Birds of Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso: ecology, conservation and natural history

Aves do Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardos: ecologia, conservação e história natural

Abstract:

The Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), located on extreme South of São Paulo’s cost, in Brazil, holds an important Atlantic Forest remnant which still in a good state of conservation, but lack a deepen study about the avian community that habits the island. This study aimed to elaborate a census of avian species that occur in the park approaching richness, occurrence frequency, occurrence status and the structure of trophic guilds. A total of 25 field expedictions occurred between September 2015 and September 2017 during five days each, the field work included different ecosystems as mangrove, restinga, forest, sandbank, beach and marine. The census was made combine three different techniques used in ornithological studies: visual identification, auditory identification and catch by mist-nets (with five fixed sites in mangrove, restinga and forest). Were recorded 335 avian species, with 28 of them endemic from Brazil and 33 being threatened with extinction. Seventy-three species were recorded in all sampled months (FO 100%), while 46 were recorded in just one month (FO = 4%). About occurrence status, 55% of species are residents, 20% occasional visitors, 13% unusual residents, 6% migratory and 6% visitors. According the recorded species were recognized 25 trophic guilds based on food items, corporal size and strata that commonly forage, which of most representative in the community, the guild of “of insectivorous of medium-strata” (N = 55), “canopy omnivorous” (N = 33), “aquatic invertebrates consummers” and “piscivorous” (N = 31). Finally, with the current study, we aimed through a significative field effort bring a better knowledge about avifauna of PEIC, which could be a good base when is necessary take actions that aim to park management and the Conservation Unities around it.

Keywords:
Avifauna; Trophic Guilds; Mangrove; PEIC; Restinga

Resumo:

O Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), localizado no estremo sul do litoral paulista, reúne um importante remanescente de Floresta Atlântica em bom estado de conservação, carecendo, porém, de um estudo aprofundado sobre a comunidade de aves que habita a ilha. Diante disso, o presente estudo visou a elaborar um inventário das espécies de aves do parque abordando a riqueza, frequência de ocorrência, status de ocorrência e divisão das espécies em guildas. Foram realizadas entre setembro de 2015 e setembro de 2017, 25 expedições de campo com cinco dias de duração cada, incluindo os ecossistemas de manguezal, restinga, floresta, baixio, praia e marinho. O inventário foi realizado combinando três técnicas para estudos ornitológicos: identificação visual, identificação auditiva e captura com redes-de-neblina (cinco pontos fixos no manguezal, restinga e floresta). Foram registradas 335 espécies de aves, sendo 28 espécies consideradas endêmicas para o Brasil e 33 com algum grau de risco de extinção. Setenta e três espécies foram registradas em todos os meses amostrados (FO = 100%), enquanto que 46 apresentaram registros em apenas um mês (FO = 4%). No que se refere ao status de ocorrência, 55% das espécies são residentes, 20% visitantes ocasionais, 13% residentes incomuns, 6% migratórias e 6% visitantes. As espécies registradas permitiram o reconhecimento de 25 guildas com base nos itens alimentares, tamanho corporal e estrato em que comumente forrageiam, sendo as mais representativas na comunidade, as guildas de “Insetívoros de estrato médio” (N = 55), “Onívoros de copa” (N = 33), “Consumidores de Invertebrados Aquáticos” e “Piscívoros” (N = 31). Por fim, com o presente estudo, buscamos através de um significativo esforço em campo trazer um melhor conhecimento no que diz respeito a avifauna do PEIC, que pode vir a servir de base na hora de traçar ações visando ao manejo do parque bem como das unidades de conservação que se distribuem no seu entorno.

Palavras-chave:
Avifauna; Guildas tróficas; Manguezal; PEIC; Restinga

Introduction

Biological communities correspond a set of organism’s populations that inhabits a certain area and interact among each other and with the abiotic environment (Ricklefs 2016). The structure of a biological community, on a large scale, is determined basically by the biogeographic history of the organisms which composes it (Reif et al. 2010) and by climatic factors (Hawkins et al. 2003). In local level, their structure is influenced mainly by ecological relations, like interactions between the organism (Martin et al. 2016).

In terms of fauna, decrease in abundance of individuals and community loss of biological diversity occurs mainly due to environment structure alterations that affect fundamental portions of niches occupied by species (Karr & Freemark 1983, Johns 1991). Such environment alterations, in the most cases, are associated with human activities, as habitats fragmentation, species introductions and the natural resources overexploitation (Primack & Rodrigues 2001).

One of the most critic cases occur in Atlantic Forest, which initially covered almost all Brazilian coast, with a total area of 1.3 million km², being currently restricted to less than 8.5% of its total (SOS Mata Atlântica 2015). In São Paulo’s State, such biome originally covered 69% of its territory, however, as in another Brazilians states, had its area reduced, covering nowadays just 13.7% of this total and being restrict mainly to mountain and coastal regions remnants (SOS Mata Atlântica 2017).

Concerning biological diversity of Atlantic Forest, birds correspond of most representative vertebrate’s group, with 927 species in southeastern Brazil, which 141 endemic species and 83 threatened with extintion (Ridgely et al. 2015). However, evaluating in a populational level, many of these species have a representative numeric decrease, being considered rare, because they live in restrict environment or for having a small geographical distribution (Goerck 1997). Thus, even though ecological and evolutional factors may justify the potential rarity of species, human actions seem to be the main aggravating factor in populational size decreasing (Develey 2004, Pereira et al. 2014, Morante-Filho et al. 2015).

Into this context, the Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), located on extreme South of São Paulo’s coast, correspond to a good example of a landscape mosaic in a good state of conservation. However, just a few studies involving vertebrate’s fauna, in community level, were made in the park, which were focused in herpetological fauna (Bertoluci et al. 2007, Rocha et al. 2008, Pinheiro 2009, Vilela et al. 2011, Prado 2012) and mammal fauna (Nakano-Oliveira 2006, Martins 2013, Silveira 2017). Concerning bird’s communities, there is only a species list, that is in the management plan of the park (São Paulo 1998, 2002) and the Marsden et al. (2004) study which addresses the forest bird’s community that inhabit the island. Therefore, based on assumption that there is a gap to be filled in the avifauna knowledge of PEIC, this study aims to elaborate a census of resident, migratory and occasional occurrence bird’s species of the park and address aspects about richness, occurrence frequency, occurrence status and species division into guilds.

Material and Methods

1. Study’s area

This study was developed in the Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), located on extreme South of São Paulo’s coast (in 25°03’05” to 25°18’18”S and in 47°53’48” to 48°05’42”W; Figure 1). The park belongs to the Cananéia city and was officially created from decree nº 40.319 from 03/07/1962. Has an area from approximately 13.300 hectares, with 30 km of extension in the portion which borders the Atlantic Ocean and with a maximum width 10 km, showing an irregular shape which is larger in the North portion and becoming thin towards the South, where its ends with a slim portion of sand already on the Paraná’s State border (Parque Nacional Superagui; Negreiros et al. 1974). The island’s relief is very rugged, beginning on the sea level with modern sand ridges and reaching more than 800 m of elevation mountain range located on the island’s central position, which its formation goes back to the Precambrian Period (Negreiros et al. 1974).

Figure 1
Sites localization’s where was used mist-nets in Northeast portion of Ilha do Cardoso, South coast of São Paulo’s State (● mangrove, ● restinga e ● forest).

Inserted on Atlantic Forest biome, PEIC covers different ecosystems, as forest, restinga, mangrove, beach (considered here as sand portions without vegetations), sandbar (located over Ararapira’s channel) and marine (channels which delimit the island on portions north and west as well in the east marine portion of the island). In this study, we considered as “restinga” areas starting from herbaceous and shrub vegetation located in high tide limit to the most arboreous portion featured to still present sandy soil with a thin layer of litterfall. In addition, we considered “forest” as the formations present starting from ecotone limit with restinga, encompassing flatland forest and hillside forest (or from Serra do Mar).

The region’s weather, which include both areas, is featured as hot and humid, with an average thermal amplitude from 17°C to 26°C and an average monthly rainfall of 157 mm (recorded from 2002 to 2016; CIIAGRO 2017). The region presents predominance of tropical air masses in summer and a discrete predominance of polar air masses in winter (Schaeffer-Novelli et al. 1990).

Specifically, in Ilha do Cardoso, the weather shows some particular features, especially with regard to variations in rainfall levels and temperature. According Negreiros et al. (1987) these variations are due to local factors, such as maritimity, rugged topography and vegetation characteristics.

2. Sample design

A total of 25 field expedictions occurred between September 2015 and September 2017 during five days each SISBIO license 39328-8 and COTEC 277/2016). The field started at 06:00 AM and extended until 18:00 PM, being carried out in ecosystems such as mangrove, restinga and forest, located in north east of island (Figure 1). Short nocturnal incursions were made on these ecosystems aim to register birds from Orders Strigiformes, Caprimulgiformes e Nyctibiiformes. The sandbar, beach and channel which separate Ilha de Cananéia from Ilha do Cardoso were sampled once a month by onboard incursions and by walk in sand strip on northern portion of the island (Pereirinha’s beach). The species that were recorded only flying over any of the mentioned ecosystems were categorized as “flying”, since it was impossible to determine whether the species was just moving or occupied the ecosystem in question.

The inventory was carried out by combining three ornithological studies techniques: visual identification, auditory identification as catch by mist-nets. The mist-nets were placed in fixed sites during two consecutive days in the main three ecosystems which compose the island on the northeast portion: mangrove (on the Perequê’s river mouth), restinga (over a road and Morro das Almas trail) and forest (next to an old house which was used as electric power center). For this, six mist-nets were used in each ecosystem (Figure 1) (stitch of 19, 20, 25 and 30 mm), which were opened at 06:00 AM. and closed at 18:00 PM. Mist-nets were reviewed each 25 minutes aimed to take the specimen that were catched by it to identify and mark with rings. All captured birds were marked in the right tarsus with metal rings provided by CEMAVE (ringing authorization 3999).

