text in 
English (pdf)
Article in xml format
Curriculum ScienTI
Automatic translation
Cited by SciELO 
Cited by Google 
Similars in
SciELO 
Similars in Google 
Permalink
INTRODUCTION
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a condition that is usually asymptomatic and is potentially fatal by the time the first symptoms emerge. It is defined as dilation of the aorta greater than or equal to 3.0 cm, which normally corresponds to more than two standard deviations above the mean diameter for men and women, or one and a half times larger than the individual's expected normal infrarenal diameter.1
Abdominal aortic aneurysms are generally diagnosed during routine examinations and, while they can cause abdominal or lumbar pains, rupture may be the first symptom. The risk of rupture is low when aneurysms are smaller than 5.5 cm, but, when it does take place, just 25% of patients arrive at hospital alive and 10% survive surgery.2
More than 40 thousand procedures to repair AAA are performed every year in the United States.3 In São Paulo, Brazil, it is estimated that 1.8 to 3% of people over the age of 50 have the condition.2 Prevalence ranges from 4.3 to 8% in the subset of men aged 60 or over.4 Both prevalence and rupture rates are higher when there is a family history and/or congenital diseases associated with the condition, such as Marfan and Ehler-Danlos syndromes.5
Elective surgical treatment is indicated for patients with aneurysms with diameters greater than 5.5 cm6 or with smaller diameters but other characteristics, such as female sex, presence of symptoms (pain and atheroembolism) and specific anatomic characteristics of the aneurysm (sacculations and ulcerations).3–5
In series of patients operated on at services with a great deal of experience, perioperative mortality rates (< 30 days) for treatment with open surgery (OS) range from 1.6 to 6.5%, which is to a great extent the result of good operative management and to improvements in postoperative care.7,8
In 1991, Parodi et al.9 published an article on endovascular treatment (ET) for AAA that heralded a paradigm shift in the treatment of this disease. Since then, prospective, randomized and multicenter studies have demonstrated that perioperative morbidity and mortality are lower for ET when compared to OS.2–4
According to recently-published data, there is evidence to indicate that high risk patients benefit from ET, whereas the results are similar for both techniques in low risk patients with anatomy that is favorable for ET. The healthier subset of patients exhibited greater benefit from ET than from OS in terms of early mortality (30 days), but this did not translate into superior long-term survival.10,11
There are currently serious concerns about ET with relation to its durability, the rate of mediumterm complications, the need for reinterventions and the costs involved, and these issues have grown in importance to the extent that, with effective early screening, more and more young patients with high life expectancies are identified as candidates for AAA repair.7 However, as endoprostheses have been improved and experience with endovascular treatments has been acquired, these concerns appear to have been overestimated and not to reflect the true future scenario.12
Notwithstanding, OS to place prostheses under direct view has proven durable in two ways: firstly, the technique has been employed for more than 50 years and, secondly, the rate of complications related to prosthesis failure is around 0.3% per year. However, OS repair is major surgery, with morbidity and mortality rates that cannot be ignored.5
In view of the heterogeneous nature of the profiles of patients who are candidates for treatment using the two different methods, in terms of clinical and anatomic conditions, it is very difficult to conduct robust randomization in order to conduct a comparative analysis of the two techniques.6,7 Very few studies with this design have been published and there is still no consensus on the ideal treatment.1,6,13–15
It is important to analyze local patient samples, given the complexity of the variables involved in selection of patients for each type of treatment and the technical and structural factors that can have an impact on the results. To date, no large-scale comparative studies have been conducted here in Brazil.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to compare the results of open surgery and endovascular treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms treated from 2008 to 2013 at a tertiary hospital, by means of a retrospective analysis based on systematic review of medical records.
METHOD
A retrospective, single-center, observational and cross-sectional analysis was conducted by reviewing the medical records for 119 patients who were treated with open surgery (OS) and 219 patients who underwent endovascular treatment (ET) to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) from 2008 to 2013 at the Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute.
Inclusion criteria were as follows: patients diagnosed with AAA with diameter > 5.0 cm, seen on multidetector angiotomography, with a minimum postoperative follow-up of 30 days.
Patients were excluded from the sample if they had undergone emergency OS or ET for ruptured AAA, if they had aneurysms of the thoracoabdominal aorta, or if 30-days' postoperative follow-up was not available.
Demographic analysis covered the following patient data: age, sex, race, risk factors for AAA, diabetes mellitus, smoking, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, carotid stenosis, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic renal failure. We also harvested data on body mass index, ejection fraction on echocardiogram and maximum aneurysm diameter.
