Calliari 2006FIGUEIREDO, S.A. & CALLIARI, L.J. 2006. Washouts in the Central and Northern Littoral of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: distribution and implications. J. Coast. Res. 39: 366-370.). Thus, coastal streams represent singular scenarios for studies on the ichthyofauna occurring in transient environments.

In view of the high representiveness of coastal stream or washouts in RSCP, few studies concerning the ichthyofauna in these systems were conducted. Bastos et al. (2013BASTOS, R.F., CONDINI, M.V. & GARCIA, A.M. 2013. Fish species list of coastal stream in southern Brazil, with notes on austral distribution limits of marine and freshwater endangered species. Pan-Am. J. Aquat. Sci. 8(4): 347-351., 2014)BASTOS, R.F., CALLIARI, L.J. & GARCIA, A.M. 2014. Marine intrusion and freshwater discharge as opposite forces driving fish guilds distribution along coastal plain streams. Hydrobiol. 726(1): 245-258. surveyed the ichthyofauna occurrying in three coastal streams located in the southern segment of RSCP. Oliveira et al. (2014)OLIVEIRA, M.C.L.M., BASTOS, R.F., CLAUDINO, M.C., ASSUMPÇÃO, C.M. & GARCIA, A.M. 2014. Transport of marine-derived nutrients to subtropical freshwater food webs by juvenile mullets: a case study in southern Brazil. Aquat. Biol. 20: 91-100. investigated the role of mullets in transport of marine nutrients into the freshwater food webs in one of the coastal streams studied by Bastos et al. (2013BASTOS, R.F., CONDINI, M.V. & GARCIA, A.M. 2013. Fish species list of coastal stream in southern Brazil, with notes on austral distribution limits of marine and freshwater endangered species. Pan-Am. J. Aquat. Sci. 8(4): 347-351., 2014)BASTOS, R.F., CALLIARI, L.J. & GARCIA, A.M. 2014. Marine intrusion and freshwater discharge as opposite forces driving fish guilds distribution along coastal plain streams. Hydrobiol. 726(1): 245-258.. In this same system, Oliveira et al. (2018)OLIVEIRA, M.C.L.M., CONDINI, M.V., ALBUQUERQUE, C.Q., VIEIRA, J.P., BASTOS, R.F., & GARCIA, A.M. 2018. Coastal streams constitute alternative habitats for juveniles of an exploited mullet species. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 34(3): 676-680. verified the use of freshwater habitats by juveline mullets through the analysis of otolith chemistry.

"Estreito" is a hydrological complex which covers an area of ca. 453 hectares in the central-south portion of RSCP (São José do Norte municipality). This complex is composed by interconnected coastal lakes, perennial and intermittent peripheral swamps and a perennial coastal stream connected to the Atlantic Ocean (Gianuca & Tagliani 2012GIANUCA, K.S. & TAGLIANI, C.R.A. 2012. GIS analysis of landscape changes in environments adjacent to Pinus forests in district of Estreito, São José do Norte, Brazil. J. Integr. Coast. Zone Manag. 12(1): 43-55.). The Estreito complex is recognized for its importance for the conservation of the local biodiversity (Burger & Ramos 2006BURGER, M.I. & RAMOS, R.A. 2006. Área importantes para conservação na planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul. In Biodiversidade do Rio Grande do Sul: regiões da lagoa do Casamento e dos Butiazais de Tapes, planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul (F.G. BECKER, R.A. RAMOS & L.A. MOURA, eds). Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, p. 46-58., Gianuca & Tagliani 2012GIANUCA, K.S. & TAGLIANI, C.R.A. 2012. GIS analysis of landscape changes in environments adjacent to Pinus forests in district of Estreito, São José do Norte, Brazil. J. Integr. Coast. Zone Manag. 12(1): 43-55.) and therefore it is inserted in a Permanent Protection Area, which implies in a protected territory with restrictions to human use. However, the pine silviculture established in the surroundings has been causing profound changes in the landscape, including the extinction of coastal streams (Gianuca & Tagliani 2012GIANUCA, K.S. & TAGLIANI, C.R.A. 2012. GIS analysis of landscape changes in environments adjacent to Pinus forests in district of Estreito, São José do Norte, Brazil. J. Integr. Coast. Zone Manag. 12(1): 43-55.). During summer, Estreito is submitted to frequent and intense oceanic winds, causing frequent marine intrusions in the fluvial system (Oliveira & Calliari 2006OLIVEIRA, A.O. & CALLIARI, L.J. 2006. Morfodinâmica da Praia do Mar Grosso, São José do Norte/RS. Gravel 4: 23-36.). Herein we aimed to investigate the species composition, abundance and relative biomass of the fish assemblage occurring in the lower Estreito stream during its period of regular of marine intrusion. Despite being a typical limnic system, we hypothesize a higher representativeness of marine species when compared to limnic species, which will reflect on higher richness, abundance and biomass of marine-related taxa.