Was also included species which were identified by picture records made by local residents and by Projeto Monitoramento de Praias - Bacia de Santos (PMP-BS) which monitors beaches of Ilha do Cardoso everyday. In addition, including species recorded in the period from September 2017 to December 2020 observed in field expeditions without a defined frequency. For the three situations were excluded of occurrence frequency calculation. The taxonomy classification used followed the proposal by the Brazilian Comitee of Ornithological Records (Pacheco et al. 2021).

3. Data analysis

The occurrence frequency was calculated by FO = A/n.100, where “A” means number of months that a specie was recorded and “n” is the number of total months sampled (N = 25). Occurrence status was defined in this study after analyzing the occurrence of the species over the sampled period, with the occurrence frequency results calculated and information available in the literature (Sick 2001, Pacheco et al. 2021). It was considered as Residents birds with FO above 20% or more; Unusual Residents, those which present FO above 10% but under 20%; Occasional Visitors, those species that besides doesn’t show presence/absence patters defined, presented FO under 10%; Migratory those species with FO above or equal 20% and that show a clear similar pattern of presence/absence over the two sampled years. Species on migratory routes that used the area for a brief period and that is, in this study, showed FO under 10%, was classified as Visitors from North Hemisphere and Visitors from South Hemisphere, following what was purposed by Pacheco et al. (2021).

We used here the status “Unusual Resident” (FO over 10%), by the fact however a species has not been recorded on certain months, we cannot simply affirm that such specie is not occurring in that area at that time, once their “absence” could be just associated to their low conspicuity (Marterer 1996). The difference in “Unusual Resident”, therefore, to refer to those less conspicuous in the area (or potentially rare). Concerning birds classified as “Migratory”, was related to their behavior on Ilha do Cardoso, that could differ to the general pattern described in literature.

The species division in guilds was grounded in the concept proposed by Willis (1979) with some adequations aimed to encompass all community. For this was adopted some information available in Sick (2001) and Kissling et al. (2011), besides the observations made in field. The classification considered the predominant diet items in each specie, the body size and the main strata that they foraging: LSF (Large Soil Frugivores), LTF (Large Canopy Frugivores), STF (Small and Medium Canopy Frugivores), MSF (Medium Strata Frugivores), AO (Aquatic Omnivores), MSO (Medium-Strata Omnivores), CO (Canopy Omnivores), SO (Soil Omnivores), UO (Understory Omnivores), P (Piscivores), DC (Daytime Carnivores), NC (Nocturnal Carnivores), AIC (Aquatic Invertebrate Consumers), TIC (Terrestrial Invertebrates Consumers), SI (Soil Insectivores), MSI (Medium-Strata Insectivores), UI (Understory Insectivores), CI (Canopy Insectivores), DAI (Daytime Aerial Insectivores), NAI (Nocturnal Aerial Insectivores), S (Scavengers), SG (Soil Granivores), UG (Understory Granivores), MSG (Medium-Strata Granivores) and N (Nectarivores).

To test if there was a significative difference in species richness in ecosystems between years and seasons, was used a Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA), which factors (years and season) were considered as fixed effects and number of permutations used was 9.999. This analysis was made using software “Past” (Hammer et al. 2001), where similarity matrix by similarity coefficient of Jaccard was constructed with richness data. Seasons was grouped in: December, January and February (summer); March, April and May (fall); June, July and August (winter); September, October and November (spring) for better attending region’s characteristics. An accumulation curve was made based in species richness data (presence/absence matrix) in function of the number of sampling, aimed to observe whether the community has already been sampled satisfactorily.

Results

In the end of the 25 sampled months, were totalized 1.500 hours in field, distributed in 125 days. Concerning captures, were 1.116 hours of open mist-nets, of which 588 hours were on mangrove, 576 on restinga and 576 hours on the forest. As result of strong rainfall, for a day on mangrove, two days on restinga and four days on forest the mist-nets were not opened.

Was recorded 335 bird species belonging to 25 orders and 75 families (Table 1). Of these, seven were identified through pictures made by island’s locals: Amazonetta brasiliensis (Brazilian Teal), Limosa haemastica (Hudsonian Godwit), Ramphastos dicolorus (Red-breasted Toucan), Sturnella superciliaris (White-browed Meadowlark), Himantopus melanurus (White-backed Stilt), Notharcus swainsoni (Buff-bellied Puffbird) e Schistochlamys ruficapillus (Cinnamon Tanager). More seven species were included based on records made by Projeto Monitoramento de Praias - Bacia de Santos (PMP-BS) executed by Instituto de Pesquisas Cananéia (IPeC): Spheniscus magellanicus (Magellanic Penguin), Thalassarche chlororhynchos (Yellow-nosed Albatross), Thalassarche melanophris (Black-browed Albatross), Macronectes giganteus (Southern giant-Petrel), Macronectes halli (Northern giant-Petrel), Procellaria aequinoctialis (White-chinned Petrel) e Calonectris borealis (Cory’s Shearwater). In addition, six species were recorded in the period from September 2017 to December 2020 during field expeditions without a defined frequency, being them: Tringa solitaria (Solitary Sandpiper), Tringa melanoleuca (Greater Yellowlegs), Tringa semipalmata (Eastern Willet), Tringa flavipes (Lesser Yellowlegs), Jacana jacana (Wattled Jacana) and Parabuteo unicinctus (Harris’s Hawk). Based on records made in field (excluded those made by pictures and after September 2017), accumulation curve for Ilha do Cardoso stabilizes from 23th sampling (Figure 2). Among recorded species, 28 are considered endemic from Brazil (Pacheco et al. 2021) and 33 threatened with extinction whether in state level (Silveira et al. 2009), national (MMA 2014) or worldwide (IUCN 2018) (Table 2).

Table 1.
List of species recorded in Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (SP/Brazil). Caption: En – Endangered Species; E – Endemic Species; 1 record made by local residents; 2 recorded made by Projeto Monitoramento de Praias – Bacia de Santos. Occurrence ecosystem: M- Mangrove; R – Restinga; F – Forest; B – Beach; S – Sandbar; Mr – Marine; Fl – Flying. Status: Re - Resident; UR - Unusual Resident; OV - Occasional Visitor; VS - Visitors from South Hemisphere; VN - Visitors from North Hemisphere; Mi – Migratory. Guilds: LSF - Large Soil Frugivores; LCF - Large Canopy Frugivores; SMF - Small and Medium Canopy Frugivores; MSF - Medium Strata Frugivores; AO - Aquatic Omnivores; SO - Soil Omnivores; UO - Understory Omnivores; MSO - Medium-Strata Omnivores; CO - Canopy Omnivores; P – Piscivores; DC - Daytime Carnivores; NC - Nocturnal Carnivores; AIC - Aquatic Invertebrate Consumers; TIC - Terrestrial Invertebrates Consumers; SI - Soil Insectivores; MSI - Medium-Strata Insectivores; UI - Understory Insectivores; CI - Canopy Insectivores; DAI - Daytime Aerial Insectivores; NAI - Nocturnal Aerial Insectivores; S – Scavengers; SG - Soil Granivores; UG - Understory Granivores; MSG - Medium-Strata Granivores; N - Nectarivores. Numbers in parenthesis after family name corresponds to the number of species that composing its.

