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Diretriz brasileira de doença venosa crônica da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular

Resumo

A Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular organizou uma comissão para fornecer novas recomendações baseadas em evidências sobre questões críticas de atendimento ao paciente com insuficiência venosa crônica. São abordados aqui os temas de classificação, diagnóstico, tratamento conservador, tratamento invasivo e tratamento de pequenos vasos. Esta última série está muito relacionada à atividade de angiologistas e cirurgiões vasculares, que possuem forte atuação no tratamento de pequenas veias superficiais. Estas diretrizes destinam-se a auxiliar na tomada de decisões clínicas de médicos assistentes e gestores de saúde. A decisão de seguir uma recomendação de diretriz deve ser feita pelo médico responsável caso a caso, levando em consideração a condição específica do paciente, bem como recursos locais, regulamentos, leis e recomendações de prática clínica.

Palavras-chave:
insuficiência venosa; diretriz; varizes; doença venosa; tratamento

Abstract

The Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery has set up a committee to provide new evidence-based recommendations for patient care associated with chronic venous insufficiency. Topics were divided in five groups: 1. Classification, 2. Diagnosis, 3. Conservative or non-invasive treatment, 4. Invasive treatment and 5. Treatment of small vessels. This last series is closely related to the activities of Brazilian angiologists and vascular surgeons, who are heavily involved in the treatment of small superficial veins. These guidelines are intended to assist in clinical decision-making for attending physicians and health managers. The decision to follow a guideline recommendation should be made by the responsible physician on a case-by-case basis taking into account the patient's specific condition, as well as local resources, regulations, laws, and clinical practice recommendations.

Keywords:
venous insufficiency; guideline; varicose veins; venous disease; treatment

INTRODUÇÃO

A doença venosa crônica (DVC) é uma condição que afeta o sistema venoso dos membros inferiores e pode apresentar diferentes anormalidades morfológicas e funcionais11 Eklof B, Perrin M, Delis KT, et al. Updated terminology of chronic venous disorders: the VEIN-TERM transatlantic interdisciplinary consensus document. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49(2):498-501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.09.014. PMid:19216970.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.09....
. Os aspectos clínico, etiológico, anatômico e fisiopatológico da DVC são descritos na classificação CEAP22 Beebe HG, Bergan JJ, Bergqvist D, et al. Classification and grading of chronic venous disease in the lower limbs. A consensus statement. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1996;12(4):487-91, discussion 491-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1078-5884(96)80019-0. PMid:8980442.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1078-5884(96)...
,33 Eklöf B, Rutherford RB, Bergan JJ, et al. Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: consensus statement. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40(6):1248-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2004.09.027. PMid:15622385.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2004.09....
. Os estágios C1 e C2 são os mais comuns44 Salim S, Machin M, Patterson BO, Onida S, Davies AH. Global epidemiology of chronic venous disease: a systematic review with pooled prevalence analysis. Ann Surg. 2021;274(6):971-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004631. PMid:33214466.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000...
, e os fatores de risco incluem gênero feminino, idade avançada, obesidade, longos períodos em pé, histórico familiar e paridade44 Salim S, Machin M, Patterson BO, Onida S, Davies AH. Global epidemiology of chronic venous disease: a systematic review with pooled prevalence analysis. Ann Surg. 2021;274(6):971-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004631. PMid:33214466.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000...
. A progressão da DVC pode ser mais comum em indivíduos com excesso de peso e com histórico de trombose venosa profunda, e a presença de refluxo venoso profundo e superficial pode estar associada ao desenvolvimento de novas varizes55 Evans CJ, Fowkes FG, Ruckley CV, Lee AJ. Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53(3):149-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.53.3.149. PMid:10396491.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.53.3.149...
,66 Robertson LA, Evans CJ, Lee AJ, Allan PL, Ruckley CV, Fowkes FG. Incidence and risk factors for venous reflux in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2014;48(2):208-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.05.017. PMid:24951373.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.05...
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No segmento mais superficial, estudos comprovam a existência de válvulas venosas em veias de pequeno diâmetro e que essas válvulas também podem ser incompetentes77 Phillips MN, Jones GT, van Rij AM, Zhang M. Micro-venous valves in the superficial veins of the human lower limb. Clin Anat. 2004;17(1):55-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.10141. PMid:14695589.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.10141...
. A incompetência dessas microválvulas pode desempenhar papel crítico na progressão das alterações da pele88 Vincent JR, Jones GT, Hill GB, van Rij AM. Failure of microvenous valves in small superficial veins is a key to the skin changes of venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(6, Suppl):62S-9S, e1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.06.085. PMid:21917406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.06....
. Acredita-se que as causas iniciais dessas alterações sejam devidas a fenômenos inflamatórios99 Raffetto JD. Pathophysiology of chronic venous disease and venous ulcers. Surg Clin North Am. 2018;98(2):337-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11.00...
,1010 Mansilha A, Sousa J. Pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic venous disease and implications for venoactive drug therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(6):1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061669. PMid:29874834.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061669...
que podem progredir tanto de forma ascendente quanto descendente1111 Labropoulos N, Giannoukas AD, Delis K, et al. Zhere does venous reflux start? J Vasc Surg. 1997;26(5):736-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(97)70084-3. PMid:9372809.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(97)...
. A doença também pode ter origem em alterações de veias perfurantes1212 Lee BB, Nicolaides AN, Myers K, et al. Venous hemodynamic changes in lower limb venous disease: the UIP consensus according to scientific evidence. Int Angiol. 2016;35(3):236-352. PMid:27013029. ou em síndromes pós-trombóticas, estas com complicações mais exacerbadas1313 Labropoulos N, Patel PJ, Tiongson JE, Pryor L, Leon LR Jr, Tassiopoulos AK. Patterns of venous reflux and obstruction in patients with skin damage due to chronic venous disease. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2007;41(1):33-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574406296246. PMid:17277241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15385744062962...
. Toda essa comunicação e a complexidade anatômica do sistema venoso pode levar a mudanças da pele, podendo inclusive a levar a hipóxia grave com a formação de úlcera venosa1414 Bollinger A, Leu AJ, Hoffmann U, Franzeck UK. Microvascular changes in venous disease: an update. Angiology. 1997;48(1):27-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000331979704800105. PMid:8995340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00033197970480...
,1515 Raju S, Knight A, Lamanilao L, Pace N, Jones T. Peripheral venous hypertension in chronic venous disease. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(5):706-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.03.006. PMid:31196767.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.03...
.

As apresentações clínicas da DVC são variadas e não necessariamente correspondem à gravidade clínica1616 Perrin M, Eklof B, Van Rij A, et al. Venous symptoms: the SYM Vein Consensus statement developed under the auspices of the European Venous Forum. Int Angiol. 2016;35(4):374-98. PMid:27081866. . Os sintomas também acabam sendo inespecíficos e frequentemente confundidos com outras doenças1717 Van der Velden SK, Shadid NH, Nelemans PJ, Sommer A. How specific are venous symptoms for diagnosis of chronic venous disease? Phlebology. 2014;29(9):580-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355513515859. PMid:24390751.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555135158...