The following characteristics of aneurysm repair were analyzed, type of anesthesia (general or general plus local), configuration of repair (straight or bifurcated prosthesis and type of endoprosthesis), in addition to perioperative data: duration of procedure, estimated blood loss, autologous and heterologous transfusions, mean intravenous contrast use and mean fluoroscopy duration.
The following postoperative complications were noted: mortality; acute myocardial infarction; stroke; acute renal failure; major amputation; mesenteric ischemia; hemorrhage; infection of the surgical wound; ischemia of lower limbs; venous thromboembolism; bronchopneumonia, and leakage from endoprostheses.
The mean lengths of stays in the intensive care unit and hospital were estimated, as were the costs of procedures.
Total cost of treatment was estimated by analyzing the fees paid by the Brazilian National Health Service (SUS - Sistema Único de Saúde) to the Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute, the cost of stays in conventional wards and the intensive care unit, the prices of bifurcated and straight Dacron prostheses, the price of units of blood products used and the autotransfusion equipment, and the total price of the procedure.
The variables of interest were input to a spreadsheet for statistical analysis using the R3.0.1 software program and results with p<0.05 were considered significant.
Qualitative variables were analyzed using Fisher's two-tailed exact test, and quantitative variables were analyzed using the t test or the Mann-Whitney test, depending on the distribution of the variable in question. Normality of distribution of quantitative variables was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test.
The study was approved by the institutional Research Ethics Committee.
RESULTS
Demographic characteristics of patients
From January 2008 to March 2013, 338 patients underwent elective treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), 119 of whom were treated with open surgery (OS) and 219 received endovascular treatment (ET).
The group that received ET were older (71.3 vs. 68.2 years; p<0.001) and had a higher rate of coronary disease (44.7% vs. 27.7%; p=0.002), and a lower ejection fraction on echocardiogram (57.6% vs. 64.3%; p<0.001); in turn, the OS group had a higher rate of COPD (16.0% vs. 5.9%; p=,004) and smaller proximal infrarenal necks (15.5 mm vs. 23.0 mm; p<0.001). However, there was no difference in ASA classification (p=0.36). The OS group also had more complex anatomic characteristics, with a higher proportion of juxtarenal and pararenal aneurysms (11.3% vs. 4.1% and 4.8% vs. 0.45%, respectively, p<0.001). The remaining demographic characteristics and underlying clinical conditions are listed in Table 1.
Table 1 Demographic characteristics of patients treated for AAA.
| Characteristic | OS Group (n=119) | ET Group (n=219) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 68.2±6.9 | 71.3±9.0 | <0.001 | |
| Male sex – No. (%) | 89 (74.8) | 183 (83.6) | 0.06 | |
| Race – No. (%) | 0.39 | |||
| White | 107 (88.9) | 203 (92.7) | ||
| Black | 4 (3.4) | 3 (1.4) | ||
| Mixed | 8 (6.7) | 13 (5.9) | ||
| Hypertension – No. (%) | 108 (90.8) | 193 (88.1) | 0.58 | |
| Diabetes mellitus – No (%) | 22 (18.5) | 61 (27.9) | 0.64 | |
| Dyslipidemia – No (%) | 73 (61.3) | 139 (63.5) | 0.72 | |
| Smoking – No. (%) | 108 (90.8) | 170 (77.6) | 0.03 | |
| CRF – No. (%) | 16 (13.4) | 30 (13.7) | 1.00 | |
| COPD – No. (%) | 19 (16.0) | 13 (5.9) | 0.004 | |
| Carotid Disease – No. (%) | 22 (18.5) | 24 (11.0) | 0.067 | |
| Coronary disease – No. (%) | 33 (27.7) | 98 (44.7) | 0.002 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7±4.3 | 26.3±4.2 | 0.41 | |
| EF (%) | 64.3±8.3 | 57.6±13.9 | <0.001 | |
| ASA classification – No. (%) | 0.36 | |||
| I | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | ||
| II | 41 (34.5) | 77 (35.2) | ||
| III | 74 (62.2) | 140 (63.9) | ||
| IV | 3 (2.5) | 2 (0.9) | ||
| Maximum diameter of AAA (cm) | 6.4±1.5 | 6.2±1.1 | 0.54 | |
| Proximal neck (mm) | 15.5±14.2 | 23.0±10.2 | <0.001 | |
| Type of Aneurysm – No. (%) | 0.001 | |||
| Infrarenal | 99 (83.2) | 209 (95.4) | ||
| Juxtarenal | 14 (11.8) | 9 (4.1) | ||
| Pararenal | 6 (5.0) | 1 (5.0) | ||
| Iliac aneurysm – No. (%) | 0.34 | |||
| Unilateral | 16 (13.4) | 31 (14.2) | ||
| Bilateral | 36 (30.3) | 82 (37.6) | ||
| Absent | 67 (56.3) | 105 (48.2) | ||
OS – open surgery; ET – endovascular treatment; CRF – chronic renal failure; COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI – body mass index; EF – ejection fraction on echocardiogram; ASA – American Society of Anesthesiologists; AAA – abdominal aortic aneurysm
Treatment and postoperative data
General anesthesia was used for almost all of the patients in the ET group (99.1%), while general anesthesia combined with local blockade was administered to the majority of the OS group (65.5%). Aorto-aortic grafts were used in 51.3% of the OS patients and a bifurcated endoprosthesis was fitted in 88.6% of the ET group. The characteristics of aneurysm repairs can be found in Table 2.