Taxonomic Ordering	Occurrence Ecosystem							Status	FO	Guild
	M	R	F	P	B	Mr	V
Order Tinamiformes
Family Tinamidae (2)
Tinamus solitarius (Vieillot, 1819)a – macuco – Solitary Tinamou	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	Re	48%	LSF
Crypturellus obsoletus (Temminck, 1815) – inhambuguaçu – Brown Tinamou	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	LSF
Order Anseriformes
Family Anatidae (3)
Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766) – irerê – White-faced Whistling-Duck	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	OV	4%	AO
Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) - pato-do-mato – Muscovy Duck	x	-	-	-	x	-	-	Re	36%	AO
Amazonetta brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789)1 – marreca-ananaí – Brazilian Teal	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	-	AO
Order Galliformes
Family Cracidae (3)
Penelope superciliaris Temminck, 1815 – jacupemba – Rusty-margined Guan	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	LCF
Penelope obscura Temminck, 1815 – jacuguaçu – Dusky-legged Guan	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	32%	LCF
Aburria jacutinga (Spix, 1825)a- jacutinga – Black-fronted Piping-Guan	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	LCF
Family Odontophoridae (1)
Odontophorus capueira (Spix, 1825) – uru – Spot-winged Wood-Quail	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	Re	52%	LSF
Order Podicipediformes
Family Podicipedidae (2)
Tachybaptus dominicus Linnaeus, 1766) - mergulhão-pequeno – Least Grebe	-	-	-	-	-	x	-	OV	4%	P
Podicephorus major (Boddaert, 1783) - mergulhão-grande – Great Grebe	-	-	-	-	-	x	-	OV	4%	P
Order Columbiformes
Family Columbidae (8)
Patagioenas picazuro (Temminck, 1813) – pomba-asa-branca – Picazuro Pigeon	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	LCF
Patagioenas cayennensis (Bonaterre, 1792) – pomba-galega – Pale-vented Pigeon	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Mi	64%	LCF
Patagioenas plumbea (Vieillot, 1818) – pomba-amargosa – Plumbeous Pigeon	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	60%	LCF
Geotrygon montana (Linnaeus, 1758) – pariri – Ruddy Quail-Dove	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	48%	LSF
Leptotila verreauxi Bonaparte, 1856 – juriti-pupu – White-tipped Dove	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	40%	LSF
Leptotila rufaxilla (Richard & Bernard, 1792) – juriti-de-testa-branca – Gray-founted Dove	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	LSF
Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs, 1847) – avoante – Eared Dove	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	SG
Columbina talpacoti (Temminck, 1810) – rolinha – Ruddy Ground-Dove	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	64%	SG
Order Cuculiformes
Family Cuculidae (6)
Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788) – anu-branco – Guira Cuckoo	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	MSI
Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758 – anu-preto – Smooth-billed Ani	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	56%	MSI
Tapera naevia (Linnaeus, 1766) – saci – Striped Cuckoo	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	MSI
Dromococcyx pavoninus Pelzeln, 1870 – peixe-frito-pavonino – Pavonine Cuckoo	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	MSI
Piaya cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) – alma-de-gato – Squirrel Cuckoo	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	76%	MSI
Coccyzus melacoryphus Vieillot 1817 – papa-lagarta-acanelado – Dark-billed Cuckoo	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	MSI
Order Nyctibiiformes
Family Nyctibiidae (1)
Nyctibius griseus (Gmelin, 1789) – urutau – Common Potoo	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	28%	NAI
Order Caprimulgiformes
Família Caprimulgidae (5)
Lurocalis semitorquatus (Gmelin, 1789) – tuju – Short-tailde Nighthawk	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	44%	NAI
Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmelin, 1789) – bacurau – Common Pauraque	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	68%	NAI
Hydropsalis parvula (Gould, 1837) – bacurau-chintã – Little Nightjar	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	NAI
Hydropsalis torquata (Gmelin, 1789)- bacurau-tesoura - Scissor-tailed Nightjar	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	40%	NAI
Podager nacunda (Vieillot, 1817) – corucão – Nacunda Nighthawk	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	36%	NAI
Order Apodiformes
Family Apodidae (4)
Streptoprocne zonaris (Shaw, 1796) – taperuçu-de-coleira-branca – Biscutate Swift	-	-	-	-	-	-	x	Re	28%	DAI
Chaetura cineireventris Sclater, 1862 – andorinhão-de-sobre-cinzento – Gray-rumped Swift	-	-	-	-	-	-	x	Re	24%	DAI
Chaetura meridionalis Hellmayr, 1907 – andorinhão-de-temporal – Sick’s Swift	-	-	-	-	-	-	x	OV	8%	DAI
Panyptila cayennensis (Gmelin, 1789) – andorinhão-estofador – Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift	-	-	-	-	-	-	x	OV	4%	DAI
Family Trochilidae (14)
Florisuga fusca (Vieillot, 1817) – beija-flor-preto – Black Jacobin	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	N
Ramphodon naevius (Gmelin, 1789)e – beija-flor-rajado – Saw-billed Hermit	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	N
Colibri serrirostris (Vieillot, 1816) – beija-flor-de-orelha-violeta – White-vented Violetear	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	16%	N
Heliothryx auritus (Gmelin, 1788) – beija-flor-de-bochecha-azul – Black-eared Fairy	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	N
Anthracothorax nigricollis (Vieillot, 1817) – beija-flor-de-veste-preta – Black-throated Mango	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	N
Lophornis chalybeus (Temminck, 1821) – topetinho-verde – Festive Coquette	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	N
Chlorostilbon lucidus (Shaw, 1812) – besourinho-de-bico-vermelho – Glittering-bellied Emerald	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	56%	N
Stephanoxis lalandi (Vieillot, 1818)e – beija-flor-de-topete-verde – Green-crowned Plovercrest	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	N
Thalurania glaucopis (Gmelin, 1788) – beija-flor-de-fronte violeta – Violet-capped Woodnymph	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	N
Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788) – beija-flor-tesoura – Swallow-tailed Hummingbird	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	N
Aphantochroa cirrochloris (Vieillot, 1818) – beija-flor-cinza – Sombre Hummingbird	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	40%	N
Chrysuronia versicolor (Vieillot, 1818) – beija-flor-de-banda-branca – Versicolored Emerald	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	40%	N
Leucochloris albicollis (Vieillot, 1818) - beija-flor-de-papo-branco - White-throated Hummingbird	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	N
Chionomesa fimbriata (Gmelin, 1788) - beija-flor-de-garganta-verde - Glittering-throated Emerald	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	40%	N
Order Gruiformes
Famíly Aramidae (1)
Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766) – carão – Limpkin	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	AIC
Family Rallidae (13)
Rallus longirostris Boddaert, 1783a – saracura-matraca- Mangrove Rail	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	UR	16%	AIC
Porphyrio martinica (Linnaeus, 1766) – frango-d’água-azul – Purple Gallinule	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	AO
Laterallus melanophaius (Vieillot, 1819) – sanã-parda – Rufous-sided Crake	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	Re	32%	AIC
Laterallus exilis (Temminck, 1831) – sanã-do-capim – Gray-breasted Crake	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	AIC
Laterallus leucopyrrhus (Vieillot, 1819) – sanã-vermelha – Red-and-white Crake	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	AIC
Mustelirallus albicollis (Vieillot, 1819) – sanã-carijó – Ash-throated Crake	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	16%	AIC
Pardirallus nigricans (Vieillot, 1819) – saracura-sanã – Blackish Rail	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	AIC
Amaurolimnas concolor (Gosse, 1847) – saracura-lisa – Uniform Crake	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	44%	TIC
Aramides mangle (Spix, 1825)a – saracura-do-mangue – Little Wood-Rail	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	UR	16%	AIC
Aramides cajaneus (Statius Muller, 1776) – saracura-três-potes – Gray-nacked Wood-Rail	x	x	-	-	x	-	-	Re	100%	AIC
Aramides saracura (Spix, 1825) – saracura-do-mato – Slaty-breasted Wood-Rail	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	AIC
Gallinula galeata (Lichtenstein, 1818) – galinha-d´água – Common Gallinule	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	AO
Fulica rufifrons Philippi & Landbeck, 1861 – carqueja-de-escudo-vermelho – Red-fronted Coot	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	AO
Order Charadriiformes
Family Charadriidae (5)
Pluvialis dominica (Statius Muller, 1776) – batuiruçu – American Golden-Plover	-	x	-	x	-	-	-	VN	4%	AIC
Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758) – batuiruçu-de-axila-preta – Black-bellied Plover	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VN	4%	AIC
Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) – quero-quero – Southern Lapwing	-	x	-	x	x	-	-	Re	100%	TIC
Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, 1825 – batuíra-de-bando – Semipalmated Plover	-	-	-	x	x	-	-	Re	20%	AIC
Charadrius collaris Vieillot, 1818 – batuíra-de-coleira – Collared Plover	-	-	-	x	x	-	-	OV	4%	AIC
Family Haematopodidae (1)
Haematopus palliatus Temminck, 1820 – piru-piru – American Oystercatcher	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	Re	40%	AIC
Family Recurvirostridae (1)
Himantopus melanurus (Statius Muller, 1776)1 pernilongo -de-costas-brancas - White-backed Stilt	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	OV	-	AIC
Family Scolopacidae (11)
Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus, 1758) – maçarico-de-bico-virado – Hudsonian Godwit	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VN	-	AIC
Calidris canutus (Linnaeus, 1758) – maçarico-de-papo-vermelho – Red Knot	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VN	4%	AIC
Calidris alba (Pallas, 1764) – maçarico-branco – Sanderling	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VN	4%	AIC
Calidris fuscicollis (Vieillot, 1819) – maçarico-de-sobre-branco – White-rumped Sandpiper	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VN	4%	AIC
Calidris pusilla (Linnaeus, 1766) – maçarico-rasteirinho – Semipalmated Sandpiper	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VN	8%	AIC
Gallinago paraguaiae (Vieillot, 1816) – narceja –South American Snipe	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	TIC
Actitis macularius (Linnaeus, 1766) – maçarico-pintado – Spotted Sandpiper	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	72%	AIC
Tringa solitaria Wilson, 1813 – maçarico-solitário – Solitary Sandpiper	-	-	-	x	x	-	-	VN	-	AIC
Tringa melanoleuca (Gmelin, 1789) – maçarico-grande-de-perna-amarela – Greater Yellowlegs	-	-	-	x	x	-	-	VN	-	AIC
Tringa semipalmata (Gmelin, 1789) – maçarico-de-asa-branca - Eastern Willet	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VN	-	AIC
Tringa flavipes (Gmelin, 1789) – maçarico-de-perna-amarela – Lesser Yellowlegs	-	-	-	x	x	-	-	VN	-	AIC
Family Jacanidae (1)
Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766) – jaçanã - Wattled Jacana	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	-	AO
Family Stercorariidae (1)
Stercorarius chilensis Bonaparte, 1857 – mandrião-chileno – Chilean Skua	-	-	-	-	-	x	-	VS	4%	DC
Family Laridae (7)
Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823 – gaivotão - Kelp Gull	-	-	-	x	x	x	-	Re	100%	S
Rynchops niger Linnaeus, 1758 – talha-mar – Black Skimmer	-	-	-	x	x	x	-	Re	40%	P
Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 – trinta-réis-boreal – Common Tern	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VN	8%	P
Sterna hirundinacea Lesson, 1831a – trinta-réis-de-bico-vermelho – South American Tern	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	Re	32%	P
Sterna trudeaui Audubon, 1838– trinta-réis-de-coroa-branca – Snowy-crowned Tern	-	-	-	-	-	-	x	OV	8%	P
Thalasseus acuflavidus (Cabot, 1847)a –trinta-réis-de-bando – Cabot’s Tern	-	-	-	x	x	x	-	Re	40%	P
Thalasseus maximus (Boddaert, 1783)a – trinta-réis-real – Royal Tern	-	-	-	x	x	x	-	Re	40%	P
Order Sphenisciformes
Family Spheniscidae (1)
Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster, 1781)2 - pinguim-de-magalhães – Magellanic Penguin	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VS	-	P
Order Procellariiformes
Family Diomedeidae (2)
Thalassarche chlororhynchos (Gmelin, 1789)2,a - albatroz-de-nariz-amarelo –Yellow-nosed Albatross	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VS	-	P
Thalassarche melanophris (Temminck, 1828)2,a - albatroz-de-sobrancelha – Black-browned Albatross	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VS	-	P
Family Procellariidae (5)
Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin, 1789)2 - petrel-grande – Southern Giant-Petrel	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VS	-	DC
Macronectes halli Mathews, 19122 - petrel-grande-do-norte – Northern Giant-Petrel9	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VS	-	DC
Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus, 17582,a - pardela-preta – White-chinned Petrel	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VS	-	P
Calonectris borealis (Cory, 1881)2 - cagarra-grande – Cory’s Shearwater	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	VN	-	P
Puffinus puffinus (Brünnich, 1764) - pardela-sombria – Manx Shearwater	-	-	-	x	-	x	-	VN	4%	P
Order Suliformes
Family Fregatidae (1)
Fregata magnificens Mathews, 1914 – fragata – Magnificent Frigatebird	-	-	-	-	-	-	x	Re	100%	P
Family Sulidae (1)
Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783) – atobá-pardo – Brown Booby	-	-	-	x	-	x	-	Re	100%	P
Family Phalacrocoracidae (1)
Nannopterum brasilianum (Gmelin, 1789) – biguá – Neotropic Cormorant	x	-	-	x	x	x	-	Re	100%	P
Family Anhingidae (1)
Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus, 1766) – biguatinga – Anhinga	x	-	-	x	-	x	-	OV	8%	P
Order Pelecaniformes
Family Ardeidae (11)
Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783) - socó-boi – Rufescent Tiger-Heron	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	P
Cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus, 1766)a – arapapá – Boat-billed Heron	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	AIC
Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) – socó-dorminhoco – Black-crowned Night-Heron	x	-	-	-	x	-	-	Re	100%	P
Nyctanassa violacea (Linnaeus, 1758)a – savacu-de-coroa – Yellow-crowned Night-Heron	x	-	-	-	x	-	-	Re	100%	P
Butorides striata (Linnaeus, 1758) – socozinho – Striated Heron	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	P
Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) – garça-vaqueira – Cattle Egret	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	TIC
Ardea cocoi Linnaeus, 1766 – garça-moura – Cocoi Heron	x	-	-	-	x	-	-	Re	100%	P
Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758 – garça-branca-grande – Great Egret	x	x	-	-	x	-	-	Re	100%	P
Syrigma sibilatrix (Temminck, 1824) – maria-faceira – Whistling Heron	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	TIC
Egretta thula (Molina, 1782) – garça-branca-pequena – Snowy Egret	x	-	-	x	x	-		Re	100%	P
Egretta caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758) – garça-azul – Little Blue Heron	x	-	-	x	x	-	-	Re	100%	P
Family Threskiornithidae (4)
Eudocimus ruber Linnaeus, 1758a – guará – Scarlet Ibis	x	-	-	-	x	-	-	Re	100%	AIC