Material and Methods

Sampling campaigns were performed during the summer of 2018 in 17 random points distributed on a stretch of ca. 2 km of the lower Estreito coastal stream (Figure 1). Bottom varies from sandy to muddy and vegetation is composed by Ruppia maritima L. stands. Maximum depth does not exceed two meters. Fishes were captured using a beach seine net (10 x 2.5 m, 5 mm mesh size). Seventeen seine hauls were applied, each covering a distance of approximately 40 meters. Salinity was measured using a multiparameter water quality checker (Horiba®, model U50) at each sampling point. Captured fishes were euthanized in clove oil solution, fixed in 10% formalin, and conserved in 70% ethanol in the Ichthyological Collection of Genetics Laboratory at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (CILG). Collection was authorized by the Brazilian environmental agency "Instituto Chico Mendes para Conservação da Biodiversidade" (ICMBio) (license nº 56947-1). All the adopted procedures are in accordance with the protocols of the institutional committee for ethics in animal use (CEUA-FURG). Specimens were identified according to Heemstra & Randall (1993)HEEMSTRA, P.C & RANDALL, J.E. 1993. FAO Species Catalogue, Vol. 16. Groupers of the world. FAO, Rome., Fischer et al. (2004)FISCHER, L.G., PEREIRA, L.E.D. & VIEIRA, J.P. 2004. Peixes estuarinos e costeiros. Ecoscientia, Rio Grande. and Froese & Pauly (2018)FROESE, R. & PAULY, D. 2018. FishBase. Version 06/2018. http://www.fishbase.org/search.php (last access in 09/05/2018).
http://www.fishbase.org/search.php...
.

Figure 1
Location of Estreito stream and the sampled stretch (in red).

Relative abundance was calculated as the ratio between species-specific abundance and total abundance, with values presented as percentages of the total. Summary statistics (mean, standard deviation and range) of total length (in millimeters) was calculated for the species with a sample size greater than 10 individuals. For species with smaller sample size, the range or absolute values were presented. The biomass (in grams) of each species was obtained by weighing the formolized specimens, drained from conservative. Relative biomass of each especies was calculated as the ratio between species-specific biomass and total biomass.