Table 2 Characteristics of aneurysm repair.
| Characteristic – Number of patients (%) | OS Group (n=119) | ET Group (n=219) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type of Anesthesia | |||
| General | 41 (34.5) | 217 (99.1) | |
| General + Local | 78 (65.5) | 2 (0.9) | |
| Distal Anastomosis | |||
| Aorto-aortic | 61 (51.3) | – | |
| Aortobiiliac | 48 (40.3) | – | |
| Aortobifemoral | 07 (5.9) | – | |
| Aortoiliac or aortofemoral | 03 (2.5) | – | |
| Configuration of Prosthesis | |||
| Straight | 61 (51.3) | – | |
| Bifurcated | 58 (48.7) | – | |
| Configuration of Endoprosthesis | |||
| Straight | – | 25 (11.4) | |
| Bifurcated | – | 194 (88.6) | |
| Monoiliac | – | 0 (0) | |
| Type de Endoprosthesis | |||
| Zenith (Cook) | – | 54 (24.6) | |
| Talent (Medtronic) | – | 27 (12.3) | |
| Endurant (Medtronic) | – | 35 (15.9) | |
| Excluder (Gore) | – | 34 (17.3) | |
| Powerlink (Endologix) | – | 34 (15.5) | |
| Others* | – | 31 (14.1) | |
OS – open surgery; ET – endovascular treatment;
*Other endoprostheses used: Anaconda (19), Aorfix (9), Apolo (3).
When compared with open surgery, endovascular patients had shorter duration of procedure (105.9 vs. 235.0 min; p<0.001), had less intraoperative bleeding (171 vs. 729.5 mL; p<0.001) and needed fewer blood transfusions (11.9%, vs. 73.1%; p<0.001), spent less time in the ICU (2.4 vs. 3.5 days; p<0.001) and had shorter hospital stays (5.8 vs. 10.3 days; p<0.001). Table 3 lists the perioperative data.
Table 3 Perioperative data.
| Variable | OS Group (n=119) | ET Group (n=219) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean duration (min) | 235.0±62.8 | 105.9±45.7 | <0.001 |
| Blood loss (mL) | 729.5±1038 | 171.0±175.5 | <0.001 |
| Blood transfusion needed – No. (%) | 87 (73.1) | 26 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Time clamped (min) | 60.8±23.8 | – | |
| Volume of contrast (mL) | – | 136.6±58.2 | |
| Fluoroscopy duration (min) | – | 22.9±15.9 | |
| Stay in ICU (days) | 3.5±8.4 | 2.4±5.0 | 0.002 |
| Stay in hospital (days) | 10.3±11.4 | 5.8±7.6 | <0.001 |
OS – open surgery; ET – endovascular treatment.
The cost analysis showed that, on average, OS was significantly cheaper than ET (R$4,778.60 vs. R$34,277.76; p<0.001). Tables 4 and 5 lists the costs of the procedures and blood products employed.
Table 4 Hospital costs for open and endovascular repair of AAA.
| Mean cost in Brazilian Reais (R$)1 | |
|---|---|
| Dacron Prosthesis | |
| Straight | 550.00 |
| Bifurcated | 690.00 |
| Endoprosthesis | |
| Main Body | 14,000.00 |
| Extensions (individual) | 10,200.00 |
| Open Aneurysmectomy of Abdominal Aorta | |
| Hospital Services | 1,240.7 |
| Professionals' Fees | 371.72 |
| Total | 1,622.26 |
| Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm2 | |
| Hospital Services | 1,240.74 |
| Professionals' Fees | 371.72 |
| Total | 1,622.26 |
| Mean cost of hospital stay per 5 days in standard bed3 | |
| Hospital Services | 436.61 |
| Professionals' Fees | 72.08 |
| Total | 508.69 |
| Mean cost of hospital stay per 5 days in intensive care unit | |
| Hospital Services | 436.65 |
| Professionals' Fees | 72.08 |
| Total | 508.73 |
1Sums paid by the Brazilian National Health Service (SUS – Sistema Único de Saúde), on average;
2Varies depending on the number of extensions employed;
3Up to 10 days, the price of two 5-day packages is charged, thereafter, from the 11th day onwards, R$20 are added per additional day in hospital.