Pimosus infuscatus (Lichtenstein, 1823) – tapicuru – Bare-faced Ibis	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	AIC
Theristicus caudatus (Boddaert, 1783) – curicaca – Buff-necked Ibis	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	12%	TIC
Platalea ajaja Linnaeus, 1758 – colhereiro – Roseate Spoonbill	x	-	-	-	x	-	-	Re	32%	AIC
Order Cathartiformes
Family Cathartidae (3)
Coragyps atratus (Bechstein, 1793) – urubu-preto – Black Vulture	x	x	x	x	-	-	-	Re	100%	S
Cathartes aura (Linnaeus, 1758) – urubu-de-cabeça-vermelha – Turkey Vulture	x	x	x	x	-	-	-	Re	100%	S
Cathartes burrovianus Cassin, 1845 – urubu-de-cabeça-amarela – Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture	-	-	-	x	-	-	-	OV	4%	S
Order Accipitriformes
Family Pandionidae (1)
Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) – águia-pescadora – Osprey	-	-	-	-	-	-	x	VN	4%	P
Family Accipitridae (17)
Elanus leucurus (Vieillot, 1818) – gavião-peneira – White-tailed Kite	-	-	-	-	-	-	x	OV	4%	DC
Chondrohierax uncinatus (Temminck, 1822) – gavião-caracoleiro – Hook-billed Kite	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	TIC
Elanoides forficatus (Linnaeus, 1758) – gavião-tesoura – Swallow-tailed Kite	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Mi	20%	DC
Spizaetus tyrannus (Wied, 1820)a – gavião-pega-macaco – Black Hawk-Eagle	-	-	-	-	-	-	x	Re	28%	DC
Harpagus diodon (Temminck, 1823) – gavião-bombachinha – Rufous-thighed Kite	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	DC
Ictinia plumbea (Gmelin,1788) – sovi – Plumbeous Kite	-	-	-	-	-	-	x	OV	4%	DAI
Accipiter poliogaster (Temminck, 1824) – tauató-pintado – Gray-bellied Hawk	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	DC
Accipiter striatus Vieillot, 1808 – tauató-miúdo – Sharp-shinned Hawk	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	DC
Accipiter bicolor (Vieillot, 1817) – gavião-bombachinha-grande – Bicolored Hawk	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	DC
Buteogallus aequinoctialis (Gmelin, 1788)a – gavião-caranguejeiro – Rufous Crab Hawk	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	TIC
Amadonastur lacernulatus (Temminck, 1827)a,e – gavião-pombo-pequeno – White-necked Hawk	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	DC
Urubitinga urubitinga (Gmelin, 1788) – gavião-preto – Great BlackHawk	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	DC
Rupornis magnirostris (Gmelin, 1788) – gavião-carijó – Roadside Hawk	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	DC
Parabuteo unicinctus (Temmincki, 1824) – gavião-asa-de-telha - Harris’s Hawk	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	-	DC
Geranoaetus albicaudatus (Vieillot, 1816) – gavião-de-rabo-branco – White-tailed Hawk	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	DC
Pseudastur polionotus (Kaup, 1847)a – gavião-pombo – Mantled Hawk	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	DC
Buteo brachyurus Vieillot, 1916 – gavião-de-cauda-curta - Short-tailed Hawk	-	-	-	-	-	-	x	UR	12%	DC
Order Strigiformes
Family Tytonidae (1)
Tyto furcata (Temminck, 1827) – suindara – American Barn Owl	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	NC
Família Strigidae (5)
Megascops choliba (Vieillot, 1817) – corujinha-do-mato – Tropical Screech-Owl	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	16%	NC
Megascops atricapilla (Temminck, 1822) – corujinha-sapo – Black-capped Screech-Owl	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	NC
Athene cunicularia (Molina, 1782) – coruja-buraqueira – Burrowing Owl	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	NC
Asio clamator (Vieillot, 1808) – coruja-orelhuda – Striped Owl	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	NC
Asio stygius (Wagler, 1832) – mocho-diabo – Stygian Owl	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	NC
Order Trogoniformes
Family Trogonidae (1)
Trogon viridis Linnaeus, 1766 – surucuá-de-barriga-amarela – Green-backed Trogon	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSO
Order Coraciiformes
Family Momotidae (1)
Baryphthengus ruficapillus (Vieillot, 1818) – juruva – Rufous-capped Motmot	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	TIC
Family Alcedinidae (4)
Megaceryle torquata (Linnaeus, 1766) – martim-pescador-grande – Ringed Kingfisher	x	-	-	-	x	x	-	Re	100%	P
Chloroceryle amazona (Latham, 1790) – martim-pescador-verde – Amazon Kingfisher	x	-	-	-	x	x	-	Re	100%	P
Chloroceryle americana (Gmelin, 1788) – martim-pescador-pequeno – Green Kingfisher	x	x	x	-	x	x	-	Re	100%	P
Chloroceryle inda (Linnaeus,1766) – martim-pescador-da-mata – Green-and-rufous Kingfisher	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	P
Order Galbuliformes
Family Bucconidae (3)
Nonnula rubecula (Spix, 1824) – macuru – Rusty-breasted Nunlet	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	MSI
Malacoptila striata (Spix, 1824)e – barbudo-rajado – Crescent-chested Puffbird	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	MSI
Notharchus swainsoni (Gray 1846) – macuru-de-barriga-castanha – Buff-bellied Puffbird	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	-	CI
Order Piciformes
Family Ramphastidae (4)
Ramphastos toco Statius Muller, 1776 – tucanuçu – Toco Toucan	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	CO
Ramphastos vitellinus Lichtenstein, 1823a,e – tucano-de-bico-preto – Channel-billed Toucan	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	CO
Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 17661 – tucano-de-bico-verde- Red-brested Toucan	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	-	CO
Selenidera maculirostris (Lichtenstein, 1823)a,e – araçari-poca – Spot-billed Toucanet	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	60%	MSO
Family Picidae (10)
Picumnus temminckii Lafresnaye, 1845 – picapauzinho-de-coleira – Ochre-collared Piculet	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSI
Melanerpes candidus (Otto, 1796) – pica-pau-branco – White Woodpecker	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	MSI
Melanerpes flavifrons (Vieillot, 1818) – benedito-de-testa-amarela – Yellow-tufted Woodpecker	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	Re	36%	MSI
Veniliornis spilogaster (Wagler, 1827) – picapauzinho-verde-carijó – White-spotted Woodpecker	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	80%	MSI
Campephilus robustus (Lichtenstein, 1818) – pica-pau-rei – Robust Woodpecker	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	64%	MSI
Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) – pica-pau-de-banda-branca – Lineated Woodpecker	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	36%	MSI
Celeus flavescens (Gmelin, 1788) – pica-pau-de-cabeça-amarela – Blond-crested Woodpecker	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSI
Piculus flavigula (Boddaert, 1783) – pica-pau-bufador – Yellow-throated Woodpecker	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	84%	MSI
Colaptes melanochloros (Gmelin, 1788) – pica-pau-verde-barrado – Green-barred Woodpecker	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	MSI
Colaptes campestris (Vieillot, 1818) – pica-pau-do-campo – Campo Flicker	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	SI
Order Falconiformes
Family Falconidae (7)
Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) – acauã – Laughing Falcon	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	16%	DC
Micrastur ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) – falcão-caburé – Barred Forest-Falcon	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	UR	16%	DC
Micrastur semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817) – falcão-relógio – Collared Forest-Falcon	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	60%	DC
Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777) – carcará – Southern Caracara	x	x	-	x	-	-	-	Re	92%	DC
Milvago chimachima (Vieillot, 1816) – carrapateiro – Yellow-headed Caracara	x	x	x	x	x	x	-	Re	100%	DC
Milvago chimango (Vieillot, 1816) – chimango – Chimango Caracara	x	-	-	-	x	-	-	OV	8%	DC
Falco femoralis Temminck, 1822 – falcão-de-coleira – Aplomado Falcon	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	DC
Order Psittaciformes
Family Psittacidae (7)
Touit melanonotus (Wied, 1829)a,e – apuim-de-costas-pretas –Brown-backed Parrotlet	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	SMF
Brotogeris tirica (Gmelin, 1788)e – periquito-rico – Plain Parakeet	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	80%	SMF
Pionopsitta pileata (Scopoli, 1769) – cuiú-cuiú – Pileated Parrot	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	48%	SMF
Pionus maximiliani (Kuhl, 1820) – maitaca-verde – Scaly-headed Parrot	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	88%	LCF
Amazona brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1758)a,e – papagaio-da-cara-roxa – Red-tailed Parrot	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	LCF
Forpus xanthopterygius (Spix, 1824) – tuim – Blue-winged Parrotlet	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	SMF
Pyrrhura frontalis (Vieillot, 1817) – tiriba – Maroon-bellied Parakeet	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	40%	SMF
Ordem Passeriformes
Família Thamnophilidae (11)
Terenura maculata (Wied, 1831) – zidedê – Streak-capped Antwren	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	MSI
Myrmotherula unicolor (Ménétriès, 1835)a,e – choquinha-cinzenta – Unicolored Antwren	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	MSI
Dysithamnus mentalis (Temminck, 1823) – choquinha-lisa – Plain Antvireo	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	88%	MSI
Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus (Temminck, 1822) – chororozinho-de-asa-vermelha – Rufous-winged Antwren	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	92%	MSI
Thamnophilus caerulescens Vieillot, 1816 – choca-da-mata – Variable Antshrike	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSI
Hypoedaleus guttatus (Vieillot, 1816) – chocão-carijó – Spot-backed Antshrike	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	44%	MSI
Mackenziaena leachii (Such, 1825) – borralhara-assobiadora – Large-tailed Antshrike	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	UI
Mackenziaena severa (Lichtenstein, 1823) – borralhara – Tufted Anthrike	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	UI
Myrmoderus squamosus (Pelzeln, 1868)e – papa-formiga-de-grota – Squamate Antbird	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	84%	UI
Pyriglena leucoptera (Vieillot, 1818) – papa-taoca-do-sul – White-shouldered Fire-eye	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	UI
Drymophila squamata (Lichtenstein, 1823)e – pintadinho – Scaled Antbird	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	UI
Family Conopophagidae (2)
Conopophaga melanops (Vieillot, 1818)e – cuspidor-de-máscara-preta – Black-cheeked Gnateater	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	UI
Conopophaga lineata (Wied, 1831) – chupa-dente – Rufous Gnateater	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	UI
Family Grallariidae (1)
Cryptopezus nattereri (Pinto, 1937) – pinto-do-mato – Speckle-breasted Antpitta	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	UI
Family Rhinocryptidae (2)
Psilorhamphus guttatus (Ménétriès, 1835) – tapaculo-pintado – Spotted Bamboowren	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	UI
Eleoscytalopus indigoticus (Wied, 1831)e – macuquinho – White-breasted Tapaculo	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	16%	UI
Family Formicariidae (2)
Formicarius colma Boddaert, 1783 – galinha-do-mato – Rufous-capped Antthrush	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	SI
Chamaeza meruloides Vigors, 1825e – tovaca-cantadora – Such’s Antthrush	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	SI
Family Scleruridae (1)
Sclerurus scansor (Ménétriès, 1835) – vira-folhas – Rufous-breasted Leaftosser	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	SI
Family Dendrocolaptidae (5)
Sittasomus griseicapillus (Vieillot, 1818) – arapaçu-verde – Olivaceous Woodcreeper	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	84%	MSI
Dendrocincla turdina (Lichtenstein, 1820) – arapaçu-liso – Plain-winged Woodcreeper	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSI
Dendrocolaptes platyrostris Spix, 1824 – arapaçu-grande – Planalto Woodcreeper	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	52%	MSI
Xiphocolaptes albicollis (Vieillot, 1818) arapaçu-de-garganta-branca -White-throated Woodcreper	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	84%	MSI
Xiphorhynchus fuscus (Vieillot, 1818) – arapaçu-rajado – Lesser Woodcreeper	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	84%	MSI
Family Xenopidae (2)
Xenops minutus (Sparrman, 1788) – bico-virado-miúdo – Plain Xenops	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	88%	MSI
Xenops rutilans Temminck, 1821 – bico-virado-carijó – Streaked Xenops	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	MSI
Family Furnariidae (9)
Furnarius rufus (Gmelin, 1788) – joao-de-barro – Rufous Hornero	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	SI
Lochmias nematura (Lichtenstein, 1823) – joão-porca – Sharp-tailed Streamcreeper	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	SI
Cichlocolaptes leucophrus (Jardine & Selby, 1830)e – trepador-sobrancelha – Pale-beowned Treehunter	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	72%	MSI
Philydor atricapillus (Wied, 1821) – limpa-folhas-coroado - Black-capped Foliage-gleaner	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	88%	MSI
Anabacerthia amaurotis (Temminck, 1823) – limpa-folha-miúdo – White-browed Foliage-gleaner	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	UI
Anabacerthia lichtensteini (Cabannis & Heine, 1859) – limpa-folhas-ocráceo – Ochre-breasted Foliage-gleaner	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	MSI
Automolus leucophthalmus (Wied, 1821) – barranqueiro-de-olho-branco - White-eyed Foliage-gleaner	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	UI
Synallaxis ruficapilla Vieillot, 1819 – pichororé – Rufous-capped Spinetail	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	UI
Synallaxis spixi Sclater, 1856 – joão-teneném - Spix’s Spinetail	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	25%	UI
Family Pipridae (2)
Chiroxiphia caudata (Shaw & Nodder, 1793) – tangará – Swallow-tailed Manakin	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSF
Manacus manacus (Linnaeus, 1766) – rendeira – White-bearde Manakin	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSF
Family Cotingidae (3)
Carpornis melanocephala (Wied, 1820)a,e – sabiá-pimenta – Black-headed Berryeater	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	Re	68%	LCF
Pyroderus scutatus (Shaw, 1792)a – pavó – Red-ruffed Fruitcrow	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	LCF
Procnias nudicollis (Vieillot, 1817)a – araponga – Bare-throated Bellbird	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	72%	LCF
Family Tityridae (6)
Schiffornis virescens (Lafresnaye, 1838) – flautim – Greenish Schiffornis	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSO
Tityra inquisitor (Lichtenstein, 1823) – anambé-branco-de-bochecha-parda – Black-crowned Tityra	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	CO
Tityra cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) – anambé-branco-de-rabo-preto – Black-tailed Tityra	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	CO
Pachyramphus polychopterus (Vieillot, 1818) – caneleiro-preto – White-winged Becard	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	MSI
Pachyramphus marginatus (Lichtenstein, 1823) – caneleiro-bordado – Black-capped Becard	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	MSI
Pachyramphus validus (Lichtenstein, 1823) – caneleiro-de-chapéu-preto – Crested Becard	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	36%	MSI
Family Oxyruncidae (1)
