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Taxonomic Review • Biota Neotrop. 22 (3) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2022-1293   copy

Fish species of the Paraiba River estuary, northeastern Brazil

Espécies de peixes do estuário do Rio Paraíba, nordeste do Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The Paraiba River estuary is the largest and most important estuary of Paraiba state, northeastern Brazil. It is under intense environmental degradation by the surrounding human population, and possibly several fish species are at risk in this habitat. Scientific sampling of the ichthyofauna started in the late 1970’s and proceeded until recently. We present a list of fish species captured in this estuary, based on voucher specimens housed at the Federal University of Paraiba collection. Four orders of Chondrichthyes and 26 orders of Osteichthyes were identified. A total of 187 fish species, including eight species of Chondrichthyes and 179 Osteichthyes, with 123 genera and 57 families were identified. Perciformes dominated in terms of richness (32 species), followed by Acanthuriformes and Clupeiformes. Comparing estuaries along the Brazilian northeastern coast and considering our large time sampling span, a higher richness would be expected. According to the IUCN Red List, Urotrygon microphthalmum is considered Critically Endangered and more seven species are classified as Vulnerable: Rhizoprionodon porosus, Rhinoptera bonasus, Megalops atlanticus, Epinephelus itajara, Hyporthodus niveatus, Lutjanus cyanopterus, and Cynoscion acoupa. Three of these species also appear in the same category in the threatened Brazilian list, all of which have declining population trends. Concerning the Elasmobranchii, Carcharhinus porosus is listed as Critically Endangered in our country and globally. This inventory organizes and broadens knowledge on the fish community that occurs in this important ecosystem, with inferences about life habits, ecological guilds and conservation status of the fish species.

Keywords
richness; life habits; ecological guilds; conservation status; estuarine ecosystem

Resumo

O estuário do Rio Paraíba, maior e mais importante do estado da Paraíba, nordeste do Brasil, sofre intensa degradação ambiental pela população humana no seu entorno, e possivelmente várias espécies de peixes estão ameaçadas neste habitat. Nós apresentamos uma lista de espécies de peixes capturadas neste estuário, com base em espécimes tombados na coleção da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Quatro ordens de Chondrichthyes e 26 ordens de Osteichthyes foram identificadas. Um total de 187 espécies de peixes foi registrado, incluindo oito espécies de Chondrichthyes e 179 Osteichthyes, com 123 gêneros e 57 famílias. Em relação à riqueza, Perciformes dominou com 32 espécies, seguido por Acanthuriformes e Clupeiformes. Comparando estuários ao longo do nordeste brasileiro e considerando nosso longo período de amostragens, seria esperada uma riqueza maior. De acordo com a lista vermelha da IUCN, Urotrygon microphthalmum é tida como Criticamente Ameaçada e mais sete espécies são classificadas como Vulnerável: Rhizoprionodon porosus, Rhinoptera bonasus, Megalops atlanticus, Epinephelus itajara, Hyporthodus niveatus, Lutjanus cyanopterus e Cynoscion acoupa. Três dessas espécies também aparecem na mesma categoria na lista brasileira de espécies ameaçadas, tendo todas elas, suas populações em declínio. Em relação aos Elasmobranchii, Carcharhinus porosus é listada como Criticamente Ameaçada em nosso país e globalmente. Esse inventário abrange e organiza o conhecimento acerca da comunidade de peixes que ocorre nesse importante ecossistema, com inferências sobre hábitos de vida, guildas ecológicas e status de conservação das espécies de peixes.

Palavras-chave
riqueza; hábitos de vida; guildas ecológicas; conservação; ecossistema estuarino

Introduction

Estuaries have been considered an important ecological system due to the abundance of resources, representing spawning, development, recruitment, and connectivity areas for many species. They provide a rich habitat for the development of various organisms, including fish species. They are important to the proper functioning of the coastal aquatic environment by contributing available biomass in the food chain and they also provide important food resources for human consumption and source of income, mainly for the artisanal fishing community (Martins & Vendel 2014MARTINS, T.O. & VENDEL, A.L. 2014. Fishes collected with an artisanal fish trap in Barra de Camaratuba estuary, northeastern Brazil. Check List 10(6): 1260–1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.6.1260
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.155... , Mérigot et al. 2017MÉRIGOT, B., FRÉDOU, F.L., VIANA, A.P., FERREIRA, B.P., JUNIOR, E.D.N.C., DA SILVA JÚNIOR, C.B. & FRÉDOU, T. 2017. Fish assemblages in tropical estuaries of northeast Brazil: A multi-component diversity approach. Ocean Coast. Manag. 143: 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.08.004
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ).

Estuaries throughout the world, especially in the tropics, have experienced high degrees of anthropic pressure. Similarly, estuarine fish species are often impacted by urban and industry effluents and agricultural activities (McLusky & Elliott 2004McLUSKY, D.S. & ELLIOTT, M. 2004. The Estuarine Ecosystem: Ecology, Threats and Management. Oxford University Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525080.001.0001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/... , Barletta et al. 2010BARLETTA, M., JAUREGUIZAR, A.J., BAIGUN, C., FONTOURA, N.F., AGOSTINHO, A.A., ALMEIDA‐VAL, V.M.F., VAL, A.L., TORRES, A., JIMENES-SEGURA, L.F., GIARRIZZO, T., FABRÉ, N., BATISTA, V.S., LASSO, C., TAPHORN, D.C., COSTA, M.F., CHAVES, P.T., VIEIRA, J.P. & CORRÊA, M.F.M. 2010. Fish and aquatic habitat conservation in South America: a continental overview with emphasis on neotropical systems. J. Fish Biol. 76(9): 2118–2176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02684.x
https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1111... ), mainly juveniles, that use this environment as shelter and nursery grounds (Blaber et al. 2000BLABER, S.J., CYRUS, D.P., ALBARET, J.J., CHING, C.V., DAY, J.W., ELLIOTT, M., FONSECA, M. S., HOSS, D. E., ORENSANZ, J., POTTER, I. C. & SILVERT, W. 2000. Effects of fishing on the structure and functioning of estuarine and nearshore ecosystems. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57(3): 590–602. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0723
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/... ).