Table 5 Average Unit Costs for Blood Products (Red Blood Cell Concentrate and Fresh Frozen Plasma).
| Mean cost in Brazilian Reais (R$)* | ||
|---|---|---|
| Immunohematology | 15.00 | |
| Collection, per Bag | 22.00 | |
| Screening | 10.00 | |
| Serology, per Bag | 75.00 | |
| Processing | 10.15 | |
| Total | 132.15 | |
*Sums paid by the Brazilian National Health Service (SUS – Sistema Único de Saúde).
Outcomes and adverse events
Thirty-day mortality was similar (OS 5.0% vs. ET 4.1%; p=0.78) and there were no statistical differences in postoperative complications (Table 6).
Table 6 Postoperative complications of open and endovascular treatment of AAA.
| Variable | OS Group (n=119) | ET Group (n=219) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major Complications– No. (%) | ||||
| Death | 6 (5.0) | 9 (4.1) | 0.78 | |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 1 (0.8) | 8 (3.7) | 0.17 | |
| Stroke | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0.12 | |
| Dialytic Acute Renal Failure | 6 (5.0) | 6 (2.7) | 0.36 | |
| Major Amputation | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0.12 | |
| Mesenteric Ischemia | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | 1.00 | |
| Major Hemorrhage | 3 (2.5) | 6 (2.8) | 1.00 | |
| Minor Complications– No. (%) | ||||
| Infection of Surgical Wound | 1 (0.8) | 9 (4.1) | 0.11 | |
| Ischemia of Lower Limbs | 13 (10.9) | 33 (15.1) | 0.32 | |
| Venous Thromboembolism | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 | |
| Non-Dialytic Acute Renal Failure | 9 (7.6) | 15 (6.8) | 0.83 | |
| Bronchopneumonia | 9 (7.6) | 9 (4.1) | 0.21 | |
| Minor Hemorrhage | 5 (4.2) | 13 (5.9) | 0.62 | |
| Endoleaks – No. (%) | ||||
| Type I | – | 14 (6.4) | ||
| Type II | – | 13 (5.9) | ||
| Type III | – | 9 (4.1) | ||
| Type IV | – | 3 (1.4) | ||
OS – open surgery; ET – endovascular treatment.
DISCUSSION
The objective of treatment to repair AAA is to avert rupture and death. With the advent of ET, created by Parodi et al.9 in 1991, a new and less invasive option associated with fewer perioperative complications became available.11 Since then, new techniques, materials and endoprostheses have been developed and their therapeutic results analyzed.
We reviewed the literature, but found just four randomized studies that have compared the techniques6,11,15,16 and found no studies conducted in Brazil that had used this method of comparison. Those studies that do exist either compared specific outcomes (reintervention and renal failure rates)17–19 or studied restricted groups with specific characteristics (the elderly, obese patients and high surgical risk patients).3,7,20,21
The group of patients who underwent ET were older, had a higher proportion of coronary disease and a lower ejection fraction. The elevated prevalence of comorbidities is because our service is a national referral center for cardiovascular diseases. High risk patients are referred here for treatment and, in many cases, the endovascular option was chosen because it is less invasive, less time-consuming and requires shorter stays in both ICU and hospital. Other studies have reported similar results, corroborating the benefits of ET.6,11,22,23
In selected groups of low to intermediate risk patients, there was no difference between OS and ET in terms of survival or major or minor complications. The choice of the best treatment method should depend on weighing up the different risks involved: while open surgery is associated with longer hospital stays, more transfusions during the postoperative period and complications related to the incision, the endovascular option demands more intensive follow-up using tomography and is associated with a higher reintervention rate and a small, but persistent, risk of rupture of the AAA.11 Treatment choices must therefore be individualized and the treating physician should take into account the patient's life expectancy, their surgical risk assessment, the anatomy of the aneurysm and also patient preference.10
In addition to infrarenal AAA patients, the sample analyzed here also included patients with juxtarenal and pararenal aneurysms. In these cases we adopted a cautious approach to indicating ET because of the greater likelihood of reintervention and renal failure in this group of patients, as reported in other published studies.6,15,21,24
With regard to the characteristics of the procedures conducted, the entire patient sample was given general anesthesia; and local anesthesia was also administered in 65.5% of cases in the OS group. This approach enables reduced infusion of anesthetic agents both during the procedure and in the postoperative period; earlier extubation; better pain control and earlier return to walking; fewer pulmonary, thromboembolic and abdominal complications and even a lower rate of coronary events because of reduced sympathetic tone. In our opinion, this practice may be responsible for the low rate of postoperative complications observed in this study. While it is possible to conduct ET with local anesthesia alone, this is not routine conduct at our service. With the patient intubated, apnea can be applied, facilitating placement and more precise release of the endoprosthesis in patients with unfavorable proximal aortic necks, which is a common presentation among our patients. Our proportion is similar to the DREAM study,6 in which 94.7% of the patients in an ET group were given general anesthesia.