Oxyruncus cristatus Swainson, 1821 – araponga-do-horto - Sharpbill	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	CO
Family Onychorhynchidae (1)
Myiobius barbatus (Gmelin, 1789) – assanhadinho – Whiskered Flycatcher	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	88%	UI
Family Platyrinchidae (2)
Platyrinchus mystaceus Vieillot, 1818 – patinho – White-throated Spadebill	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	80%	MSI
Platyrinchus leucoryphus Wied, 1831a – patinho-de-asa-castanha – Russet-winged Spadebill	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	16%	MSI
Family Rhynchocyclidae (10)
Mionectes rufiventris Cabanis, 1846 – abre-asa-de-cabeça-cinza – Gray-hooded Flycatcher	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	48%	MSI
Leptopogon amaurocephalus Tschudi, 1846 – cabeçudo – Sepia-capped Flycatcher	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSI
Phylloscartes ventralis (Temminck,1824) – borboletinha-do-mato – Mottle-cheeked Tyrannulet	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	CI
Phylloscartes kronei Willis & Oniki, 1992a,e – maria-da-restinga – Restinga Tyrannulet	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	CI
Phylloscartes paulista Ihering & Ihering, 1907a – não-pode-parar – Sao Paulo Tyrannulet	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	CI
Phylloscartes oustaleti (Sclater, 1887)e – papa-moscas-de-olheiras – Oustalet’s Tyrannulet	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	CI
Tolmomyias sulphurescens (Spix, 1825) – bico-chato-de-orelha-preta – Yellow-olive Flycatcher	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSI
Todirostrum poliocephalum (Wied, 1831)e – teque-teque – Gray-headed Tody-Flycatcher	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	MSI
Myiornis auriculares (Vieillot, 1818) – miudinho – Eared Pygmy-Tyrant	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	UI
Hemitriccus orbitatus (Wied, 1831)e – tiririzinho-do-mato – Eye-ringed Tody-Tyrant	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	44%	MSI
Family Tyrannidae (35)
Hirundinea ferruginea (Gmelin, 1788) – gibão-de-couro – Cliff Flycatcher	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	CI
Camptostoma obsoletum (Temminck, 1824) – risadinha – Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSI
Elaenia flavogaster (Thunberg, 1822) – guaracava-de-barriga-amarela – Yellow-bellied Elaenia	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	64%	CO
Elaenia parvirostris Pelzeln, 1868 – tuque-pium – Small-billed Elaenia	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	CO
Elaenia mesoleuca (Deppe, 1830) – tuque – Olivaceous Elaenia	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	36%	CO
Elaenia obscura (d´Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) – tucão – Highland Elaenia	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	44%	CO
Myiopagis caniceps (Swainson, 1835) – guaracava-cinzenta – Gray Elaenia	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	CI
Capsiempis flaveola (Lichtenstein, 1823) – marianinha-amarela – Yellow Tyrannulet	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	MSI
Phyllomyias fasciatus (Thunberg, 1822) – piolhinho – Planalto Tyrannulet	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	MSI
Phyllomyias griseocapilla Sclater, 1862e – piolhinho-serrano – Gray-capped Tyrannulet	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	MSI
Serpophaga subcristata (Vieillot, 1817) – alegrinho – White-crested Tyrannulet	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	CI
Attila rufus (Vieillot, 1819)e – capitão-de-saíra – Gray-hooded Attila	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSI
Legatus leucophaius (Vieillot, 1818) – bem-te-vi-pirata – Piratic Flicatcher	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	CO
Myiarchus swainsoni Cabanis & Heine, 1859 – irré – Swainson’s Flycatcher	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	92%	MSI
Myiarchus ferox (Gmelin, 1789) – maria-cavaleira – Short-crested Flycatcher	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	MSI
Sirystes sibilator (Vieillot, 1818) – gritador – Sibilant Sirystes	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	CI
Rhytipterna simplex (Lichtenstein, 1823) – vissiá – Grayish Mourner	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	CI
Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766) – bem-te-vi – Great Kiskadee	x	x	-	-	x	-	-	Re	100%	CO
Machetornis rixosa (Vieillot, 1819) – suiriri-cavaleiro – Cattle Tyrant	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	20%	SI
Myiodinastes maculatus (Statius Muller, 1776) – bem-te-vi-rajado – Streaked Flycatcher	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	44%	CO
Megarynchus pitangua (Linnaeus, 1766) – neinei – Boat-billed Flycatcher	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	76%	CO
Myiozetetes similis (Spix, 1825) – bentevizinho-de-penacho-vermelho – Social Flycatcher	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	44%	CO
Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, 1819 – suiriri – Tropical Kingbird	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	64%	CI
Tyrannus savana Daudin, 1802 – tesourinha – Fork-tailed Flycatcher	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	28%	CI
Empidonomus varius (Vieillot, 1818) – peitica – Variegated Flycatcher	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	36%	CO
Conopias trivirgatus (Wied, 1831) – bem-te-vi-pequeno – Three-striped Flycatcher	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	44%	CI
Colonia colonus (Vieillot, 1818) – viuvinha – Long-tailed Tyrant	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	CI
Fluvicola nengeta (Linnaeus, 1766) – lavadeira-mascarada – Masked Water-Tyrant	x	x	-	x	x	-	-	Re	100%	SI
Pyrocephalus rubinus (Boddaert, 1783) – príncipe – Vermilion Flycatcher	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	24%	MSI
Muscipipra vetula (Lichtenstein, 1823) – tesoura-cinzenta - Shear-tailed Gray Tyrant	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	CI
Myiophobus fasciatus (Statius Muller, 1776) – filipe – Bran-colored Flycatcher	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	32%	UI
Cnemotriccus fuscatus (Wied, 1831) – guaracavuçu – Fuscous Flycatcher	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Mi	60%	UI
Lathrotriccus euleri (Cabanis, 1868) – enferrujado – Euler’s Flycatcher	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Mi	60%	UI
Contopus cinereus (Spix, 1825) – papa-moscas-cinzento - TropicalPewee	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	CI
Satrapa icterophrys (Vieillot, 1818) – suiriri-pequeno – Yellow-browed Tyrant	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	16%	MSI
Family Vireonidae (2)
Hylophilus poicilotis Temminck, 1822 – verdinho-coroado – Rufous-crowned Greenlet	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	16%	MSO
Vireo chivi (Vieillot, 1817) – juruviara – Chivi Vireo – Azure Jay	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	56%	CO
Family Corvidae (1)
Cyanocorax caeruleus (Vieillot, 1818) – gralha-azul	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSO
Family Hirundinidae (6)
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817) – andorinha-pequena-de-casa - Blue-and-white Swallow	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	DAI
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) – andorinha-serradora – Southern Rough-winged Swallow	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	64%	DAI
Progne tapera (Vieillot, 1817) – andorinha-do-campo – Brown-chested Martin	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	DAI
Progne chalybea (Gmelin, 1789) – andorinha-grande – Gray-breasted Martin	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	68%	DAI
Tachycineta leucorrhoa (Vieillot, 1817) – andorinha-de-sobre-branco – White-rumped Swallow	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	DAI
Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 – andorinha-de-bando – Barn Swallow	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	DAI
Family Troglodytidae (2)
Troglodytes musculus Naumann, 1823 – curruira – Southern House Wren	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	UI
Cantorchilus longirostris (Vieillot, 1819)e – garrinchão-de-bico-grande – Long-billed Wren	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	UI
Family Polioptilidae (1)
Ramphocaenus melanurus Vieillot, 1819 – chirito – Long-billed Gnatwren	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	UI
Family Turdidae (5)
Turdus flavipes Vieillot, 1818 – sabiá-una – Yellow-legged Thrush	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	92%	MSO
Turdus leucomelas Vieillot, 1818 – sabiá-barranco – Pale-breasted Thrush	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	MSO
Turdus rufiventris Vieillot, 1818 – sabiá-laranjeira – Rufous-bellied Thrush	x	x	x	-	x	-	-	Re	100%	MSO
Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850 – sabiá-poca – Creamy-bellied Thrush	x	x	-	-	x	-	-	Re	100%	MSO
Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818 – sabiá-coleira – White-necked Thrush	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSO
Família Mimidae (1)
Mimus saturninus (Lichtenstein, 1823) – sabiá-do-campo – Chalk-browed Mockingbird	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	16%	MSO
Family Motacillidae (1)
Anthus chii Vieillot, 1818 – caminheiro-zumbidor - Yellowish Pipit	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	SI
Family Fringillidae (4)
Spinus magellanicus (Vieillot, 1805) – pintassilgo – Hooded Siskin	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	UG
Euphonia chalybea (Mykan, 1825)a – cais-cais – Green-throated Euphonia	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	MSO
Euphonia violacea (Linnaeus, 1758) – gaturamo-verdadeiro – Violaceous Euphonia	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSO
Euphonia pectoralis (Latham, 1801) – ferro-velho – Chestnut-bellied Euphonia	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSO
Family Passerellidae (1)
Zonotrichia capensis (Statius Muller, 1776) – tico-tico – Rufous-collared Sparrow	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	SG
Family Icteridae (4)
Sturnella superciliaris (Bonaparte, 1850) – polícia-inglesa-do-sul – White-browed Meadowlark	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	-	MSG
Cacicus haemorrhous (Linnaeus, 1766) – guaxe – Red-rumped Cacique	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	CO
Icterus pyrrhopterus (Vieillot, 1819) – encontro – Variable Oriole	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	CO
Molothrus bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789) – chupim – Shiny Cowbird	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Mi	60%	SO
Family Parulidae (4)
Geothlypis aequinoctialis (Gmelin, 1789) – pia-cobra – Masked Yellowthroat	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	UI
Setophaga pitiayumi (Vieillot, 1817) – mariquita – Tropical Parula	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSI
Myiothlypis rivularis (Wied, 1821) – pula-pula-ribeirinho – Neotropical River Warbler	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	SI
Basileuterus culicivorus (Deppe, 1830) – pula-pula – Golden-crowned Warbler	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	UI
Family Mitrospingidae (1)
Orthogonys chloricterus (Vieillot, 1819)e – catirumbava – Olive-green Tanager	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	CO
Family Cardinalidae (1)
Habia rubica (Vieillot, 1817) – tiê-de-bando – Red-crowned Ant-Tanager	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	UO
Family Thraupidae (31)
Chlorophanes spiza (Linnaeus, 1758) – saí-verde – Green Honeycreeper	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	40%	CO
Hemithraupis ruficapilla (Vieillot, 1818)e – saíra-ferrugem – Rufous-headed Tanager	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	CO
Tersina viridis (Illiger, 1811) – saí-andorinha – Swallow Tanager	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	40%	MSO
Dacnis cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) - saí-azul – Blue Dacnis	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	44%	CO
Saltator similis d´Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 – trinca-ferro – Green-winged Saltator	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	MSO
Saltator fuliginosus (Daudin, 1800) – bico-de-pimenta – Black-throated Grosbeak	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	4%	MSO
Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758) – cambacica – Bananaquit	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	N
Asemospiza fuliginosa (Wied, 1830) – cigarra-preta – Sooty Grassquit	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	Re	20%	UG
Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766) – tiziu – Blue-black Grassquit	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	8%	UG
Trichothraupis melanops (Vieillot, 1818) – tiê-de-topete – Black-goggled Tanager	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	UO
Loriotus cristatus (Linnaeus, 1766) – tiê-galo – Flame-crested Tanager	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSO
Tachyphonus coronatus (Vieillot, 1822) – tiê-preto – Ruby-crowned Tanager	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSO
Ramphocelus bresilius (Linnaeus, 1766)e – tiê-sangue – Brazilian Tanager	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSO
Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus, 1758) – bigodinho – Lined Seedeater	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	UR	16%	UG
Sporophila frontalis (Verreaux, 1869)a – pixoxó – Buffy-fronted Seedeater	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	28%	MSG
Sporophila caerulescens (Vieillot, 1823) – coleirinho – Double-collared Seedeater	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	UG
Sporophila angolensis (Linnaeus, 1766)a – curió – Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	UG
Thlypopsis sordida (d´Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) – saí-canário – Orange-headed Tanager	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	CO
Conirostrum speciosum (Temminck, 1824) – figuinha-de-rabo-castanho – Chestnut-vented Conebill	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	UR	16%	CO
Conirostrum bicolor (Vieillot, 1809)a – figuinha-do-mangue - BicoloredConebill	x	-	-	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	MSI
Sicalis flaveola (Linnaeus, 1766) – canário-da-terra – Saffron Finch	x	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	SG
Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis, 1851 – cigarra-bambu – Uniform Finch	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	Re	36%	UG
Pipraeidea melanonota (Vieillot, 1819) – saíra-viúva – Fawn-breasted Tanager	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	24%	CO
Schistoclamys ruficapillus (Vieillot, 1817)1 – bico-de-veludo – Cinnamon Tanager	-	x	-	-	-	-	-	OV	-	MSG
Thraupis sayaca (Linnaeus, 1766) – sanhaço-cinzento – Sayaca Tanager	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	CO
Thraupis cyanoptera (Vieillot, 1817) – sanhaço-de-encontro-azul – Azure-chouldered Tanager	-	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	56%	CO
Thraupis palmarum (Wied, 1821) – sanhaço-do-coqueiro – Palm Tanager	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	CO
Thraupis ornata (Sparrman, 1789)e – sanhaço-de-encontro-amarelo – Golden-chevroned Tanager	-	-	x	-	-	-	-	UR	12%	CO
Stilpnia peruviana (Desmarest, 1806)a,e – saíra-sapucaia – Chestnut-backed Tanager	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	CO
Tangara seledon (Statius Muller, 1776) – saíra-sete-cores – Green-headed Tanager	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Re	100%	CO
Tangara cyanocephala (Statius Muller, 1776) – saíra-militar- Red-necked Tanager	x	x	x	-	-	-	-	Mi	32%	CO