Estuarine ichthyofauna exhibits considerable variation in terms of morphology and biology and its species inhabit or migrate among marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments (Elliott et al. 2007ELLIOTT, M., WHITFIELD, A.K., POTTER, I.C., BLABER, S.J., CYRUS, D.P., NORDLIE, F.G. & HARRISON, T.D. 2007. The guild approach to categorizing estuarine fish assemblages: a global review. Fish Fish. 8(3): 241–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2679.2007.00253.x
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/... ). The knowledge on the taxonomy and ecology of the species that occur in the estuarine system is essential (Mérigot et al. 2017MÉRIGOT, B., FRÉDOU, F.L., VIANA, A.P., FERREIRA, B.P., JUNIOR, E.D.N.C., DA SILVA JÚNIOR, C.B. & FRÉDOU, T. 2017. Fish assemblages in tropical estuaries of northeast Brazil: A multi-component diversity approach. Ocean Coast. Manag. 143: 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.08.004
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ), because it provides information about local diversity, and represents an important tool in the management and conservation of both species and ecosystem (González-Acosta et al. 2018GONZÁLEZ-ACOSTA, A.F., RODILES-HERNÁNDEZ, R. & GONZÁLEZ-DÍAZ, A.A. 2018. Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of Chiapas, Mexico. Mar. Biodiv. 48(3): 1439–1454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-016-0630-y
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... ).

The Paraiba River estuary is the largest and most important estuary of Paraiba state (Dominguez et al. 2016DOMINGUEZ, J.M.L., NEVES, S.M. & BITTENCOURT, C.S.P. 2016. Sandy Beaches of the State of Paraíba: The Importance of Geological Heritage. In: Short, A. D., Klein, A.H.F. (Eds.), Brazilian Beach Systems. Coastl. Res. Libr. p. 231–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30394-9_9
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... ). Initial studies on the composition of the ichthyofauna of this estuary were conducted within the scope of the Estuary Project, developed between 1978 and 1980 with funds from FINEP. A total of 106 species were reported in this work, including also those collected in reef environments adjacent to the estuary mouth (Rosa 1980aROSA, R.S. 1980a. Peixes. In: Projeto Estuário, Estudos ecológicos no estuário do Rio Paraíba do Norte, Paraíba, Brasil. Relatório Técnico Final. Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas dos Recursos do Mar. p. 91–116. Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba.). Another research project in fish ecology, funded by Science Without Borders/CAPES between 2012–2015 represented a major sampling effort of the fish assemblages along the salinity gradient of two estuaries in Paraiba, but no separate species list was provided for each one (Dolbeth et al. 2016DOLBETH, M., VENDEL, A.L., PESSANHA, A. & PATRÍCIO, J. 2016. Functional diversity of fish communities in two tropical estuaries subjected to anthropogenic disturbance. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 112 (1-2): 244–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.011
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ).

Nonetheless, published results on the local fish taxonomic composition are partial and outdated (Rosa 1980bROSA, R.S. 1980b. Lista sistemática de peixes marinhos da Paraíba (Brasil). Rev. Nordest. Biol. 3(2): 205–226., Dolbeth et al. 2016DOLBETH, M., VENDEL, A.L., PESSANHA, A. & PATRÍCIO, J. 2016. Functional diversity of fish communities in two tropical estuaries subjected to anthropogenic disturbance. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 112 (1-2): 244–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.011
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ). Therefore, we aimed in the present study to provide a first and comprehensive list of the fish species recorded in the Paraiba River estuary, Paraiba, Brazil, based on vouchers housed at the fish collection of the Universidade Federal da Paraiba (UFPB), collected along the entire estuary extension. Although sampling effort was highly irregular over time, as well as the use of different fishing gear in sampling, the results provide important insights on the changes in the fish community composition that occurred over 40 years.

Material and Methods

1. Study area

The Paraiba River estuary (34º47'07" to 34º55'37" S and 06º56'58" to 07º08'18" W) has a length of approximately 22 km and a width of 2.2 km at the mouth (Figure 1). The estuarine system itself has 3,012 ha and covers the municipalities of Santa Rita, Bayeux, João Pessoa, Lucena, and Cabedelo (Teixeira et al. 2020TEIXEIRA, Z., VITAL, S.R.O., VENDEL, A.L., MENDONÇA, J.D.L. & PATRÍCIO, J. 2020. Introducing fuzzy set theory to evaluate risk of misclassification of land cover maps to land mapping applications: Testing on coastal watersheds. Ocean Coast. Manag. 184:104903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104903
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ) and drains a fluvial-marine plain formed by the Paraiba River and its major tributaries: Sanhauá, Paroeira, Mandacaru, Tibiri, Tambiá, Ribeira, and Guia. The depth in the main channel is 3.0 m, except near the harbor, where frequent dredging maintains a depth of 11.0 m (Alves et al. 2016ALVES, V.E.N., PATRÍCIO, J., DOLBETH, M., PESSANHA, A., PALMA, A.R.T., DANTAS, E.W. & VENDEL, A.L. 2016. Do different degrees of human activity affect the diet of Brazilian silverside Atherinella brasiliensis?. J. Fish Biol. 89(2): 1239–1257. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13023
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/... , Dolbeth et al. 2016DOLBETH, M., VENDEL, A.L., PESSANHA, A. & PATRÍCIO, J. 2016. Functional diversity of fish communities in two tropical estuaries subjected to anthropogenic disturbance. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 112 (1-2): 244–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.011
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ). Along the estuary, small sandbanks are observed during low tide. The southern margin of the estuary mouth harbors a large rocky breakwater, which provides habitat for several reef fish species. Samples were collected mostly at the Paraiba main channel and at the Sanhauá and Mandacaru tributaries. Fishes from the adjacent marine environment to the south of the estuary in the Cabedelo municipality were not included in the checklist. On the other hand, fishes on the adjacent marine environment at the Lucena municipality, which borders the northern margin of the estuary, were considered in the checklist, due to great influence of the estuarine waters in this environment and the northern direction of the coastal drift current.