18 Wrona M, Jockel KH, Pannier F, Bock E, Hoffmann B, Rabe E. Association of venous disorders with leg symptoms: results from the Bonn Vein Study 1. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50(3):360-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.05.013. PMid:26141786.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.05...
-1919 Vuylsteke ME, Thomis S, Guillaume G, Modliszewski ML, Weides N, Staelens I. Epidemiological study on chronic venous disease in Belgium and Luxembourg: prevalence, risk factors, and symptomatology. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;49(4):432-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.12.031. PMid:25701071.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.12...
. A DVC é uma doença de caráter benigno, com raras complicações agudas graves, mas que eventualmente podem se correlacionar com trombose venosa ou hemorragias2020 Serra R, Ielapi N, Bevacqua E, et al. Haemorrhage from varicose veins and varicose ulceration: a systematic review. Int Wound J. 2018;15(5):829-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12934. PMid:29808553.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12934...
,2121 Vasquez M, Rabe E, McLafferty R, et al. Revision of the venous clinical severity score: venous outcomes consensus statement: special communication of the American Venous Forum Ad Hoc Outcomes Working Group. J Vasc Surg. 2010;52(5):1387-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.06.161. PMid:20875713.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.06....
.

Na tentativa de monitorar o sucesso do tratamento e avaliar a progressão da doença ou outras intervenções, alguns sistemas de pontuação foram desenvolvidos, como o Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), projetado para medir as mudanças no estado do paciente após a intervenção2222 Passman MA, McLafferty RB, Lentz MF, et al. Validation of Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) with other venous severity assessment tools from the American Venous Forum, National Venous Screening Program. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(6, Suppl):2S-9S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.05.117. PMid:21962926.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.05....
. A escala Villalta é uma ferramenta avaliada tanto pelo paciente quanto pelo médico para diagnosticar e avaliar a gravidade da síndrome pós-trombótica2323 Villalta SBP, Picolli A, Lensing A, Prins M, Prandoni P. Assessment of validity and reproducibility of a clinical scale for the post thrombotic syndrome. Haemostasis. 1994;24:157.,2424 Kahn SR. Measurement properties of the Villalta scale to define and classify the severity of the post-thrombotic syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(5):884-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03339.x. PMID: 19320818.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.20...
. Outras ferramentas para dimensionar a DVC são o Aberdeen Varicose Veins Questionnaire (AVVQ)2525 Garratt AM, Macdonald LM, Ruta DA, Russell IT, Buckingham JK, Krukowski ZH. Towards measurement of outcome for patients with varicose veins. Qual Health Care. 1993;2(1):5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2.1.5. PMid:10132081.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2.1.5...
, o Chronic Venous Insufficiency Questionnaire (CIVIQ)2626 Launois R, Reboul-Marty J, Henry B. Construction and validation of a quality of life questionnaire in chronic lower limb venous insufficiency (CIVIQ). Qual Life Res. 1996;5(6):539-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439228. PMid:8993100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439228...
e o Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study - Quality of Life/Symptoms (VEINES-QOL/Sym)2727 Lamping DL, Schroter S, Kurz X, Kahn SR, Abenhaim L. Evaluation of outcomes in chronic venous disorders of the leg: development of a scientifically rigorous, patient-reported measure of symptoms and quality of life. J Vasc Surg. 2003;37(2):410-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mva.2003.152. PMid:12563215.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mva.2003.152...
.

Diante de uma doença tão prevalente e com tantas nuances de diagnóstico e, consequentemente, de tratamento, uma diretriz nacional é de suma importância para orientação dos profissionais e dos gestores dos sistemas de saúde.

METODOLOGIA

Foram convidados cirurgiões vasculares com foco de atuação em doença venosa e associados da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV) para fazerem parte do Projeto Diretrizes de DVC. Todos os membros declararam seus conflitos de interesse relativos à produção destas diretrizes. O projeto não recebeu nenhum tipo de financiamento da indústria. Através de reuniões quinzenais on-line a partir de março de 2022, todos os membros do projeto participaram das decisões e das escolhas quanto à elaboração das perguntas e à forma de trabalho.

Houve uma divisão em subgrupos para melhor andamento dos trabalhos, a saber: 1) classificação; 2) diagnóstico; 3) tratamento não invasivo, ou conservador; 4) tratamento invasivo; e 5) tratamento de pequenos vasos. Um mesmo membro do projeto participou em pelo menos dois subgrupos.

Seleção das recomendações

Para a seleção das recomendações que seriam abordadas, foi realizado um “brainstorm” inicial com a participação de todos, seguindo a divisão dos assuntos em subgrupos. Após essa fase inicial, coube aos participantes de cada subgrupo selecionar os assuntos mais relevantes para esta diretriz.

Os termos para busca foram discutidos entre cada subgrupo e alocados para procura nas bases de periódicos MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO e Central, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Inicialmente, o período para busca foi de janeiro de 2013 a fevereiro de 2022, mas, caso a busca não retornasse artigos suficientes ou de qualidade, a busca era realizada sem limite de data.

Também foi realizada, caso necessário, uma busca manual por artigos. O processo de seleção e classificação dos artigos seguiu uma sequência de qualidade de artigos, definida como (de maior qualidade para pior): revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados, estudos não randomizados, estudos retrospectivos, séries de casos e opiniões de especialistas. Os artigos foram qualificados, quando possível, quanto ao seu risco de viés pela ferramenta Rob 2.0 e Rob cohort (Cochrane, Londres).

Critérios de recomendação

O sistema da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia foi utilizado para graduar as recomendações de acordo com as evidências encontradas2828 Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(27):2129-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128. PMid:27206819.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw1...
. Esses critérios estão demonstrados nas Tabelas 1 e 2.

Tabela 1
Níveis de evidência de acordo com a European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Tabela 2
Classes de recomendações de acordo com a European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

CLASSIFICAÇÃO

A doença venosa é muito mais comum em mulheres do que em homens. A idade avançada e o número de gestações são fatores importantes no desenvolvimento da doença2929 Carman TL, Al-Omari A. Evaluation and management of chronic venous disease using the foundation of CEAP. Curr Cardiol Rep. 21:114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-019-1201-1.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-019-1201-...
,3030 Scuderi A, Raskin B, Al Assal F, et al. The incidence of venous disease in Brazil based on the CEAP classification. Int Angiol. 2002;21(4):316-21. PMid:12518109. . A classificação CEAP, criada em 1994, foi recentemente revisada. A corona flebectásica foi adicionada como C4c devido ao seu risco potencial de evolução para úlcera venosa3131 Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(3):342-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12.075. PMid:32113854.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12...
,3232 Hess CT. Venous ulcer assessment and management: using the updated CEAP Classification System. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2020;33(11):614-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ASW.0000719052.33284.73. PMid:33065684.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ASW.0000719...
.

Recomendação 1

  • Recomendamos a utilização da classificação de aspectos clínico, etiológico, anatômico e fisiopatológico (CEAP) para todo paciente com insuficiência venosa crônica para fins acadêmicos e legais.

    • Nível B

    • Classe I

    • Bibliografia2929 Carman TL, Al-Omari A. Evaluation and management of chronic venous disease using the foundation of CEAP. Curr Cardiol Rep. 21:114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-019-1201-1.
      https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-019-1201-...
      ,3131 Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(3):342-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12.075. PMid:32113854.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12...

      32 Hess CT. Venous ulcer assessment and management: using the updated CEAP Classification System. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2020;33(11):614-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ASW.0000719052.33284.73. PMid:33065684.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ASW.0000719...

      33 Lurie F, De Maeseneer MGR. The 2020 Update of the CEAP Classification: what is new? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2020;59(6):859-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.04.020. PMid:32376218.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.04...
      -3434 Salim S, Machin M, Patterson BO, Onida S, Davies AH. Global epidemiology of chronic venous disease: a systematic review with pooled prevalence analysis. Ann Surg. 2021;274(6):971-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004631. PMid:33214466.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000...
      :

A subclasse Esi foi incluída para reconhecer causas intravenosas, como alterações pós-trombóticas e fístulas arteriovenosas traumáticas. Na categorização das etiologias secundárias extravenosas, não se observa lesão de parede ou valva. Fatores desencadeantes ocorrem a partir de condições que afetam a hemodinâmica venosa3131 Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(3):342-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12.075. PMid:32113854.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12...
.