Table 2.
Species with some level of threat recorded in Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC) in State Level (S), National Level (N) and Worldwide Level (W). Threat category: CR (Critically Endangered), EN (Endangered), VU (Vulnerable), NT (Near Threatened), LC (Least Concern) and DD (Data Deficient).

Species	S	N	W
Tinamus solitarius	VU	-	NT
Aburria jacutinga	CR	EN	EN
Thalassarche chlororhynchus	VU	EN	EN
Thalassarche melanophris	VU	-	NT
Sterna hirundinacea	NT	VU	LC
Procellaria aequinoctialis	VU	VU	VU
Cochlearius cochlearius	EN	-	LC
Nyctanassa violacea	VU	-	LC
Eudocimus ruber	EN	-	LC
Buteogallus aequinoctialis	CR	-	NT
Amadonastur lacernulatus	VU	VU	VU
Pseudastur polionotus	VU	-	NT
Spizaetus tyrannus	VU	-	LC
Rallus longirostris	LC	-	LC
Aramides mangle	DD	-	LC
Thalasseus acuflavidus	VU	-	LC
Thalasseus maximus	VU	EN	LC
Touit melanonotus	VU	VU	VU
Amazona brasiliensis	EM	-	VU
Ramphastos vitellinus	CR	-	VU
Selenidera maculirostris	NT	-	LC
Myrmotherula unicolor	VU	-	NT
Carpornis melanocephala	CR	VU	VU
Pyroderus scutatus	VU	-	LC
Procnias nudicollis	VU	-	VU
Platyrinchus leucoryphus	VU	-	VU
Phylloscartes kronei	VU	-	VU
Phylloscartes paulista	VU	-	NT
Stilpnia peruviana	EM	VU	VU
Conirostrum bicolor	LC	-	NT
Sporophila frontalis	CR	VU	VU
Sporophila angolensis	VU	-	LC
Euphonia chalybea	VU	-	NT