Figure 1.
Paraiba River estuary, Paraiba, Brazil.

The Paraiba River basin drains a semi-arid region formed by the Caatinga biome and a thin coastal strip covered by Atlantic Forest remains and narrow strips of mangroves (Alves et al. 2016ALVES, V.E.N., PATRÍCIO, J., DOLBETH, M., PESSANHA, A., PALMA, A.R.T., DANTAS, E.W. & VENDEL, A.L. 2016. Do different degrees of human activity affect the diet of Brazilian silverside Atherinella brasiliensis?. J. Fish Biol. 89(2): 1239–1257. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13023
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/... , Teixeira et al. 2020TEIXEIRA, Z., VITAL, S.R.O., VENDEL, A.L., MENDONÇA, J.D.L. & PATRÍCIO, J. 2020. Introducing fuzzy set theory to evaluate risk of misclassification of land cover maps to land mapping applications: Testing on coastal watersheds. Ocean Coast. Manag. 184:104903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104903
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ). Regarding land use and cover, this region is dominated by agriculture (14618 ± 582 ha), urban (9414 ± 470 ha), and mangrove (7842 ± 264 ha) (Teixeira et al. 2020TEIXEIRA, Z., VITAL, S.R.O., VENDEL, A.L., MENDONÇA, J.D.L. & PATRÍCIO, J. 2020. Introducing fuzzy set theory to evaluate risk of misclassification of land cover maps to land mapping applications: Testing on coastal watersheds. Ocean Coast. Manag. 184:104903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104903
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ). In fact, the Paraiba River estuary is surrounded by a large territory of urban areas with plus than one million inhabitants, shrimp aquaculture areas, and extensive sugar cane plantations that have almost completely replaced the original rain forest (Santana et al. 2018SANTANA, R.M.C., DOLBETH, M., BARBOSA, J.E.L. & PATRÍCIO, J. 2018. Narrowing the gap: Phytoplankton functional diversity in two disturbed tropical estuaries. Ecol. Indic. 86: 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ).

These economic activities together with the impact of urban wastewater, have been leading to an intense environmental degradation of the estuary. Recent studies have shown a higher degree of human disturbance in the Paraiba River estuary, such as a higher nutrient enrichment, microplastic pollution, and revealed a high activity of a cellular detoxification by fishes, which indicates a high concentration of pollutants in the water of the Paraiba River estuary (Alves et al. 2016ALVES, V.E.N., PATRÍCIO, J., DOLBETH, M., PESSANHA, A., PALMA, A.R.T., DANTAS, E.W. & VENDEL, A.L. 2016. Do different degrees of human activity affect the diet of Brazilian silverside Atherinella brasiliensis?. J. Fish Biol. 89(2): 1239–1257. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13023
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/... , Dolbeth et al. 2016DOLBETH, M., VENDEL, A.L., PESSANHA, A. & PATRÍCIO, J. 2016. Functional diversity of fish communities in two tropical estuaries subjected to anthropogenic disturbance. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 112 (1-2): 244–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.011
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... , de Moura et al. 2016De MOURA, G.C., De LUCENA BARBOSA, J.E., PATRÍCIO, J., NERY, J.F. & GONÇALVES, A.M.M. 2016. Seasonal and spatial shifts in copepod diets within tropical estuaries measured by fatty acid profiles. Ecol. Indic. 69: 284–294. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.04.037
https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1016/j... , Santos et al. 2017SANTOS, M.B., NETO, I.E.M., DE SOUZA MELO, S.R.C. & AMADO, E.M. 2017. Hemolymph and gill carbonic anhydrase are more sensitive to aquatic contamination than mantle carbonic anhydrase in the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol. 201: 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.08.008
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... , Vendel et al. 2017VENDEL, A.L., BESSA, F., ALVES, V.E.N., AMORIM, A.L.A., PATRÍCIO, J. & PALMA, A.R.T. 2017. Widespread microplastic ingestion by fish assemblages in tropical estuaries subjected to anthropogenic pressures. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 117(1-2): 448–455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.081
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.101... , David et al. 2018DAVID, D.D., LIMA, O.G., NÓBREGA, A.M.C.S. & AMADO, E.M. 2018. Capacity of tissue water regulation is impaired in an osmoconformer living in impacted estuaries?. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 166: 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.111
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... , Macêdo et al. 2019MACÊDO, A.K.S., DA SILVA, J.R.P., DOS SANTOS, H.B., THOMÉ, R.G., VENDEL, A.L. & AMADO, E.M. 2019. Estuarine fish assemblages present a species‐specific difference in the multixenobiotics resistance activity. J. Exp. Zoo. Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology. 331(10): 530–539. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2320
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/... ).