A apresentação clínica nem sempre indica gravidade anatômica ou hemodinâmica. Em estudo transversal com 100 pacientes com varizes, não houve correlação entre o diâmetro médio das veias safenas e a classificação clínica. Houve correlação entre idade avançada e gravidade clínica (p = 0,04) e entre obesidade e maior diâmetro medido pela ultrassonografia3535 Naleini F, Hassani M, Bagherhosseini N, Sobhiyeh M. Ultrasonographic measurement of saphenous vein diameter compared to CEAP classification in patients with varicose veins. J Vasc Nurs. 2022;40(1):43-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2021.11.003. PMid:35287833.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2021.11....
.

A vantagem da classificação CEAP é que ela usa o mesmo idioma global. É através dela que podemos afirmar que os aspectos físicos e funcionais são comprometidos, principalmente nas formas mais graves de DVC3636 Moura RM, Gonçalves GS, Navarro TP, Britto RR, Dias RC. Relationship between quality of life and the CEAP clinical classification in chronic venous disease. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2010;14(2):99-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552010005000007. PMid:20464164.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552010...
, e que a prevalência da doença C2 é maior na Europa Ocidental e menor no Oriente Médio e na África3434 Salim S, Machin M, Patterson BO, Onida S, Davies AH. Global epidemiology of chronic venous disease: a systematic review with pooled prevalence analysis. Ann Surg. 2021;274(6):971-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004631. PMid:33214466.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000...
, e toda a comunidade científica consegue compreender.

Recomendação 2

  • Recomendamos a utilização de um sistema de classificação de severidade (Venous Clinical Severity Score [VCSS]) para todo paciente com insuficiência venosa crônica para fins acadêmicos e legais.

    • Nível B

    • Classe I

    • Bibliografia3737 Marston WA, Vasquez MA, Lurie F, et al. Multicenter assessment of the repeatability and reproducibility of the revised Venous Clinical Severity Score (rVCSS). J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2013;1(3):219-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2012.10.059. PMid:26992578.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2012.10...

      38 I Y, Karakelle SG, Aydın GT, R M, T O, Iu A. The relationship between clinical severity and outcome measures in patients with chronic venous insufficiency with or without leg ulcer. J Tissue Viability. 2021;30(3):310-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2021.06.002. PMid:34140210.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2021.06....

      39 Mallick S, Sarkar T, Gayen T, Naskar B, Datta A, Sarkar S. Correlation of venous clinical severity score and venous disability score with dermatology life quality index in chronic venous insufficiency. Indian J Dermatol. 2020;65(6):489-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijd.IJD_485_20. PMid:33487704.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijd.IJD_485_20...

      40 Vasquez MA, Munschauer CE. Revised venous clinical severity score: a facile measurement of outcomes in venous disease. Phlebology. 2012;27(Suppl 1):119-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2012.012s16. PMid:22312078.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2012.012...
      -4141 dos Santos VP, Queiroz AB. Venous disease classifications and generic and disease-specific quality of life questionnaires: which, why, and when to use? J Vasc Bras. 2019;18:e20190114. PMid:31807131.:

O VCSS se correlaciona bem com a classificação clínica CEAP e é uma ferramenta confiável e reprodutível para documentar a gravidade dos sintomas em pacientes com insuficiência venosa dos membros inferiores3737 Marston WA, Vasquez MA, Lurie F, et al. Multicenter assessment of the repeatability and reproducibility of the revised Venous Clinical Severity Score (rVCSS). J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2013;1(3):219-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2012.10.059. PMid:26992578.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2012.10...
. Em um estudo observacional e transversal, foi demonstrado que a gravidade clínica estava relacionada a dor, edema, qualidade do sono, depressão e qualidade de vida em todos os pacientes3838 I Y, Karakelle SG, Aydın GT, R M, T O, Iu A. The relationship between clinical severity and outcome measures in patients with chronic venous insufficiency with or without leg ulcer. J Tissue Viability. 2021;30(3):310-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2021.06.002. PMid:34140210.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2021.06....
.

O VCSS e o Venous Disability Score (VDS) apresentam forte correlação positiva com o Dermatology Quality Life Index (DLQI) e são ferramentas importantes para avaliar a gravidade e incapacidade da insuficiência venosa crônica. Mais uma vez, foi demonstrada a necessidade de uma classificação de gravidade, já que o CEAP não abrange isso3939 Mallick S, Sarkar T, Gayen T, Naskar B, Datta A, Sarkar S. Correlation of venous clinical severity score and venous disability score with dermatology life quality index in chronic venous insufficiency. Indian J Dermatol. 2020;65(6):489-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijd.IJD_485_20. PMid:33487704.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijd.IJD_485_20...
,4242 Catarinella FS, Nieman FH, Wittens CH. An overview of the most commonly used venous quality of life and clinical outcome measurements. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2015;3(3):333-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2014.09.003. PMid:26992316.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2014.09...
.

O VCSS foi criado como uma ferramenta para estadiar e quantificar a progressão natural da doença evolutivamente. Permite comparar a relação de custo-efetividade, bem como as respostas técnicas, clínicas e relacionadas à qualidade de vida dos pacientes. As atualizações sugeridas destinam-se a aumentar a sensibilidade dessa ferramenta de avaliação4040 Vasquez MA, Munschauer CE. Revised venous clinical severity score: a facile measurement of outcomes in venous disease. Phlebology. 2012;27(Suppl 1):119-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2012.012s16. PMid:22312078.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2012.012...
.

No Brasil, foi apontada a falta de consenso internacional sobre as classificações envolvendo a DVC. A avaliação das pontuações de cada critério separadamente do VCSS revisado está disponível como uma forma que a comunidade internacional pode adotar4141 dos Santos VP, Queiroz AB. Venous disease classifications and generic and disease-specific quality of life questionnaires: which, why, and when to use? J Vasc Bras. 2019;18:e20190114. PMid:31807131. .

Sugere-se a utilização da classificação CEAP juntamente com o VCSS. Há também a necessidade de criar consenso para uma avaliação evolutiva da progressão da doença, bem como o monitoramento dos resultados do tratamento. O CIVIQ e o AVVQ são questionários para uso específico em pacientes com doença venosa.

Recomendação 3

  • Sugerimos a utilização de um sistema específico para todo paciente com telangiectasias e veias reticulares.

    • Nível C

    • Classe IIa

    • Bibliografia4343 Dong Z, Zhao Y, Zhao X, et al. Summary of diagnostic and characteristic parameters of C0to C2patients based on the CEAP2020 classification. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2022;10(6):1201-1207.e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.05.007. PMID: 35810993.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.05...

      44 Bissacco D, Oberto S. C0a and C0s patients: potential benefits for an unclear population. Int Angiol. 2018;37(6):486. http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.18.04029-4. PMid:30203641.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.18...

      45 Engelhorn CA, Engelhorn AL, Cassou MF, Salles-Cunha S. Patterns of saphenous venous reflux in women presenting with lower extremity telangiectasias. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33(3):282-8. PMid:17338684.
      -4646 Benigni JP, Bihari I, Rabe E, et al. Venous symptoms in C0 and C1 patients: UIP consensus document. Int Angiol. 2013;32(3):261-5. PMid:23711678.:

Um estudo aberto e controlado teve como objetivo explorar as veias de indivíduos classificados como C0S e compará-las com indivíduos C0A (assintomáticos). O Doppler identificou dois padrões de fluxo diferentes: unidirecional e bidirecional. O fluxo bidirecional foi significativamente (P = 0,05) maior em pacientes C0S em comparação com pacientes C0A. Isso sugere a presença de refluxo em veias não axiais4747 Lugli M, Maleti O, Iabichella ML, Perrin M. Investigation of non-saphenous veins in C0S patients. Int Angiol. 2018;37(2):169-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.18.03901-9. PMid:29376624.
http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.18...
.