Figure 2
Species accumulation curve to Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC) avifauna based on 321 species recorded in field (excluded those was recorded by pictures and after to September 2017).

Was captured 628 birds from 81 species belonging to eight orders and 29 families. From total captures, 88 correspond to recaptures. Concerning ecosystems, on mangrove were captured 263 birds belonging to 46 species, on restinga 209 birds belonging to 45 species and 156 on forest belonging to 30 species.

Ecosystems species richness showed significant differences between sampled years (df = 1, F = 4,82, P = 0,0026) and seasons (df = 3, F = 7,27, P = 0,0004). Between September to December (spring) was possible to register the largest number of species in both years, with a peak on November. In contrast, between May to August (winter) was recorded the lowest numbers of species in the area, with minimum values on June (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Number of species recorded among sampled months in the period from September 2015 to September 2017 in Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso, South coast of São Paulo’s State.

Between sampled ecosystems (including the six species recorded after September 2017), the restinga showed largest richness (N = 232), followed by forest (N = 145), mangrove (N= 118), beach (N = 42), sandbar (N = 30), marine (N = 15) and flying (N = 11). Except sandbar, all others present species recorded only in their own ecosystem: restinga (N = 77), forest (N = 36), beach (N = 20), mangrove (N = 14), flying (N = 11) and marine (N = 3) (more details on Table 1).

Regarding occurrence frequency (FO) (excluded 20 species identified by pictures records or after September 2017), 73 species were recorded in all sampled months (FO = 100%), while 46 showed records in just a month (FO = 4%) (APPENDIX 1). Concerning occurrence status, 55% of species are residents, 20% occasional visitors, 13% unusual residents, 6% migratory, 4% visitors from North hemisphere and 2% visitors from South hemisphere (Table 1).

According to 335 recorded species added to the six species recorded after September 2017, was possible recognize 25 guilds based in food items, body size and strata that commonly forage, being the most representative in the community, the guilds “Medium-Strata Insectivores” (N = 55), “Canopy Omnivores” (N = 33), “Piscivores” (N= 31) and “Aquatic Invertebrate Consumers” (N = 31) (Table 3). When analyzing the distribution inside of mangrove, restinga and forest ecosystems, the predominant guild is “Medium-Strata Insectivores” as well, while in the sandbar, beach and marine was “Piscivores”. In flying it was possible to observe the predominance of “Daytime Aerial Insectivores”.

Table 3.
Total number of species and specie/ecosystem recorded in Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (SP) among each trophic guild. Bold values correspond to ecosystem which take the biggest number of specie within each guild. In the squares values correspond to the main guild in each ecosystem. Caption: C – Whole Community; M – Mangrove; R – Restinga; F – Forest; Sb – Sand-bar; B – Beach; Mr – Marine; Fl – Flying.

Guilds	C	M	R	F	Sb	B	Mr	Fl
Medium-Strata Insectivores	55	18	47	38	0	0	0	0
Canopy Omnivores	33	15	25	21	1	0	0	0
Piscivores	31	13	4	2	13	16	12	3
Aquatic Invertebrates Consummers	31	14	5	1	7	10	0	0
Daytime Carnivores	24	7	12	11	1	5	2	3
Understory Insectivores	23	4	19	14	0	0	0	0
Medium-strata Omnivores	20	12	20	13	1	0	0	0
Canopy Insectivores	16	1	13	6	0	0	0	0
Nectarivores	15	4	15	6	0	0	0	0
Large Canopy Frugivores	11	4	9	9	0	0	0	0
Daytime Aerial Insectivores	11	4	6	0	0	0	0	5
Soil Insectivores	10	3	7	5	1	1	0	0
Terrestrial Invertebrates Consummers	8	2	6	3	1	1	0	0
Understory Granivores	7	1	6	1	0	0	0	0
Large Soil Frugivores	6	2	4	4	0	0	0	0
Nocturnal Aerial Insectivores	6	1	6	0	0	0	0	0
Nocturnal Carnivores	6	1	5	1	0	0	0	0
Aquatic Omnivores	6	2	3	0	1	1	0	0
Small-Medium Canopy Frugivores	5	2	5	5	0	0	0	0
Scavengers	4	3	2	2	2	4	1	0
Soil Granivores	4	3	4	0	0	0	0	0
Medium-strata Granivores	3	0	3	0	0	0	0	0
Medium-strata Frutivores	2	0	2	1	0	0	0	0
Understory Omnivores	2	1	2	2	0	0	0	0
Soil Omnivores	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0

Discussion

The expressive number of recorded species in Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC; N= 335) represents well the biome’s diversity and the Atlantic Forest remnants of South coastal region of São Paulo’s State, corresponding to 35.4% avifauna of the biome in the Brazil Southern and 17% of all Brazilian’s avifauna. Furthermore, the sum of the different ecosystems (mangrove, restinga, forest, beach, sandbar and marine) and in a good conservation state, contribute directly to the highly richness. Still stands out the fact of to shelter 28 endemic species, 33 species in some level endangered and species which indicates that the environment still in a good conservation’s state, as Aburria jacutinga (Black-fronted Piping-Guan), Touit melanonotus (Brown-backed Parrotlet) and Carpornis melanocephala (Black-headed Berryeater) (IUCN 2017).