2. Fish data

The species listed in the Table 1 were identified following Figueiredo & Menezes (1978FIGUEIREDO, J.L. & MENEZES, N.A. 1978. Manual de Peixes Marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. II Teleostei (1). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo., 1980FIGUEIREDO, J.L. & MENEZES, N.A. 1980. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. II Teleostei (2). Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo., 2000FIGUEIREDO, J.L. & MENEZES, N.A. 2000. Manual de Peixes Marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. VI. Teleostei (5). Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo.), Menezes & Figueiredo (1980MENEZES, N.A. & FIGUEIREDO, J.L. 1980. Manual de Peixes Marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. IV. Teleostei (3). Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo., 1985MENEZES, N.A. & FIGUEIREDO, J.L. 1985. Manual de Peixes Marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. IV. Teleostei (4). Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo.), Britski et al. (1984)BRITSKI, H.A., SATO, Y. & ROSA, A.B.S. 1984. Manual de identificação de peixes da região de Três Marias, com chaves de identificação para os peixes da bacia do Rio São Francisco. CODEVASF, Brasília., Allen (1985)ALLEN, G.R. 1985. Snappers of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Lutjanid Species Known to Date. FAO species catalogue vol. 6. Rome., Harrison (2002)HARRISON, I.J. 2002. Mugilidae; FAO Species Identification Guide for Fisheries Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. In: K. E. Carpenter (ed.) Volume II. Bony Fishes Part 1. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Special Publication 5, Rome: 1071–1085., Marceniuk (2005)MARCENIUK, A.P. 2005. Chave para identificação das espécies de bagres marinhos (Siluriformes, Ariidae) da costa brasileira. Bol. Inst. Pesc.31(2): 89–101. https://www.pesca.agricultura.sp.gov.br/boletim/index.php/bip/article/view/697
https://doi.org/https://www.pesca.agricu... , Marceniuk & Menezes (2007)MARCENIUK, A.P. & MENEZES, N.A. 2007. Systematics of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes) with a redefinition of the genera. Zootaxa 1416(1): 1–126. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1416.1.1
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11646... , McBride et al. (2010)McBRIDE, R.S., ROCHA, C.R., RUIZ-CARUS, R. & BOWEN, B.W. 2010. A new species of ladyfish, of the genus Elops (Elopiformes: Elopidae), from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 2346(1): 29–41. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2346.1.3
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11646... , Lucena & Soares (2016)LUCENA, C.A.S.D. & SOARES, H.G. 2016. Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus “caudal peduncle spot” subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4072(1): 101–125. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4072.1.5
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11646... , Marceniuk et al. (2017MARCENIUK, A.P., CAIRES, R.A, ROTUNDO, M.M, ALCANTARA, R.A.K. & WOSIACKI, W.B. 2017. The ichthyofauna (Teleostei) of the Rio Caeté estuary, northeast Pará, Brazil, with a species identification key from northern Brazilian coast. Panamjas 12(1): 31–79. , 2019bMARCENIUK, A.P., MOLINA, E.G., CAIRES, R.A., ROTUNDO, M.M., WOSIACKI, W.B. & OLIVEIRA, C. 2019b. Revision of Bairdiella (Sciaenidae: Perciformes) from the western South Atlantic, with insights into its diversity and biogeography. Neotrop. Ichthyol. 17(1): e180024. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20180024
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... , 2020MARCENIUK, A.P., CAIRES, R.A., ROTUNDO, M.M., CERQUEIRA, N.N.C.D., SICCHA-RAMIREZ, R., WOSIACKI, W.B. & OLIVEIRA, C. 2020. Taxonomic revision of the Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) and M. littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) (Percomorphacea: Sciaenidae) species complexes from the western Atlantic. Zootaxa 4822(3): 301–333. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4822.3.1
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11646... ), Chao et al. (2021)CHAO, N.L., CARVALHO-FILHO, A. & SANTOS, J.A. 2021. Five new species of Western Atlantic stardrums, Stellifer (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) with a key to Atlantic Stellifer species. Zootaxa 4991(3): 434–466. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.2
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11646... . The fish species nomenclature followed Fricke et al. (2022)FRICKE, R., ESCHMEYER, W.N. & VAN DER LAAN, R. 2022. Eschemeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp (last access in 12/09/2022)
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... and the taxonomic order according to Nelson et al. (2016)NELSON, J.S., GRANDE, T. & WILSON, M.V.H. 2016. Fishes of the World. 5th edition. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey., except for Triportheidae and Labridae. The examined specimens are from the fish collection of the Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB); for more details see the 895 voucher numbers to listed species in Supplementary Material (Table A.1). The richest taxa were plotted using Prism 9.2.0 (Graphpad Software, CA).

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Table 1.
List of fish species sampled in the Paraiba River estuary, the conservation status follows last-known IUCN’s assessment (2022), their ecological guild, and life habit. Asterisk (*) corresponds to species with data based on direct personal observations and plus (+) represents exotic species. Ecological guild: (R) Resident, (M) Marine migrant, (Om) Marine occasional, (Of) Freshwater occasional. Life habit: (E) Estuarine, (Sb) Soft bottom, (R) Reef, (Wc) Water column, (P) Pelagic, (PB) Benthopelagic, (B) Benthic. Ref: references to ecological guild, life habits and previous citations in the Paraiba River estuary.

The species were grouped into the following ecological guilds (modified from Elliott et al. 2007ELLIOTT, M., WHITFIELD, A.K., POTTER, I.C., BLABER, S.J., CYRUS, D.P., NORDLIE, F.G. & HARRISON, T.D. 2007. The guild approach to categorizing estuarine fish assemblages: a global review. Fish Fish. 8(3): 241–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2679.2007.00253.x
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/... ): R = resident: species that complete their whole life cycle within the estuarine environment; M = marine migrants: species that remain in the estuary for a trophic or reproductive ecophase; Om = Occasional marine and Of = Occasional freshwater, whose presence in the estuary is irregular. This classification includes data from literature about migration, life cycle, frequency by which the species occur in estuaries or personal observations. The same was applied to the seven life habit’s categories (estuarine, soft bottom, reef, water column, pelagic, benthopelagic, and benthic), due to the lack of previous studies for all species, for some the assignment to a guild, it was based on their distribution, size, and density in the literature (see Table 1).