No estudo de Bonn, um total de 1.350 homens e 1.722 mulheres com idades entre 18 e 79 anos foram analisados. Os sintomas nas pernas (peso, aperto, inchaço, dor ao levantar-se ou se sentar, dor ao caminhar, cãibras musculares, coceira e pernas inquietas) foram avaliados em uma entrevista padronizada; 22,6% tinham varizes e 15,8% era portadoras de insuficiência venosa crôncia (IVC)4646 Benigni JP, Bihari I, Rabe E, et al. Venous symptoms in C0 and C1 patients: UIP consensus document. Int Angiol. 2013;32(3):261-5. PMid:23711678. .

A doença venosa em vários estágios também já se associou com mortalidade cardiovascular em um estudo de coorte. Porém, apesar das diferentes manifestações sintomáticas e clínicas, não há análise de escores em pacientes CEAP C14848 Prochaska JH, Arnold N, Falcke A, et al. Chronic venous insufficiency, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: a population study. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(40):4157-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab495. PMid:34387673.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab...
.

Os pacientes CEAP C1 nitidamente têm diferentes origens em suas lesões, podendo ter também refluxo de veias safenas associado em 40 a 50% dos pacientes. Talvez isso possa impactar a decisão terapêutica para o tratamento dessas lesões, o que torna interessante uma classificação própria dentro dessa classe clínica.

Os pacientes CEAP C1-3 tiveram medidas de refluxo menos intensas no Doppler do que os pacientes C4-64949 Konoeda H, Yamaki T, Hamahata A, Ochi M, Sakurai H. Quantification of superficial venous reflux by duplex ultrasound-role of reflux velocity in the assessment the clinical stage of chronic venous insufficiency. Ann Vasc Dis. 2014;7(4):376-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3400/avd.oa.14-00047. PMid:25593622.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3400/avd.oa.14-0004...
,5050 Panpikoon T, Wedsart B, Treesit T, Chansanti O, Bua-Ngam C. Duplex ultrasound findings and clinical classification of lower extremity chronic venous insufficiency in a Thai population. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(3):349-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.08.012. PMid:30477978.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.08...
. Isso demonstra parte da utilidade diagnóstica da ultrassonografia com Doppler no refluxo venoso. Em um artigo de revisão que incluiu algumas revisões sistemáticas e citações de diretrizes, concluiu-se que a ultrassonografia com Doppler é a primeira escolha para o diagnóstico da DVC5151 Garcia R, Labropoulos N. Duplex ultrasound for the diagnosis of acute and chronic venous diseases. Surg Clin North Am. 2018;98(2):201-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11.007. PMid:29502767.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11....
.

EXAMES DIAGNÓSTICOS

A cartografia venosa é essencial para o planejamento cirúrgico e deve ser individualizada para cada paciente e técnica de tratamento. Para considerar refluxo venoso, o tempo de fluxo reverso considerado é maior que 1 segundo na veia femoral comum5151 Garcia R, Labropoulos N. Duplex ultrasound for the diagnosis of acute and chronic venous diseases. Surg Clin North Am. 2018;98(2):201-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11.007. PMid:29502767.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11....
,5252 Malgor RD, Labropoulos N. Diagnosis and follow-up of varicose veins with duplex ultrasound: how and why? Phlebology. 2012;27(Suppl 1):10-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.012s05. PMid:22312061.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.012...
. A ultrassonografia Doppler permite uma avaliação topográfica e hemodinâmica dos sistemas superficial e profundo.

Em um estudo de coorte de 43 pacientes, foram estudadas ultrassonograficamente telangiectasias na parte lateral da coxa. Pacientes obesos e com sobrepeso apresentaram maior prevalência de veias perfurantes incompetentes e veias reticulares maiores quando comparados aos eutróficos (p < 0,05)5353 Santiago FR, Piscoya M, Chi YW. A sonographic study of thigh telangiectasias. Phlebology. 2018;33(7):500-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355517717404. PMid:28683584.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555177174...
. O mesmo foi realizado em pacientes C1 para esclarecer se o mapeamento ultrassonográfico das veias safenas é justificável. Houve uma tendência estatisticamente significativa de que o aumenta da presença de incompetência venosa superficial e/ou profunda eleva também a presença de telangiectasias5454 Engelhorn CA, Engelhorn AL, Cassou MF, Salles-Cunha S. Patterns of saphenous venous reflux in women presenting with lower extremity telangiectasias. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33(3):282-8. PMid:17338684.,5555 Ruckley CV, Allan PL, Evans CJ, Lee AJ, Fowkes FG. Telangiectasia and venous reflux in the Edinburgh Vein Study. Phlebology. 2012;27(6):297-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011007. PMid:22106449.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011...
.

A análise de pontos de fuga das veias safenas para veias reticulares e pequenas varicosidades também indicou correlação positiva5656 Yun S. Ultrasound-based topographic analysis of tributary vein connection with the saphenous vein during ambulatory conservative hemodynamic correction of chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(3):356-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.09.011. PMid:30777672.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.09...
,5757 Engelhorn CA, Manetti R, Baviera MM, et al. Progression of reflux patterns in saphenous veins of women with chronic venous valvular insufficiency. Phlebology. 2012;27(1):25-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.010077. PMid:21903684.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.010...
. Isso demonstra a importância do uso da ferramenta mesmo em quadros iniciais.

Recomendação 4

  • Recomendamos o dúplex scan como ferramenta inicial para diagnóstico em todo paciente com suspeita de insuficiência venosa crônica.

    • Nível A

    • Classe I

    • Bibliografia4949 Konoeda H, Yamaki T, Hamahata A, Ochi M, Sakurai H. Quantification of superficial venous reflux by duplex ultrasound-role of reflux velocity in the assessment the clinical stage of chronic venous insufficiency. Ann Vasc Dis. 2014;7(4):376-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3400/avd.oa.14-00047. PMid:25593622.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.3400/avd.oa.14-0004...
      ,5151 Garcia R, Labropoulos N. Duplex ultrasound for the diagnosis of acute and chronic venous diseases. Surg Clin North Am. 2018;98(2):201-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11.007. PMid:29502767.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11....
      ,5252 Malgor RD, Labropoulos N. Diagnosis and follow-up of varicose veins with duplex ultrasound: how and why? Phlebology. 2012;27(Suppl 1):10-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.012s05. PMid:22312061.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.012...
      ,5858 García Carriazo M, Gómez de las Heras C, Mármol Vázquez P, Ramos Solís MF. Doppler ultrasound study and venous mapping in chronic venous insufficiency. Radiologia (Madr). 2016;58(1):7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rxeng.2015.10.001. PMid:26655801.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rxeng.2015.1...
      :

Recomendação 5

  • Recomendamos o dúplex scan como ferramenta inicial para diagnóstico em pacientes com classificação de aspectos clínico, etiológico, anatômico e fisiopatológico (CEAP) C1.

    • Nível B

    • Classe IIa

    • Bibliografia5353 Santiago FR, Piscoya M, Chi YW. A sonographic study of thigh telangiectasias. Phlebology. 2018;33(7):500-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355517717404. PMid:28683584.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555177174...