Results and Discussion

Salinity at the sampled points varied from 19.3 to 31.3 ppt, characterizing the system as polyhaline/euhaline during the period of study. A total of 4,533 specimens belonging to 20 species, 14 families and 10 orders were collected (Table 1). The richest order and family were Gobiiformes and Gobiidae, comprising five and three species respectively. The one-sided livebearer Jenynsia lineata (Jenyns, 1842) was the most abundant species, followed by the pearl cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824), and the white mullet Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 (Table 1). The highest relative biomass was recorded for J. lineata, followed by M. curema and G. brasiliensis (Table 1). As expected, the fish assemblage found in lower Estreito stream during the period of regular marine intrusion was composed mainly by marine-dwelling species, which comprised 70% of the species richness. By the other hand, marine-dwelling species encompassed only 9.8% of total abundance and 33.1% of total biomass. The species Elops saurus Linnaeus, 1766, Platanichthys platana (Regan, 1917), Odontesthes argentinensis (Valenciennes, 1835), Awaous tajasica (Lichtenstein, 1822), Ctenogobius stigmaticus (Poey, 1860), Gobionellus oceanicus (Pallas, 1770), Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1847), Citharichthys spilopterus Günther, 1862 and Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1839) were not recorded by Bastos et al. (2013BASTOS, R.F., CONDINI, M.V. & GARCIA, A.M. 2013. Fish species list of coastal stream in southern Brazil, with notes on austral distribution limits of marine and freshwater endangered species. Pan-Am. J. Aquat. Sci. 8(4): 347-351., 2014)BASTOS, R.F., CALLIARI, L.J. & GARCIA, A.M. 2014. Marine intrusion and freshwater discharge as opposite forces driving fish guilds distribution along coastal plain streams. Hydrobiol. 726(1): 245-258. in the coastal streams located further south. These species, however, were recorded in larger marine-freshwater ecotonal systems of RSCP, comprised by the estuaries of coastal lagoons and rivers (Ramos & Vieira 2001RAMOS, L.B & VIEIRA, J.P. 2001. Composição específica e abundância de peixes de zonas rasas dos cinco estuários do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Bol. Inst. Pesca 27(1): 109-121., Loebmann & Vieira 2005LOEBMANN, D. & VIEIRA, J.P. 2005. Distribuição espacial e abundância das assembléias de peixes no Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 22(3): 667-675., Burns et al. 2010BURNS, M.D.M., GARCIA, A.M. & VIEIRA, J.P. 2010. Pisces, Perciformes, Gobiidae, Ctenogobius stigmaticus (Poey, 1860): new species record at Patos Lagoon estuary, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. CheckList 6(1): 56-57.). Our specimens of marked goby C. stigmaticus represent the second record for Rio Grande do Sul. This species had only previously been recorded in the state for the estuary of the Patos lagoon (Burns et al. 2010BURNS, M.D.M., GARCIA, A.M. & VIEIRA, J.P. 2010. Pisces, Perciformes, Gobiidae, Ctenogobius stigmaticus (Poey, 1860): new species record at Patos Lagoon estuary, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. CheckList 6(1): 56-57.. The dusky grouper E. marginatus is considered as threatened in Rio Grande do Sul state (FZB 2014FZB - FUNDAÇÃO ZOOBOTÂNICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL. 2014. Lista de espécies da fauna gaúcha ameaçada de extinção. http://www.fzb.rs.gov.br/upload/2014090911580809_09_2014_especies_ameacadas.pdf (last access in 09/05/2018).
http://www.fzb.rs.gov.br/upload/20140909...
). The habits, number of collected specimens, relative abundance, summary statistics of total length and relative biomass of all recorded species are shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Fish species recorded in lower Estreito stream (Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil) during polyhaline/euhaline conditions (summer of 2018), habits (marine (M), estuarine (E) and limnic (L)), number of captured specimens (N), relative abundance (N%), summary statistics of total length in millimeters (mean ± one standard deviation (range)), absolute biomass (W) and relative biomass (W%) in grams.

The high representativeness of marine-dwelling species was expected in view of the regular marine intrusion and consequent high levels of salinity during the sampling period. However, a higher occurrence of strictly limnic species was also expected due to the connection with limnic systems such as lakes and swamps, located at a short distance from the sampled stream stretch. Instead, a unique strictly limnic species (Hyphessobrycon igneus Miquelarena, Menni, López & Casciotta, 1980) was recorded. Comparatively, Bastos et al. (2014)BASTOS, R.F., CALLIARI, L.J. & GARCIA, A.M. 2014. Marine intrusion and freshwater discharge as opposite forces driving fish guilds distribution along coastal plain streams. Hydrobiol. 726(1): 245-258. found more than half of the assemblages in three coastal streams located at the southern coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul were composed by limnic species. Interestingly, the higher proportion of freshwater species found in their study remained even during summer, when marine intrusion events were detected. Nevertheless, salinity in these systems was much lower than that recorded in Estreito stream, ranging from 0 to 2. Thus, it is possible that the high salinity limits the occurrence of strictly limnic species in the lower Estreito stream, at least during summer.