Results

The checklist of fishes from Paraiba River estuary includes a total of 187 species, 123 genera, 57 families, 4 orders of Chondrichthyes, and 26 orders of Osteichthyes (Table 1). The class Osteichthyes was the most diverse comprising 95.7% of the total ichthyofauna caught (n = 179). Belonging to this class, Perciformes was the most representative order in terms of richness, with 32 species, followed by Acanthuriformes (n = 25), Clupeiformes (n = 18), and Pleuronectiformes (n = 14) (Figure 2). Among the families, Sciaenidae had the largest number of species (n = 25), followed by Carangidae (n = 12), Engraulidae (n = 10), Gobiidae (n = 9) and Haemulidae (n = 8), which altogether represent 34.2% of the richness in the estuary. The class Chondrichthyes represented only 4.3% of the total ichthyofauna caught (n = 8). All Chondrichthyes families but two were not represented by single species, as well as other 20 Osteichthyan families (Elopidae, Megalopidae, Albulidae, Curimatidae, Characidae, Triportheidae, Cichlidae, Echeneidae, Sphyraenidae, Bothidae, Dactylopteridae, Trichiuridae, Scombridae, Mullidae, Kyphosidae, Polynemidae, Triglidae, Ephippidae, Antennariidae, Ogcocephalidae). Out of the 187 species listed in this study, 128 are new records for the estuary, as only 59 were in a survey carried out 40 years ago in the Paraiba state (Table 1).

Figure 2.
Number of families, genera, and species by higher taxonomic groups of Paraiba River estuary fish fauna, Paraiba, Brazil.

All listed species presented coastal habits, were classified by ecological guild, and life habit (Table 1). The resident fish fauna was represented by fewer species (n = 37 – 19.8%) as compared to marine and occasional marine ones (n = 73 and 70 species, respectively – 76.5% both), while the occasional freshwater ones were represented by only seven species (3.7%), two of them exotics (Oreochromis niloticus and Poecilia reticulata).

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List categories and criteria in IUCN, five species are classified as Near Threatened (Narcine brasiliensis, Hypanus guttatus, Albula vulpes, Hippocampus reidi and Lutjanus synagris), seven other species (Rhizoprionodon porosus, Rhinoptera bonasus, Megalops atlanticus, Epinephelus itajara, Hyporthodus niveatus, Lutjanus cyanopterus and Cynoscion acoupa) are classified as Vulnerable, two (Carcharhinus porosus and Urotrygon microphthalmum) are considered Critically Endangered. The other species listed herein are classified as Least Concern or Data Deficient.

Discussion

The fish richness reported herein for Paraiba River estuary (187 species) is greater than that reported for some northeastern estuaries by Reis-Filho et al. (2010)REIS-FILHO, J.A., NUNES, J.D.A.C.D. & FERREIRA, A. 2010. Estuarine ichthyofauna of the Paraguaçu River, Todos os Santos bay, Bahia, Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 10(4): 301–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400034
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... (124 species – Paraguaçu River, Todos os Santos bay, Bahia), Favero et al. (2019)FAVERO, F.D.L.T., ARAUJO, I.M.S. & SEVERI, W. 2019. Structure of the fish assemblage and functional guilds in the estuary of Maracaípe, northeast coast of Brazil. Bol. Inst. Pesc. 45(1): e.417. https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2019.45.1.417
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20950... (92 species – Maracaípe River, Ipojuca, Pernambuco), and Melo et al. (2021)MELO, F.A.G., VIANA, J.Q., ARAÚJO, T.M., DUTRA, E.A. & MALANSKI, E. 2021. Ictiofauna de Zona Rasa do Estuário dos Rios Timonha e Ubatuba, Nordeste do Brasil. Biot. Amaz. 11(1): 33–40.http://dx.doi.org/10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v11n1p33-40
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.185... (49 species – Timonha and Ubatuba Rivers, Ceará). This is because this study covers a longer sampling effort over time. About forty years ago, a preliminary survey of coastal marine fishes was carried out in Paraiba; 136 fish species were listed, including 59 species that occurred strictly in the Paraiba River estuary (Rosa 1980bROSA, R.S. 1980b. Lista sistemática de peixes marinhos da Paraíba (Brasil). Rev. Nordest. Biol. 3(2): 205–226.). Several species were misidentified in that study or are currently considered as synonym, for instance Hypanus marianae was listed as Dasyatis say (Lesueur 1817), Bagre filamentosus was listed as Bagre marinus (Mitchill 1815), and Diapterus auratus was listed as Diapterus olisthostomus (Goode & Bean 1882).

An updated and more complete fish checklist was pending for this important estuarine system, therefore the taxonomic effort herein provides records of 187 fish species occurring in the largest estuary in Paraiba state, representing a reliable source of information to scientists, decision makers and the general public.