      54 Engelhorn CA, Engelhorn AL, Cassou MF, Salles-Cunha S. Patterns of saphenous venous reflux in women presenting with lower extremity telangiectasias. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33(3):282-8. PMid:17338684.
      -5555 Ruckley CV, Allan PL, Evans CJ, Lee AJ, Fowkes FG. Telangiectasia and venous reflux in the Edinburgh Vein Study. Phlebology. 2012;27(6):297-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011007. PMid:22106449.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011...
      ,5757 Engelhorn CA, Manetti R, Baviera MM, et al. Progression of reflux patterns in saphenous veins of women with chronic venous valvular insufficiency. Phlebology. 2012;27(1):25-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.010077. PMid:21903684.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.010...
      :

Recomendação 6

  • Recomendamos usar o dúplex scan venoso de abdome e pelve como ferramenta inicial para diagnóstico em pacientes com suspeita de insuficiência venosa crônica e suspeita de estenose/obstrução suprainguinal.

    • Nível B

    • Classe IIa

    • Bibliografia5959 Metzger PB, Rossi FH, Kambara AM, et al. Criteria for detecting significant chronic iliac venous obstructions with duplex ultrasound. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2016;4(1):18-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.07.002. PMid:26946891.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.07...

      60 Villalba L, Larkin TA. Transabdominal duplex ultrasound and intravascular ultrasound planimetry measures of common iliac vein stenosis are significantly correlated in a symptomatic population. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(5):1273-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.01.015. PMid:33548556.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.01...

      61 Labropoulos N, Jasinski PT, Adrahtas D, Gasparis AP, Meissner MH. A standardized ultrasound approach to pelvic congestion syndrome. Phlebology. 2017;32(9):608-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355516677135. PMid:27799418.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555166771...
      -6262 Sloves J, Almeida JI. Venous duplex ultrasound protocol for iliocaval disease. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018;6(6):748-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.06.005. PMid:30336903.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.06...
      :

Um estudo para determinar critérios ultrassonográficos para o diagnóstico de obstrução do segmento venoso ilíaco foi realizado no Brasil. Foi avaliada a correlação desse método com o ultrassom intravascular (IVUS) em pacientes com IVC. Uma razão de velocidade maior que 2,5 foi o melhor critério para detectar obstruções ao fluxo venoso5959 Metzger PB, Rossi FH, Kambara AM, et al. Criteria for detecting significant chronic iliac venous obstructions with duplex ultrasound. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2016;4(1):18-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.07.002. PMid:26946891.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.07...
. O escaneamento com a ultrassonografia com Doppler mostra um valor preditivo positivo de 95,5% em detectar estenoses mais graves nesse segmento6060 Villalba L, Larkin TA. Transabdominal duplex ultrasound and intravascular ultrasound planimetry measures of common iliac vein stenosis are significantly correlated in a symptomatic population. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(5):1273-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.01.015. PMid:33548556.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.01...
.

O uso da ultrassonografia com Doppler para doença venosa ileocava vem ganhando espaço principalmente por não ser invasivo. Em mãos experientes, a ultrassonografia com Doppler transabdominal pode demonstrar de forma consistente as veias ovarianas, bem como documentar seu diâmetro e possível refluxo6060 Villalba L, Larkin TA. Transabdominal duplex ultrasound and intravascular ultrasound planimetry measures of common iliac vein stenosis are significantly correlated in a symptomatic population. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(5):1273-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.01.015. PMid:33548556.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.01...

61 Labropoulos N, Jasinski PT, Adrahtas D, Gasparis AP, Meissner MH. A standardized ultrasound approach to pelvic congestion syndrome. Phlebology. 2017;32(9):608-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355516677135. PMid:27799418.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555166771...
-6262 Sloves J, Almeida JI. Venous duplex ultrasound protocol for iliocaval disease. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018;6(6):748-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.06.005. PMid:30336903.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.06...
. Desta forma, pode-se evitar outros tratamentos caros e modalidades de imagem demoradas.

Recomendação 7

  • Sugerimos usar outros exames de imagem (angiotomografia, angiorressonância e/ou venografia) no diagnóstico de pacientes com insuficiência venosa crônica e suspeita de estenose/obstrução suprainguinal.

    • Nível B

    • Classe IIb

    • Bibliografia6363 Coelho A, O’Sullivan G. Usefulness of direct computed tomography venography in predicting inflow for venous reconstruction in chronic post-thrombotic syndrome. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2019;42(5):677-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-019-02161-5. PMid:30627773.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-019-021...

      64 Gagne PJ, Tahara RW, Fastabend CP, et al. Venography versus intravascular ultrasound for diagnosing and treating iliofemoral vein obstruction. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017;5(5):678-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.04.007. PMid:28818221.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.04...

      65 Montminy ML, Thomasson JD, Tanaka GJ, Lamanilao LM, Crim W, Raju S. A comparison between intravascular ultrasound and venography in identifying key parameters essential for iliac vein stenting. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(6):801-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.03.015. PMid:31196766.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.03...

      66 Raju S, Walker W, Noel C, Kuykendall R, Powell T, Jayaraj A. Dimensional disparity between duplex and intravascular ultrasound in the assessment of iliac vein stenosis. Vasc Med. 2021;26(5):549-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358863X211003663. PMid:33840321.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358863X211003...

      67 Toh MR, Damodharan K, Lim HHMN, Tang TY. Computed tomography venography versus intravascular ultrasound in the diagnosis of iliofemoral vein stenosis. Vasa. 2021;50(1):38-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000920. PMid:33153399.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000...
      -6868 Montminy ML, Thomasson JD, Tanaka GJ, Lamanilao LM, Crim W, Raju S. A comparison between intravascular ultrasound and venography in identifying key parameters essential for iliac vein stenting. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(6):801-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.03.015. PMid:31196766.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.03...
      :

Recomendação 8

  • Recomendamos usar ultrassom intravascular (IVUS) como investigação adicional no diagnóstico e/ou suspeita de estenose/obstrução suprainguinal.

    • Nível A

    • Classe IIa

    • Bibliografia6666 Raju S, Walker W, Noel C, Kuykendall R, Powell T, Jayaraj A. Dimensional disparity between duplex and intravascular ultrasound in the assessment of iliac vein stenosis. Vasc Med. 2021;26(5):549-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358863X211003663. PMid:33840321.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358863X211003...

      67 Toh MR, Damodharan K, Lim HHMN, Tang TY. Computed tomography venography versus intravascular ultrasound in the diagnosis of iliofemoral vein stenosis. Vasa. 2021;50(1):38-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000920. PMid:33153399.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000...

      68 Montminy ML, Thomasson JD, Tanaka GJ, Lamanilao LM, Crim W, Raju S. A comparison between intravascular ultrasound and venography in identifying key parameters essential for iliac vein stenting. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(6):801-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.03.015. PMid:31196766.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.03...

      69 Lau I, Png CYM, Eswarappa M, et al. Defining the utility of anteroposterior venography in the diagnosis of venous iliofemoral obstruction. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(4):514-521.e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.11.012. PMid:30926244.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.11...

      70 Lorenção de Almeida B, Rossi FH, Guerra de Moraes Rego Sousa A, et al. Correlation between venous pressure gradients and intravascular ultrasound in the diagnosis of iliac vein compression syndrome. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018;6(4):492-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.11.015. PMid:29526687.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.11...
      -7171 Rossi FH, Kambara AM, Rodrigues TO, et al. Comparison of computed tomography venography and intravascular ultrasound in screening and classification of iliac vein obstruction in patients with chronic venous disease. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(3):413-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.09.015. PMid:32197952.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.09...
      :

A venografia não identifica a existência de lesão ileocava em 19% dos membros. A área máxima mediana de estenose foi significativamente maior com IVUS do que com venografia6363 Coelho A, O’Sullivan G. Usefulness of direct computed tomography venography in predicting inflow for venous reconstruction in chronic post-thrombotic syndrome. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2019;42(5):677-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-019-02161-5. PMid:30627773.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-019-021...
. Paradoxalmente, por sua vez, uma revisão afirmou que a venografia anteroposterior pode guiar com sucesso o diagnóstico de obstrução venosa7272 Uhl JF. Three-dimensional modelling of the venous system by direct multislice helical computed tomography venography: technique, indications and results. Phlebology. 2012;27(6):270-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2012.012J07. PMid:23155152.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2012.012...
.