With regard to the types of surgical distal anastomoses performed, the aorto-aortic type was most frequent (51.3%), followed by aortobiiliac (40.3%), also in common with the DREAM study6 (59.8% and 33.3%, respectively). The most common type of endoprosthesis used was the bifurcated (88.6%), with a rate of 94% in the literature.6
While ET offers lower operative morbidity and shorter hospital stays, the literature shows that ET is more expensive than OS. In this study, ET had a mean cost 700% higher than the cost of OS (R$34,277.76 vs. R$4,778.60; p<0.001). This cost difference is primarily caused by the prices of the endoprostheses, which has also been reported in other published studies.25–28 On average, the cost of the endoprosthesis accounts for 70% of the total cost of the procedure.
In the Brazilian literature there is only one study that has investigated this subject. It was published by Mendonça et al.7 in 2005 and assesses the costs for 31 patients treated with OS and 18 patients given ET (n=49). The mean total cost of the procedure was 456% more expensive in the ET group (cost of ET = R$ 48,063.00, cost of OS = R$ 11,020.00). Once more, the primary factor responsible for this difference was the price of the endoprosthesis, which corresponded to 77.4% of the total cost. However, that study did not employ the fees paid by the SUS, but calculated costs for a group of patients who all had private health plans, with a total of 21 patients in the OS and 16 in the ET groups.7
Schermerhorn ML et al. conducted a retrospective study of data from patients who had been treated on an American healthcare system (Medicare) for AAA with endovascular or open surgery between 2001 and 2004, with follow-up to 2005. A total of 45,660 patients were analyzed, 22,830 patients in each group, with a mean age of 76 years. Perioperative mortality was lower in the endovascular group than in the open surgery group (1.2% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001) and mean hospital stay was also shorter (3.4 vs. 9.3 days; p<0.001).29
In the present study, there were no statistically significant differences between the two techniques in terms of mortality or postoperative complications. The 30-day mortality rate for OS was 5.0%, compared with 4.1% for ET. There are four large-scale randomized controlled studies in the literature that have shown lower mortality postoperative mortality rates after ET (EVAR-1,30 DREAM,6, ACE31 and OVER15). Mortality at 30 days or while in hospital after endovascular treatment was 2.1% in EVAR-1, 1.2% in DREAM, 0.6% in ACE and 0.5% in OVER. For OS, mortality was 4.3% in EVAR-1, 4.6% in DREAM, 1.3% in ACE and 3.0% in OVER. However, publications giving long-term data from these studies did not report significant difference in long-term survival.16,32–35 Although the choice of treatment took into consideration clinical and anatomic characteristics, the fact that our sample was composed of a majority of patients with high surgical risk appears to have contributed to higher mortality rates than reported by the large-scale studies. The differences are greater for our ET group results, since patients were older and had higher rates of heart disease and coronary disease, which are important predictors of mortality in AAA treatment.6,16,35,36
The higher number of patients with dialytic acute renal failure in the OS group is probably related to the higher prevalence, among our patients, of complex aneurysms, requiring clamping above the renal arteries or even reimplantation of the renal arteries. Notwithstanding, with the development of branched and fenestrated stents, in addition to new endovascular techniques, there is a trend for increased proportions of patients with unfavorable characteristics to be treated with ET; however, no comparative studies have been published to date.6,35,36
Although this study describes the largest sample of Brazilian patients studied to date, it suffers from the limitations of being neither randomized nor prospective and from a short postoperative follow-up (30 days). The groups were not uniform because the patients were chosen for one or another type of treatment on the basis of their clinical and anatomic features.
This five-year comparative analysis of two methods of treating AAA has shown that, despite similar rates of early complications, endovascular treatment is associated with shorter duration procedures, shorter hospital stays and a reduced need for transfusions in comparison with open surgery. While the cost involved remains high, there is a trend for the prices of endoprostheses to fall and endovascular treatment should be considered more and more often as a good option for management of AAA in patients treated by the SUS.