The predominance of the order Perciformes is a common pattern for estuarine fish inventories from Brazil (Carvalho Neta & Castro 2008CARVALHO NETA, R.N.F. & CASTRO, A.C.L.D. 2008. Diversidade das assembleias de peixes estuarinos da Ilha dos Caranguejos, Maranhão. Arq. Ciênc. Mar. 41(1): 48–45. https://doi.org/10.32360/acmar.v41i1.6075
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32360... , Reis-Filho et al. 2010REIS-FILHO, J.A., NUNES, J.D.A.C.D. & FERREIRA, A. 2010. Estuarine ichthyofauna of the Paraguaçu River, Todos os Santos bay, Bahia, Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 10(4): 301–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400034
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... , Lamas et al. 2016LAMAS, R.A., ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C.L.D.B. & CONTENTE, R.F. 2016. Checklist of the fish fauna of the Araçá Bay, São Sebastião Channel, northern coast of São Paulo, Brazil. Check List 12(6): 2004. https://doi.org/10.15560/12.6.2004
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15560... ), and this is also the order of greatest richness among teleost fish (Menezes et al. 2007MENEZES, N.A., WEITZMAN, S.H., OYAKAWA, O.T., DE LIMA, F.C.T., CASTRO, R.M.C. & WEITZMAN, M.J. 2007. Peixes de água doce da Mata Atlântica: lista preliminar das espécies e comentários sobre conservação de peixes de água doce neotropicais. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo.). Regarding the richest families, Sciaenidae, Engraulidae and Gobiidae are frequently reported from tropical estuaries and their species are very abundant in Northeast Brazil (Paiva et al. 2009PAIVA, A.C.G., LIMA, M.F., DE SOUZA, J.R.B. & ARAÚJO, M.E. 2009. Spatial distribution of the estuarine ichthyofauna of the Rio Formoso (Pernambuco, Brazil), with emphasis on reef fish. Zoologia 26(2): 266–278.http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702009000200009
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... , Reis-Filho et al. 2010REIS-FILHO, J.A., NUNES, J.D.A.C.D. & FERREIRA, A. 2010. Estuarine ichthyofauna of the Paraguaçu River, Todos os Santos bay, Bahia, Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 10(4): 301–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400034
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... , Martins & Vendel 2014MARTINS, T.O. & VENDEL, A.L. 2014. Fishes collected with an artisanal fish trap in Barra de Camaratuba estuary, northeastern Brazil. Check List 10(6): 1260–1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.6.1260
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.155... , Dolbeth et al. 2016DOLBETH, M., VENDEL, A.L., PESSANHA, A. & PATRÍCIO, J. 2016. Functional diversity of fish communities in two tropical estuaries subjected to anthropogenic disturbance. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 112 (1-2): 244–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.011
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ). In contrast, it seems that, within Brazilian estuaries, a higher biomass of Sciaenidae and Ariidae represents a general pattern, especially in those estuaries with higher mean annual rainfall and under influence of extensive river plume such as the Amazon (Vilar et al. 2013VILAR, C.C., JOYEUX, J.C., GIARRIZZO, T., SPACH, H.L., VIEIRA, J.P. & VASKE-JUNIOR, T. 2013. Local and regional ecological drivers of fish assemblages in Brazilian estuaries. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 485: 181–197. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10343
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3354/... ; Marceniuk et al. 2017MARCENIUK, A.P., CAIRES, R.A, ROTUNDO, M.M, ALCANTARA, R.A.K. & WOSIACKI, W.B. 2017. The ichthyofauna (Teleostei) of the Rio Caeté estuary, northeast Pará, Brazil, with a species identification key from northern Brazilian coast. Panamjas 12(1): 31–79. ).

The genus Stellifer with nine species was the richest genus in the Paraiba River estuary, followed by Lutjanus with six species, Anchoa and Cynoscion with five species each. This pattern was not identical in nearby estuaries, but little differences were observed regarding the most abundant genera. In the Barra de Camaratuba estuary, Paraiba, Lutjanus and Centropomus were the richest genera (Martins & Vendel 2014MARTINS, T.O. & VENDEL, A.L. 2014. Fishes collected with an artisanal fish trap in Barra de Camaratuba estuary, northeastern Brazil. Check List 10(6): 1260–1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.6.1260
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.155... ), whereas Anchoa, Ctenogobius, and Oligoplites were the richest in the Paraguaçu River estuary, Bahia (Reis-Filho et al. 2010REIS-FILHO, J.A., NUNES, J.D.A.C.D. & FERREIRA, A. 2010. Estuarine ichthyofauna of the Paraguaçu River, Todos os Santos bay, Bahia, Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 10(4): 301–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400034
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... ). Despite this, all the richest genera from the nearby estuaries were also captured in the Paraiba River estuary with at least three species each.

The inventory presented here, includes six species from freshwater environments, three of which, Psalidodon fasciatus, Triportheus guentheri and Steindachnerina notonota were captured exceptionally in 2008 during an El Niño event, when the rains were more intense and freshwater species expanded their range into the estuary. Oreochromis niloticus and Poecilia reticulata were the only introduced exotic species, both known from freshwater origin. The occurrence of these invading species may be either related to their commercial potential, in terms of food for human consumption (O. niloticus) or the aquarium trade (Poecilia spp.). The introduction of these species may have resulted from fish farms along rivers that empty into the estuary (Leão et al. 2011LEÃO, T.C., ALMEIDA, W.R., DECHOUM, M. & ZILLER, S.R. 2011. Espécies exóticas invasoras no Nordeste do Brasil: contextualização, manejo e políticas públicas. Centro de Pesquisas Ambientais do Nordeste e Instituto Hórus de Desenvolvimento e Conservação Ambiental. Recife, PE, 33, 101 p.) or the improper discard of specimens obtained through the ornamental fish trade, as documented for Xiphophorus maculatus (Günther 1866) in a tributary to the Paraiba River estuary, but not recorded herein (Magalhães & Jacobi 2010MAGALHÃES, A.L.B. & JACOBI, C.M. 2010. E-commerce of freshwater aquarium fishes: potential disseminator of exotic species in Brazil. Acta Sci. Biol. Sci. 32(3): 243–248. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v32i3.3919
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/... , Ramos et al. 2020RAMOS, T.P.A., CARVALHO ROCHA, Y.G.P., LUSTOSA COSTA, S.Y. & BARBOSA, J.E.L. 2020. First record of non-native platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus (Günther, 1866) (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae), in the Jaguaribe River basin, northeastern Brazil. Check List 16(5): 1159–1164. https://doi.org/10.15560/16.5.1159
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15560... ). As it is established that alien species are one of the human-driven threats to biodiversity, the occurrence of two exotic species here leads us to reaffirm the importance of estuaries conservation (Vitousek et al. 1997VITOUSEK, P.M., D’ANTONIO, C.M., LOOPE, L.L., REJMANEK, M. & WESTBROOKS, R. 1997. Introduced species: a significant component of human-caused global change. N. Z. J. Ecol. 21(1): 1–16., Bellard et al. 2016BELLARD, C., CASSEY, P. & BLACKBURN, T.M. 2016. Alien species as a driver of recent extinctions. Biol. Lett. 12(2): 20150623. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0623
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/... ).