De forma consistente, o IVUS se mostra superior à venografia na detecção de estenose ilíaca6464 Gagne PJ, Tahara RW, Fastabend CP, et al. Venography versus intravascular ultrasound for diagnosing and treating iliofemoral vein obstruction. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017;5(5):678-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.04.007. PMid:28818221.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.04...

65 Montminy ML, Thomasson JD, Tanaka GJ, Lamanilao LM, Crim W, Raju S. A comparison between intravascular ultrasound and venography in identifying key parameters essential for iliac vein stenting. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(6):801-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.03.015. PMid:31196766.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.03...

66 Raju S, Walker W, Noel C, Kuykendall R, Powell T, Jayaraj A. Dimensional disparity between duplex and intravascular ultrasound in the assessment of iliac vein stenosis. Vasc Med. 2021;26(5):549-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358863X211003663. PMid:33840321.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358863X211003...
-6767 Toh MR, Damodharan K, Lim HHMN, Tang TY. Computed tomography venography versus intravascular ultrasound in the diagnosis of iliofemoral vein stenosis. Vasa. 2021;50(1):38-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000920. PMid:33153399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000...
,6969 Lau I, Png CYM, Eswarappa M, et al. Defining the utility of anteroposterior venography in the diagnosis of venous iliofemoral obstruction. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(4):514-521.e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.11.012. PMid:30926244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.11...
. O poder da tomografia computadorizada (TC) para detectar a síndrome de compressão da veia ilíaca de 50% ou mais quando comparada ao IVUS tem sensibilidade e especificidade de 94,09 e 79,2%, respectivamente. Portanto, embora o IVUS possa ser mais confiável, a TC é uma alternativa, principalmente para os casos de estenose.

Recomendação 9

  • Sugerimos usar fotopletismografia como ferramenta complementar para diagnóstico e orientação terapêutica em pacientes com insuficiência venosa crônica.

    • Nível C

    • Classe IIa

    • Bibliografia7373 Łastowiecka-Moras E. How posture influences venous blood flow in the lower limbs: results of a study using photoplethysmography. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2017;23(2):147-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2016.1256938. PMid:27813456.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2016....
      ,7474 Neto FC, de Oliveira RG, Thomazinho F, Weinhardt Batista AP, Moraes Kessler I. Impact of great saphenous vein foam sclerotherapy on quality of life and photoplethysmography findings in chronic venous insufficiency: one-year follow-up. Dermatol Surg. 2020;46(3):369-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000002063. PMid:31397782.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000...
      :

A pressão arterial capilar é a principal força motriz para a troca de fluidos entre os microvasos. A congestão venosa sistêmica subclínica, antes do edema periférico evidente, pode resultar diretamente no aumento da pressão arterial periférica. A fotopletismografia (PPG) poderia ser uma ferramenta auxiliar no diagnóstico de insuficiência venosa com repercussão funcional7373 Łastowiecka-Moras E. How posture influences venous blood flow in the lower limbs: results of a study using photoplethysmography. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2017;23(2):147-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2016.1256938. PMid:27813456.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2016....
,7575 Liu J, Yan B, Chen SC, Zhang YT, Sodini C, Zhao N. Non-invasive capillary blood pressure measurement enabling early detection and classification of venous congestion. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2021;25(8):2877-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2021.3055760. PMid:33513121.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2021.3055...
,7676 Nelzén POE, Skoog J, Öster M, Zachrisson H. Impact on venous haemodynamics after treatment of great saphenous vein incompetence using plethysmography and duplex ultrasound. Phlebology. 2020;35(7):495-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355519898952. PMid:31959059.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555198989...
.

Mesmo após o tratamento, a pletismografia mostrou suspeita de refluxo em 71% dos pacientes, e justamente esses pacientes não apresentaram melhora nos escores de qualidade de vida. Isso porque havia algo mais errado, que acabou sendo a presença de perfurantes insuficientes ou varicosidades residuais na perna7474 Neto FC, de Oliveira RG, Thomazinho F, Weinhardt Batista AP, Moraes Kessler I. Impact of great saphenous vein foam sclerotherapy on quality of life and photoplethysmography findings in chronic venous insufficiency: one-year follow-up. Dermatol Surg. 2020;46(3):369-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000002063. PMid:31397782.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000...
,7777 Nelzén PO, Skoog J, Lassvik C, Länne T, Zachrisson H. Prediction of post-interventional outcome in great saphenous vein incompetence: the role of venous plethysmography with selective superficial vein occlusion. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2016;52(3):377-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2016.05.032. PMid:27405879.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2016.05...
. Portanto, a fotopletismografia pode ser tanto uma ferramenta diagnóstica quanto de seguimento de tratamento.

TRATAMENTO CONSERVADOR OU NÃO INVASIVO

No tratamento medicamentoso, o dobesilato de cálcio se mostrou eficiente na redução do edema em pacientes C3-47878 Rabe E, Ballarini S, Lehr L. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study on the efficacy and safety of calcium dobesilate in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2016;31(4):264-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355515586097. PMid:25991692.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555155860...
,7979 Pittler MH, Ernst E. Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11(11):CD003230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003230.pub4. PMid:23152216.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003...
. Em diversos sintomas, outros fármacos também acabaram se mostrando eficientes, como o extrato de videira vermelha8080 Azhdari M, Zilaee M, Karandish M, et al. Red vine leaf extract (AS 195) can improve some signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency, a systematic review. Phytother Res. 2020;34(10):2577-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6705. PMid:32314844.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6705...
, os rutosídeos8181 Aziz Z, Tang WL, Chong NJ, Tho LY. A systematic review of the efficacy and tolerability of hydroxyethylrutosides for improvement of the signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2015;40(2):177-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12247. PMid:25630350.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12247...
e a sulodexida8282 Kakkos SK, Allaert FA. Efficacy of Ruscus extract, HMC and vitamin C, constituents of Cyclo 3 fort®, on improving individual venous symptoms and edema: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Int Angiol. 2017;36(2):93-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.17.03815-9. PMid:28225220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.17...
. Todos apresentaram poucos efeitos adversos.

Revisões sistemáticas sugerem que as drogas venoativas provavelmente reduzem ligeiramente o edema em comparação com o placebo e provavelmente reduzem a circunferência do tornozelo. Distúrbios gastrointestinais foram os eventos adversos mais frequentemente relatados. O fármaco de destaque em revisões é usualmente a diosmina-hesperidina em sua fração micronizada8383 Bignamini AA, Matuška J. Sulodexide for the symptoms and signs of chronic venous disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Ther. 2020;37(3):1013-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-020-01232-1. PMid:31989486.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-020-012...

84 Martinez-Zapata MJ, Vernooij RW, Simancas-Racines D, et al. Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;11(11):CD003229. PMid:33141449.
-8585 de Lima DC. Varicose veins and occupational health: symptoms, treatment and prevention. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2019;17(4):589-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/Z1679443520190460. PMid:32685759.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/Z1679443520190...
.

Recomendação 10

  • Recomendamos usar drogas venoativas para o tratamento sintomático da insuficiência venosa crônica.