Despite the high representativeness in the species composition, marine-dwelling species contributed little to abundance, except for the white mullet M. curema, the third species in order of abundance and the second in order of relative biomass in our sample. Bastos et al. (2014)BASTOS, R.F., CALLIARI, L.J. & GARCIA, A.M. 2014. Marine intrusion and freshwater discharge as opposite forces driving fish guilds distribution along coastal plain streams. Hydrobiol. 726(1): 245-258. found a similar pattern of abundance for marine species, where the majority of species were few abundant and higher abundances were recorded only for mullets (M. curema and M. liza). Mugil curema is a catadromous species commonly found in shallow marine waters, coastal lagoons and washouts (Fischer et al. 2004FISCHER, L.G., PEREIRA, L.E.D. & VIEIRA, J.P. 2004. Peixes estuarinos e costeiros. Ecoscientia, Rio Grande.). The use of coastal streams habitats by juvenile mullets is well documented in RSCP (Bastos et al. 2014BASTOS, R.F., CALLIARI, L.J. & GARCIA, A.M. 2014. Marine intrusion and freshwater discharge as opposite forces driving fish guilds distribution along coastal plain streams. Hydrobiol. 726(1): 245-258., Oliveira et al. 2014OLIVEIRA, M.C.L.M., BASTOS, R.F., CLAUDINO, M.C., ASSUMPÇÃO, C.M. & GARCIA, A.M. 2014. Transport of marine-derived nutrients to subtropical freshwater food webs by juvenile mullets: a case study in southern Brazil. Aquat. Biol. 20: 91-100., 2018OLIVEIRA, M.C.L.M., CONDINI, M.V., ALBUQUERQUE, C.Q., VIEIRA, J.P., BASTOS, R.F., & GARCIA, A.M. 2018. Coastal streams constitute alternative habitats for juveniles of an exploited mullet species. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 34(3): 676-680.) and the exclusive occurrence of juveniles of M. curema in our sample, based on the available data for size at sexual maturity (Froese & Pauly 2018FROESE, R. & PAULY, D. 2018. FishBase. Version 06/2018. http://www.fishbase.org/search.php (last access in 09/05/2018).
http://www.fishbase.org/search.php...
), reinforce these evidences. Thus, it seems that M. curema is the only marine species to use intensively lower Estreito stream during the period of regular marine while the other marine-dwelling species are occasional inhabitants in the system.

The one-sided livebearer J. lineata was the most abundant species in the present study, and concentrated half of the total biomass. Jenynsia lineata is a limnic-estuarine species (Assumpção et al. 2016ASSUMPÇÃO, C.M., QUINTELA, F.M., CORRÊA, F. & LOEBMANN, D. 2016. The ichthyofauna of limnic systems in Quaternary deposits of extreme southern Brazil. Zookeys 638: 83-104.) with a punctual record in marine waters (Calviño & Alonso 2016CALVIÑO, P. & ALONSO, F. 2016. First record of the genus Jenynsia from marine water on the coast of Punta del Leste, Maldonado, Uruguay (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae). J. Fish Biol. 88(3): 1236-1240.). Jenynsia lineata was one of the most abundant species in the systems studied by Bastos et al. (2013)BASTOS, R.F., CONDINI, M.V. & GARCIA, A.M. 2013. Fish species list of coastal stream in southern Brazil, with notes on austral distribution limits of marine and freshwater endangered species. Pan-Am. J. Aquat. Sci. 8(4): 347-351.. There are evidences that J. lineata is especially abundant in systems with marine influence and also in typical freshwater environments (Garcia et al. 2003GARCIA, A.M., VIEIRA, J.P. & WINEMILLER, K.O. 2003. Effects of 1997-1998 El Niño on the dynamics of the shallow-water fish assemblage of the Patos Lagoon estuary (Brazil). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 57(3): 489-500., Bastos et al. 2003). Mai et al. (2005)MAI, A.C.G., GARCIA, A.M. & VIEIRA, J.P. 2005. Influência da salinidade no crescimento de juvenis de Jenynsia multidentata Jenyns (Pisces). Zoologia 22(3): 780-783. also verified that juveniles of J. lineata showed higher growth rate and survival in intermediate salinities. Therefore, lower Estreito stream fits as a suitable environment for the occurrence and development of J. lineata.