On the taxonomic uncertainties, Citharichthys arenaceus is a species that occurs in the Caribbean, from the Gulf of Mexico to Venezuela. Here in Brazil we have an undescribed species (misidentified as C. arenaceus) which is in the process of description (Rocha 2017ROCHA, Y.G.P.C. 2017. Avaliação do Complexo Spilopterus (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae: Citharichthys). Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba.), therefore considered in this study Citharichthys cf. arenaceus. Also, Rhinosardinia cf. bahiensis might not represent a single species; in the present study most specimens keyed out as R. amazonica based on counts of lateral line scales (Carvalho-Filho 1999CARVALHO-FILHO, A. 1999. Peixes: costa brasileira. Editora Melro, São Paulo.) and a few specimens tentatively as R. bahiensis. We treated all as Rhinosardinia cf. bahiensis, but future studies should evaluate if such variation may correspond to a single species occurring from Venezuela to Northeastern Brazil.

The catfishes Cathorops agassizii, C. spixii and Sciades herzbergii, the toadfish Thalassophryne nattereri, are dangerous species, as already mentioned for this estuary (Macêdo et al. 2017MACÊDO, A.K.S., DA SILVA, J.R.P., DE OLIVEIRA, S.P., HADDAD, JR.V. & VENDEL, A.L. 2017. Potentially dangerous fish of the Paraiba Estuary: Identification and envenomation mechanisms. J. Coast. Life Med. 5(11): 459–462. http://oaji.net/articles/2017/2154-1508811896
https://doi.org/http://oaji.net/articles... ). They are common species on the Brazilian coast (Haddad Jr et al. 2003HADDAD JR, V., PARDAL, P.P.O., CARDOSO, J.L.C. & MARTINS, I.A. 2003. The venomous toadfish Thalassophryne nattereri (niquim or miquim): report of 43 injuries provoked in fishermen of Salinópolis (Pará State) and Aracaju (Sergipe State), Brazil. Rev. Ins. Med. Trop. SP. 45(4): 221–223. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652003000400009
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... , Haddad Jr 2003HADDAD JR, V. 2003. Animais aquáticos de importância médica no Brasil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 36(5): 591–597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822003000500009
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... ) and their registration herein is important due to the risks of injury caused by them in estuary areas (Haddad Jr 2016HADDAD JR, V. 2016. Medical emergencies caused by aquatic animals: a zoological and clinical guide. Springer Inter. Publishing, Bern.).

As expected, fishes that complete their life cycle in the estuarine environment represent few species with large numbers of individuals, which is a recurring pattern in estuarine ecosystems (Barletta et al. 2005BARLETTA, M., BARLETTA-BERGAN, A., SAINT-PAUL, U.S.G.H. & HUBOLD, G. 2005. The role of salinity in structuring the fish assemblages in a tropical estuary. J. Fish Biol. 66(1): 45–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00582.x
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/... , Paiva et al. 2009PAIVA, A.C.G., LIMA, M.F., DE SOUZA, J.R.B. & ARAÚJO, M.E. 2009. Spatial distribution of the estuarine ichthyofauna of the Rio Formoso (Pernambuco, Brazil), with emphasis on reef fish. Zoologia 26(2): 266–278.http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702009000200009
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... , Vendel et al. 2010VENDEL, A.L., BOUCHEREAU, J.L. & CHAVES, P.T.C. 2010. Environmental and subtidal fish assemblage relationships in two different Brazilian coastal estuaries. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 53(6): 1393–1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132010000600016
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... , Vilar et al. 2011VILAR, C.C., SPACH, H.L. & JOYEUX, J.C. 2011. Spatial and temporal changes in the fish assemblage of a subtropical estuary in Brazil: environmental effects. J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 91(3): 635–648. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315410001943
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/... ). In fact, this may be explained by the fact that resident species are typically euryhaline and tolerate the spatial and temporal fluctuations widely found in estuarine ecosystems (Elliott et al. 2007ELLIOTT, M., WHITFIELD, A.K., POTTER, I.C., BLABER, S.J., CYRUS, D.P., NORDLIE, F.G. & HARRISON, T.D. 2007. The guild approach to categorizing estuarine fish assemblages: a global review. Fish Fish. 8(3): 241–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2679.2007.00253.x
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/... ), especially salinity, which is considered the main factor influencing the distribution of fishes in estuaries (Barletta et al. 2005BARLETTA, M., BARLETTA-BERGAN, A., SAINT-PAUL, U.S.G.H. & HUBOLD, G. 2005. The role of salinity in structuring the fish assemblages in a tropical estuary. J. Fish Biol. 66(1): 45–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00582.x
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/... , Vilar et al. 2011VILAR, C.C., SPACH, H.L. & JOYEUX, J.C. 2011. Spatial and temporal changes in the fish assemblage of a subtropical estuary in Brazil: environmental effects. J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 91(3): 635–648. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315410001943
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/... ).