    • Nível A

    • Classe IIa

    • Bibliografia7878 Rabe E, Ballarini S, Lehr L. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study on the efficacy and safety of calcium dobesilate in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2016;31(4):264-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355515586097. PMid:25991692.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555155860...
      ,7979 Pittler MH, Ernst E. Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11(11):CD003230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003230.pub4. PMid:23152216.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003...
      ,8181 Aziz Z, Tang WL, Chong NJ, Tho LY. A systematic review of the efficacy and tolerability of hydroxyethylrutosides for improvement of the signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2015;40(2):177-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12247. PMid:25630350.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12247...

      82 Kakkos SK, Allaert FA. Efficacy of Ruscus extract, HMC and vitamin C, constituents of Cyclo 3 fort®, on improving individual venous symptoms and edema: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Int Angiol. 2017;36(2):93-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.17.03815-9. PMid:28225220.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.17...

      83 Bignamini AA, Matuška J. Sulodexide for the symptoms and signs of chronic venous disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Ther. 2020;37(3):1013-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-020-01232-1. PMid:31989486.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-020-012...
      -8484 Martinez-Zapata MJ, Vernooij RW, Simancas-Racines D, et al. Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;11(11):CD003229. PMid:33141449.,8686 Kakkos SK, Nicolaides AN. Efficacy of micronized purified flavonoid fraction (Daflon®) on improving individual symptoms, signs and quality of life in patients with chronic venous disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Int Angiol. 2018;37(2):143-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.18.03975-5. PMid:29385792.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.18...
      :

Recomendação 11

  • Recomendamos o uso da terapia compressiva para tratamento sintomático da insuficiência venosa crônica.

    • Nível B

    • Classe I

    • Bibliografia8787 Kakkos SK, Timpilis M, Patrinos P, et al. Acute effects of graduated elastic compression stockings in patients with symptomatic varicose veins: a randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2018;55(1):118-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.10.004. PMid:29129457.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.10...

      88 Dahm KT, Myrhaug HT, Strømme H, Fure B, Brurberg KG. Effects of preventive use of compression stockings for elderly with chronic venous insufficiency and swollen legs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1087-1. PMid:30845919.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-108...
      -8989 Knight Nee Shingler SL, Robertson L, Stewart M. Graduated compression stockings for the initial treatment of varicose veins in people without venous ulceration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;7(7):CD008819. PMid:34271595.:

Para a terapia compressiva, destaca-se o uso de meias elásticas em suas mais diversas graduações. Redução da dor ou desconforto e seu uso na redução de recorrência de úlcera de perna indicam que seu uso pode ser positivo8787 Kakkos SK, Timpilis M, Patrinos P, et al. Acute effects of graduated elastic compression stockings in patients with symptomatic varicose veins: a randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2018;55(1):118-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.10.004. PMid:29129457.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.10...
.

Apesar de várias demonstrações positivas, a aderência ao tratamento continua sendo uma grande dificuldade da terapia, principalmente quando utilizadas pressões mais elevadas8888 Dahm KT, Myrhaug HT, Strømme H, Fure B, Brurberg KG. Effects of preventive use of compression stockings for elderly with chronic venous insufficiency and swollen legs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1087-1. PMid:30845919.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-108...
,8989 Knight Nee Shingler SL, Robertson L, Stewart M. Graduated compression stockings for the initial treatment of varicose veins in people without venous ulceration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;7(7):CD008819. PMid:34271595. .

Os protocolos de exercícios mostraram melhora na amplitude de movimento da articulação tibiotársica e devem ser considerados como tratamento para o tratamento da IVC9090 Schmidt AC, Gomes LPOZ, Marinelli CM, Gomes RZ. Effects of strengthening the surae triceps muscle on venous pump function in chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Bras. 2021;20:e20200197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.200197. PMid:34456985.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.2001...
. Foi determinado que o aumento da força muscular afetou a bomba venosa, melhorando sua função e amplitude de movimento do tornozelo. Além disso, verificou-se que a dor foi reduzida e a qualidade de vida melhorada após o programa de exercícios9191 Aydin G, Yeldan I, Akgul A, Ipek G. Effects of inspiratory muscle training versus calf muscle training on quality of life, pain, venous function and activity in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2022;10(5):1137-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.04.012. PMID: 35710091.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.04...

92 Ercan S, Çetin C, Yavuz T, Demir HM, Atalay YB. Effects of isokinetic calf muscle exercise program on muscle strength and venous function in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2018;33(4):261-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355517695401. PMid:28954574.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555176954...
-9393 Erdal ES, Demirgüç A, Kabalcı M, Demirtaş H. Evaluation of physical activity level and exercise capacity in patients with varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2021;36(8):636-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555211002339. PMid:33745365.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555211002...
. Estudos mostram que a atividade física é importante para a melhora do quadro de insuficiência venosa qualquer que seja a intensidade praticada9494 Keser İ, Özdemir K, Erer D, Onurlu İ, Bezgin S. Differences in pain, fatigue, and quality of life in patients with chronic venous insufficiency based on physical activity level. Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Derg. 2020;28(1):76-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2020.18068. PMid:32175146.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi....
,9595 Mutlak O, Aslam M, Standfield N. The influence of exercise on ulcer healing in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Int Angiol. 2018;37(2):160-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.18.03950-0. PMid:29368880.
http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.18...
.

Recomendação 12

  • Recomendamos a realização de exercícios físicos para tratamento da insuficiência venosa crônica em qualquer etapa.

    • Nível B

    • Classe I

    • Bibliografia9090 Schmidt AC, Gomes LPOZ, Marinelli CM, Gomes RZ. Effects of strengthening the surae triceps muscle on venous pump function in chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Bras. 2021;20:e20200197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.200197. PMid:34456985.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.2001...

      91 Aydin G, Yeldan I, Akgul A, Ipek G. Effects of inspiratory muscle training versus calf muscle training on quality of life, pain, venous function and activity in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2022;10(5):1137-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.04.012. PMID: 35710091.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.04...

      92 Ercan S, Çetin C, Yavuz T, Demir HM, Atalay YB. Effects of isokinetic calf muscle exercise program on muscle strength and venous function in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2018;33(4):261-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355517695401. PMid:28954574.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555176954...

      93 Erdal ES, Demirgüç A, Kabalcı M, Demirtaş H. Evaluation of physical activity level and exercise capacity in patients with varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2021;36(8):636-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555211002339. PMid:33745365.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555211002...

      94 Keser İ, Özdemir K, Erer D, Onurlu İ, Bezgin S. Differences in pain, fatigue, and quality of life in patients with chronic venous insufficiency based on physical activity level. Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Derg. 2020;28(1):76-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2020.18068. PMid:32175146.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi....

      95 Mutlak O, Aslam M, Standfield N. The influence of exercise on ulcer healing in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Int Angiol. 2018;37(2):160-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.18.03950-0. PMid:29368880.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.18...

      96 Silva KLS, Figueiredo EAB, Lopes CP, et al. The impact of exercise training on calf pump function, muscle strength, ankle range of motion, and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic venous insufficiency at different stages of severity: a systematic review. J Vasc Bras. 2021;20:e20200125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.200125. PMid:34093685.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.2001...
      -9797 Kiloatar H, Aras O, Korkmaz M, Vural AH. An evaluation of quality of life, physical activity level and symptoms in patients with early stages of chronic venous disease. J Vasc Nurs. 2021;39(4):108-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2021.07.007. PMid:34865720.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2021.07....
      :

Recomendação 13

  • Recomendamos controlar a massa corpórea para tratamento e prevenção da insuficiência venosa crônica em qualquer etapa.