The cichlid G. brasiliensis was the second species in order of abundance and the third in order of relative biomass in our study. Geophagus brasiliensis presented low abundance or was absent in Bastos et al. (2013)BASTOS, R.F., CONDINI, M.V. & GARCIA, A.M. 2013. Fish species list of coastal stream in southern Brazil, with notes on austral distribution limits of marine and freshwater endangered species. Pan-Am. J. Aquat. Sci. 8(4): 347-351. summer samples. The high abundance of G. brasiliensis in lower Estreito stream is remarkable considering that it is a typical limnic species (Assumpção et al. 2016ASSUMPÇÃO, C.M., QUINTELA, F.M., CORRÊA, F. & LOEBMANN, D. 2016. The ichthyofauna of limnic systems in Quaternary deposits of extreme southern Brazil. Zookeys 638: 83-104.). Cichlids are typically freshwater inhabitants and few species can tolerate brackish waters (Froese & Pauly, 2018FROESE, R. & PAULY, D. 2018. FishBase. Version 06/2018. http://www.fishbase.org/search.php (last access in 09/05/2018).
http://www.fishbase.org/search.php...
). Evidences of salinity tolerance by G. brasiliensis were obtained through controlled essays, where the species was submitted to increased salinity treatments (De Graff & Coutts 2010DE GRAAF, M. & COUTTS, T. 2010. Invasive potential of a South-American fish species, Geophagus brasiliensis, in the Swan River, Western Australia: based on tolerance to instantaneous and gradual changes in salinity. J. Royal Soc. West. Aust. 93: 425-436., Gutierre et al. 2014GUTIERRE, M.M., VITULE, J.R.S., FREIRE, C.A. & PRODOCIMO, V. 2014. Physiological tools to predict invasiveness and spread via estuarine bridges: tolerance of Brazilian native and worldwide introduced freshwater fishes to increased salinity. Mar. Freshw. Res. 65(5): 425-436.). Notwithstanding, the species has been found in estuarine systems (e.g. Garcia et al. 2001, Benincá et al. 2012BENINCÁ, C., RAMSDORF, W., VICARI, T., RIBEIRO, C.A.O., ALMEIDA, M.I., ASSIS, H.C.S. & CESTARI, M.M. 2012. Chronic genetic damages in Geophagus brasiliensis exposed to anthropic impact in Estuarine Lakes at Santa Catarina Coast-Southern of Brazil. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184(4): 2045-2056.), but those records were not accompanied by appropriate data on salinity. Thus, the tolerance of G. brasilensis to high salinity in natural environment (19.3-31.3 ppt) and its high relative abundance under this condition is herein recorded.

In the present study we verified the predominance of marine-related species in a coastal stream under a regime of regular marine intrusion in RSCP. Meanwhile, the highest abundance and biomass corresponded to a limnic/estuarine species with high toleration to increased salinity. Our data corroborate previous studies in similar southward systems, leading to the recognition of a possibly recurrent pattern in coastal streams or washouts of RSCP. More studies based on larger spatial and temporal coverage may contribute to the seasonal dynamics and diversity of the ichthyofauna in these peculiar environments.

Acknowlegments

We thank Franciele Lima, Denis Cardoso and Augusto Grassi for help in fieldwork and laboratory procedures. FMQ and FC thanks CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) for postdoctoral fellowships.

References

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    29 Oct 2018
  • Date of issue
    2019

History

  • Received
    16 May 2018
  • Reviewed
    01 Oct 2018
  • Accepted
    01 Oct 2018
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