It is well known that freshwater inflow is one of the main drivers to the estuarine diversity, in this region the high water consumption by damming, associated with a low freshwater input in the rainy season, might have an influence over nutrient cycling, fish guilds, and in the salinity itself into the estuary (Garcia et al. 2004GARCIA, A.M., VIEIRA, J.P., WINEMILLER, K.O. & GRIMM, A.M. 2004. Comparison of 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 El Niño effects on the shallow-water fish assemblage of the Patos Lagoon Estuary (Brazil). Estuaries 27(6): 905–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803417
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... , Possamai et al. 2018POSSAMAI, B., VIEIRA, J.P., GRIMM, A.M. & GARCIA, A.M. 2018. Temporal variability (1997-2015) of trophic fish guilds and its relationships with El Niño events in a subtropical estuary. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 202: 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.12.019
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... , Possamai et al. 2020POSSAMAI, B., HOEINGHAUS, D.J., ODEBRECHT, C., ABREU, P.C., MORAES, L.E., SANTOS, A.C.A. & GARCIA, A.M. 2020. Freshwater inflow variability affects the relative importance of allochthonous sources’ contribution to estuarine fishes. Estuar. Coast. 48: 880–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00693-0
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... ), this favors marine species predominance as shown here. Moreover, the damming along the Paraiba river basin, generated by needs towards water consumption, by human, on agriculture, and on livestock (Teixeira et al. 2020TEIXEIRA, Z., VITAL, S.R.O., VENDEL, A.L., MENDONÇA, J.D.L. & PATRÍCIO, J. 2020. Introducing fuzzy set theory to evaluate risk of misclassification of land cover maps to land mapping applications: Testing on coastal watersheds. Ocean Coast. Manag. 184:104903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104903
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... ) affect the maintenance of annual hydrological regime as a whole, which is characterized by rainy and dry seasons typical of the semiarid Paraiba state region.

Regarding the conservation status of the species listed here, three species classified as Vulnerable according to the IUCN (M. atlanticus, H. niveatus, L. cyanopterus) also appear in the same classification in the red book of the Brazilian fauna threatened of extinction and E. itajara as Critically Endangered, all of which have an indication of declining population trends (Lindeman et al. 2016aLINDEMAN, K., ANDERSON, W., CARPENTER, K.E., CLARO, R., COWAN, J., PADOVANI-FERREIRA, B., ROCHA, L.A., SEDBERRY, G. & ZAPP-SLUIS, M. 2016a. Lutjanus synagris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T194344A2317059.en (last access in 12/07/2022).
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2305/... , Bertoncini et al. 2018BERTONCINI, A.A., FERREIRA, B. & AGUILAR-PERERA, A. 2018. Hyporthodus niveatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T7861A46909546. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T7861A46909546.en. Accessed on 21 June 2022.
https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.23... , Lindeman et al. 2016bLINDEMAN, K., ANDERSON, W., CARPENTER, K.E., CLARO, R., COWAN, J., PADOVANI-FERREIRA, B., ROCHA, L.A., SEDBERRY, G. & ZAPP-SLUIS, M. 2016b. Lutjanus cyanopterus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016b: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12417A506633.en (last access in 21/06/2022).
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2305/... , Pollom et al. 2020POLLOM, R., CHARVET, P., CARLSON, J., DERRICK, D., FARIA, V., LASSO-ALCALÁ, O.M., MARCANTE F., MEJÍA-FALLA P.A., NAVIA A.F., NUNES J., PÉREZ JIMÉNEZ J.C., RINCON G. & DULVY, N.K. 2020. Carcharhinus porosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T144136822A3094594.en (last access in 21/06/2022).
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.230... ). These species have population declines stemming from intense fishing activity in regions where they occur (MMA 2020MMA (Ministério do Meio Ambiente) 2020. Espécies ameaçadas.http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/faunabrasileira/lista-de-especies (last access in 21/06/2022)
https://doi.org/http://www.icmbio.gov.br... ). Regarding the Elasmobranchii, only Carcharhinus porosus is listed as Critically Endangered in Brazil (Pollom et al. 2020POLLOM, R., CHARVET, P., CARLSON, J., DERRICK, D., FARIA, V., LASSO-ALCALÁ, O.M., MARCANTE F., MEJÍA-FALLA P.A., NAVIA A.F., NUNES J., PÉREZ JIMÉNEZ J.C., RINCON G. & DULVY, N.K. 2020. Carcharhinus porosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T144136822A3094594.en (last access in 21/06/2022).
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.230... ) and also globally, according to the last IUCN (2022)IUCN. 2022. A Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN. Versão 2021-3. https://www.iucnredlist.org (last access in 14/07/2022).
https://www.iucnredlist.org... assessment. This species has not been captured again in the estuary or in other locations of Paraiba state since the 70’s. Another species, Porichthys kymosemeum, not evaluated by the IUCN, also has not been captured in the estuary or in other locations of Paraiba since the early 1980’s. This reinforces the importance of recording and monitoring the fish species occurrence over time.

Conclusions

This inventory of fish species from the Paraiba River estuary organizes and expands the knowledge about the fish community that occurs in this ecosystem, providing knowledge about richness, life habits, ecological guilds and conservation status of fish species, important data for the proper management of local species as ecological and economic resources.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for the scholarship to JAS and financial support for fieldwork through Science without Frontiers Program (Project 173/2012 – CAPES). We posthumously thank Olívio T. Moura, laboratory technician and amateur fisher, who contributed with sampling and voluntary donation of many fish specimens of the Paraiba River estuary to the UFPB collection.

Supplementary Material

The following online material is available for this article:

Table A.1 – Taxonomic list with voucher numbers of fish species collected in the Paraiba River estuary, deposited at the fish collection of Universidade Federal da Paraiba (UFPB). The fish species nomenclature followed Fricke et al. (2022)FRICKE, R., ESCHMEYER, W.N. & VAN DER LAAN, R. 2022. Eschemeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp (last access in 12/09/2022)
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... , taxonomic order according to Nelson et al. (2016)NELSON, J.S., GRANDE, T. & WILSON, M.V.H. 2016. Fishes of the World. 5th edition. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey..

  • Data Availability
    The entire dataset supporting the results of this study was published in the article and in the section “Supplementary materials”.

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Edited by

Associate Editor
Juan Schmitter-Soto

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    21 Oct 2022
  • Date of issue
    2022

History

  • Received
    08 Oct 2021
  • Accepted
    15 Sept 2022
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