Through use mist-nets, were captured 81 bird’s species, which corresponds to 24.3% of the total species recorded to Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso. Despite only one species has been recorded solely by mist-nets (Baryphthengus ruficapillus - Rufus-capped Motmot), is important to pay attention in fact that their utilization made it possible to capture birds which, in certain occasions, would go unnoticed, either by the influence of the year period that turns they less conspicuous or by their ecological habits, as some representatives of families Xenopidae, Onychorhynchidae, Platyrinchidae and Rhynchocyclidae. Accordingly, it is worth mentioning that obtaining a more complete inventory is only possible by using techniques such as visual and auditory contact and mist-nets, reducing possible biases that could be generated, for example, variations in the auditory and visual accuracy of researchers (Karr 1981, Pearman 2002, Dunn & Ralph 2004).

The restinga was the ecosystem which gathered the biggest number of species (N = 232). This expressive richness could be explained by the fact that in the Northeast portion of the island (sampled area), restinga is between mangrove and forest, receiving influences by both ecosystems for compose its own avifauna. Thus, it is possible that some bird’s species occur only eventually in the ecosystem, which are attracted by resources or just by the fact that been moving through the different sections, as occur, for example, with Automolus leucophthalmus (White-eyed Foliage-gleaner) which is seen commonly in forest, but in two occasions was detected as part of a mixed flock feeding on insects in restinga’s understory.

The high avian richness recorded in mangrove (N = 118), included some species which are typical from forest, such as Xenops rutilans (Streaked Xenops), Mionectes rufiventris (Grey-hooded Flycatcher), Leptopogon amaurocephalus (Sepia-capped Flycatcher), Turdus flavipes (Yellow-legged Thrush) e Ramphodon naevius (Saw-billed Hermit). Sick (2001) had already highlighted how great is richness of species which inhabits mangrove, included some Passeriformes and, mainly, species which feed from aquatic invertebrates and fish. The record of species typically considered forest reinforce the fact of the specie richness on mangrove could be underestimated, what increases the importance of new studies be developed in such ecosystem. In addition, the fact of species considered typical from a specific ecosystem were also recorded in mangrove, could reflect in a bigger plasticity on their part to explore environment, resulting in a better comprehension of their ecological questions.

Concerning forest’s richness (N = 145), based on assumption that the sampling was made in the plains, with a maximum lift of 50 m above sea level, it is possible that in slopes and hilltop, could exist more species which are not recorded in this study, once higher altitudes was explored sporadically. Such hypothesis is based on the fact of the avifauna’s composition vary in diversity and abundance along altitudinal gradience (Blake & Loiselle 2000, Mallet-Rodrigues 2010). Therefore, even though an expressive number of species was being recorded, such richness may still be underestimated.

The species richness showed a significative difference between years and seasons (spring, summer, fall and winter). Concerning richness differences detected between years, there is emphasis on the first sampled year (September 2015 to August 2016) which concentrated a higher amount of rain if compared to the next year (personal observation). Thus, even if the sampling has been made in corresponding weeks and months, adverse weather conditions may have influenced on behavior, and consequently, in species detectability.

Analyzing monthly within seasons, the highest richness was obtained from September to December (spring), justified by the fact that, in this period, the most Brazilian birds start their reproductive activity (Sick 2001), when they end up exposing themselves more (visually or by their vocalizations), what facilitates their record. In PEIC was possible to detect the increase of conspicuity of many species in this time, mainly by the increase of their vocalization, such as Tinamus solitarius (Solitary Tinamou), Odontophorus capueira (Spot-winged Wood-Quail), Trogon viridis (Green-backed Trogon), Pyriglena leucoptera (White-shouldered Fire-Eyed), M. rufiventris, Chiroxiphia caudata (Swallow-tailed Manakin), Turdus spp. and Euphonia spp.

Another important factor which directly contributed to the richness increase in the period from September to March (Spring and Summer) is the arrival of migratory species, coming search warmer areas and with food offer, good factors to breed (Alves 2007). In PEIC stands out the arrival of species from genus Elaenia, Tyrannus savanna (Fork-tailed Flycatcher), Tyrannus melancholicus (Tropical Kingbird), Vireo chivi (Chivi Vireo), Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Southern Rough-winged Swallow), Cnemotriccus fuscatus (Fuscus Flycatcher), Lathrotriccus euleri (Euler’s Flycatcher), Myiodynastes maculatus (Streaked Flycatcher) and Empidonomus varius (Variegated Flycatcher). Furthermore, the richness is increased by species in migration routes which uses beaches and sandbar to rest and feed themselves (identified here as “Visitors from South and North Hemisphere”), such as some Procellariiformes and Charadriiformes.

The high number of identified guilds (N = 25) could be a reflex of ecosystem diversity that compose the studied area, what provides a vary of niches to be occupied. The fact of the main type of guild, both in mangrove, forest and restinga, be composed of insectivores, is justified, in a first moment, by the fact such resource is abundant in tropical ecosystems (Erwin 1982, Stork 1988, Basset 2012) thus ensuring coexistence of different species. A second factor would be the conservation status of the island, once insectivore birds are susceptible to environmental degradation (Wills 1979, Bierregaard Jr & Stouffer 1997, Goerck 1997), since in altered environments has a decrease of micro habitats, which leads to a decrease in insect’s abundance (Sodhi et al. 2004). In the case of the second more common guild, composed by omnivores, its higher number was expected, since those birds explores a wider range of food items and tend to widely occupy ecosystems, once they don’t depend of a specific resource availability (Willis 1979, Anjos & Bóçon 1999).

In mangrove, the number of omnivores (N = 30) was very similar to the insectivores (N = 31). Such result is interesting because some of these species shows a strongly tendency to frugivory (Sick 2001), and, of these, ten show FO = 100%. Therefore, added to the fact of eight frugivore species also occur in mangrove, it is emphasizing that the richness in such ecosystem could be underestimated if we only evaluate the environmental features when checking species that occur there. These species can regularly occupy this ecosystem (probably with a mostly compound diet by insects) and moving to restinga areas around searching for fruits that complement their diet. Similarly, species which occur in restinga and forest, eventually can moving to the mangrove searching for insects and other invertebrates that are abundant in these ecosystems.

Frugivores, nectivores and granivores species had their occurrence restricted to ecosystems as mangrove, restinga and forest. Between nectivores, four species occurrences in mangrove (Chlorostilbon lucidus - Glittering-bellied Emerald, Ramphodon naevius - Saw-billed Hermit, Thalurania glaucopis - Violet-capped Woodnymph and Coereba flaveola - bananaquit) indicates a higher plasticity by them to explore this environment, once other 11 species of Trochilidae are concentered in restinga and forest. In the C. flaveola (Thraupidae) case, the specie was commonly seen caching insects among vegetation; while the three species of Trochilidae were seen exploring flowers from Vrisea, very common in PEIC’s mangroves (Barros et al. 1991). There is more frugivores in restinga and forest, ecosystems which reunite many fruitful species that provides food to birds, whereas its occurrence in mangrove can occur only eventually, as previously mentioned. Granivores species recorded are typical from open environment, occur in PEIC mainly in shrub restinga areas and in the transition range with mangrove. In forest ecosystem, the only granivore recorded was Asemospiza fuliginosa (Sooty Grassquit), specie from understory which diet is based mainly on bamboo seeds (Sick 2001).

Carnivores species belonging to Falconiformes and Accipitriformes orders were recorded in all sampled ecosystems, while Strigiformes were seen only on mangrove, restinga and forest. From an ecological point of view, the presence of carnivore birds contributes directly to the ecosystem’s balance, once they influence in populational dynamics of their preys (Terborgh 1992, Jaksik 2002). Similar ecological importance applies to scavengers, in PEIC represented by four species (Coragyps atratus - Black Vulture, Cathartes aura - Turkey Vulture, Cathartes burrovianus - Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture and Larus dominicanus - Kelp Gull). The scavengers decrease is taken as a serious ecological problem in some parts of the globe, where their decay triggers a trophic cascade process in all community (Buechley & Şekercioğlu 2016). Thus, the abundance of scavengers in PEIC (except C. burrovianus, with occasional occurrence), is an indicator that nutrient cycling in the environment occur intensively, thus contributing to its balance.

The record of piscivores and invertebrate consumer’s species is clustered mainly in beach, sandbar and mangrove ecosystems. Such result reflects richness that characterizes waters around the island and ensure a wide food source to bird species, mainly from Pelecaniformes, Gruiformes, Suliformes and Charadriiformes orders. Here we include the Procellariiformes within the “Piscivore” guild, however, it is worth mentioning that the composition of the diet of this taxon varies seasonally, with the predominance of fish or cephalopods (Vooren & Fernandes 1989).

The richness of species mentioned in this study, highlights the importance of preserving forest remnants in coastal regions of São Paulo’s State, aiming to maintain Atlantic Forest diversity. Finally, this study, made through a great field effort (25 months) bring a better knowledge of PEIC’s avifauna, such effort that should serve as basis for establishing actions aimed ate the management of the park as well as the conservation units that are distributed in its surroundings.

Acknowledgments

To all people who helped in field works, especially to Priscila Lemes Gross and Fabiana Silveira. Also, thanks to all support and friendship of employees and local residents of Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso. Finally, we dedicate this study to mister Reinaldo R. Ribeiro (in memoriam), to his companionship, friendship and support in some boat expeditions to the island.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Jan 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  08 Oct 2021
• Accepted
  01 Nov 2021