    • Nível C

    • Classe I

    • Bibliografia9898 Davies HO, Popplewell M, Singhal R, Smith N, Bradbury AW. Obesity and lower limb venous disease - the epidemic of phlebesity. Phlebology. 2017;32(4):227-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355516649333. PMID: 27178403.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555166493...

      99 Parkyn WR, Chan CY, Van Rij AM. Skin problems in the lower legs of morbidly obese patients and possible role of bariatric surgery. J Obes Weight Loss Ther. 2014;4(4):230. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2165-7904.1000230.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2165-7904.1000...

      100 van Rij AM, De Alwis CS, Jiang P, et al. Obesity and impaired venous function. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;35(6):739-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.01.006. PMID: 18313335.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.01...

      101 Deol ZK, Lakhanpal S, Franzon G, Pappas PJ. Effect of obesity on chronic venous insufficiency treatment outcomes. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(4):617-28.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.04.006.
      https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.04.0...
      -102102 Shaalan W, El Emam A, Lotfy H, Naga A. Clinical and hemodynamic outcome of morbidly obese patients with severe chronic venous insufficiency with and without bariatric surgery. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(5):1248-1256.e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.01.005. PMid:33540136.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.01...
      :

O exercício físico é eficaz na melhora do refluxo venoso, da força muscular e da amplitude de movimento do tornozelo. Mesmo exercícios guiados sem supervisão podem mostrar benefícios9696 Silva KLS, Figueiredo EAB, Lopes CP, et al. The impact of exercise training on calf pump function, muscle strength, ankle range of motion, and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic venous insufficiency at different stages of severity: a systematic review. J Vasc Bras. 2021;20:e20200125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.200125. PMid:34093685.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.2001...

97 Kiloatar H, Aras O, Korkmaz M, Vural AH. An evaluation of quality of life, physical activity level and symptoms in patients with early stages of chronic venous disease. J Vasc Nurs. 2021;39(4):108-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2021.07.007. PMid:34865720.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2021.07....
-9898 Davies HO, Popplewell M, Singhal R, Smith N, Bradbury AW. Obesity and lower limb venous disease - the epidemic of phlebesity. Phlebology. 2017;32(4):227-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355516649333. PMID: 27178403.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555166493...
.

Já a obesidade e mobilidade reduzida trabalham contrariamente ao retorno venoso, com a obesidade inclusive contribuindo para maior incidência de úlceras venosas9999 Parkyn WR, Chan CY, Van Rij AM. Skin problems in the lower legs of morbidly obese patients and possible role of bariatric surgery. J Obes Weight Loss Ther. 2014;4(4):230. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2165-7904.1000230.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2165-7904.1000...
,103103 Meulendijks AM, Franssen WMA, Schoonhoven L, Neumann HAM. A scoping review on chronic venous disease and the development of a venous leg ulcer: the role of obesity and mobility. J Tissue Viability. 2020;29(3):190-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2019.10.002. PMID: 31668667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2019.10....
. A pressão venosa do pé é significativamente maior em indivíduos obesos em todas as posições. Também a doença venosa é mais avançada em pacientes obesos do que em não obesos, possivelmente devido ao aumento da pressão intra-abdominal. Inclusive, após a cirurgia bariátrica em pacientes obesos mórbidos, são comuns os relatos de melhora do quadro de insuficiência venosa100100 van Rij AM, De Alwis CS, Jiang P, et al. Obesity and impaired venous function. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;35(6):739-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.01.006. PMID: 18313335.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.01...

101 Deol ZK, Lakhanpal S, Franzon G, Pappas PJ. Effect of obesity on chronic venous insufficiency treatment outcomes. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(4):617-28.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.04.006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.04.0...
-102102 Shaalan W, El Emam A, Lotfy H, Naga A. Clinical and hemodynamic outcome of morbidly obese patients with severe chronic venous insufficiency with and without bariatric surgery. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(5):1248-1256.e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.01.005. PMid:33540136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.01...
,104104 Wiewiora M, Piecuch J, Glück M, Slowinska-Lozynska L, Sosada K. Impact of weight loss due to sleeve gastrectomy on shear stress of the femoral vein in morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2014;24(5):806-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-1175-9. PMid:24421156.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-117...
.

TRATAMENTO INVASIVO

Tratamento de veias safenas

Sabidamente, a doença venosa possui alta prevalência, e o seu tratamento, com a supressão dos pontos de refluxo, tem se mostrado eficiente na melhora dos sintomas105105 Michaels JA, Brazier JE, Campbell WB, MacIntyre JB, Palfreyman SJ, Ratcliffe J. Randomized clinical trial comparing surgery with conservative treatment for uncomplicated varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2006;93(2):175-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.5264. PMid:16432825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.5264...
. Após o procedimento, também se observa melhora na qualidade de vida, queda da morbidade e diminuição de alterações tróficas da pele. O custo total para o sistema de saúde é maior para o tratamento cirúrgico em comparação com o tratamento conservador, mas também oferece benefício para a saúde dos pacientes106106 Carradice D, Wallace T, Gohil R, Chetter I. A comparison of the effectiveness of treating those with and without the complications of superficial venous insufficiency. Ann Surg. 2014;260(2):396-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000541. PMid:24424141.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000...

107 Ratcliffe J, Brazier JE, Campbell WB, Palfreyman S, MacIntyre JB, Michaels JA. Cost-effectiveness analysis of surgery versus conservative treatment for uncomplicated varicose veins in a randomized clinical trial. Br J Surg. 2006;93(2):182-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.5263. PMid:16432810.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.5263...
-108108 Marsden G, Perry M, Bradbury A, et al. A Cost-effectiveness analysis of surgery, endothermal ablation, ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy and compression stockings for symptomatic varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50(6):794-801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07.034. PMid:26433594.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07...
.

Recomendação 14

  • Recomendamos o tratamento invasivo com a supressão dos pontos de refluxo para pacientes com sintomas e diagnóstico de insuficiência venosa crônica.

    • Nível A

    • Classe I

    • Bibliografia: 105, 107, 108

O tratamento invasivo é recomendado, de acordo com a disponibilidade técnica, para pacientes com doença varicosa sintomática. O laser endovenoso tem se mostrado um tratamento altamente eficaz, com taxa de sucesso de 92% no tratamento da insuficiência da veia safena magna. Na avaliação dos pacientes, parece que os comprimentos de onda mais longos apresentam resultados mais satisfatórios, com menos dor. Poucos efeitos adversos são observados109109 Malskat WSJ, Engels LK, Hollestein LM, Nijsten T, van den Bos RR. Commonly used endovenous laser ablation (evla) parameters do not influence efficacy: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2019;58(2):230-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.10.036. PMid:31230868.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.10...

110 Lawson JA, Gauw SA, van Vlijmen CJ, et al. Prospective comparative cohort study evaluating incompetent great saphenous vein closure using radiofrequency-powered segmental ablation or 1470-nm endovenous laser ablation with radial-tip fibers (Varico 2 study). J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018;6(1):31-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.06.016. PMid:29248107.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.06...

111 Malskat WSJ, Giang J, De Maeseneer MGR, Nijsten TEC, van den Bos RR. Randomized clinical trial of 940- versus 1470-nm endovenous laser ablation for great saphenous vein incompetence. Br J Surg. 2016;103(3):192-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10035. PMid:26661521.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10035...
-112112 Sandhya PA, Mohil RS, Sricharan R. Randomised controlled study to compare radiofrequency ablation with minimally invasive ultrasound-guided non-flush ligation and stripping of great saphenous vein in the treatment of varicose veins. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2020;102(7):525-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2020.0116. PMid:32538106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2020.01...
.

Outros instrumentos de termoablação têm sido estudados, como a eletrocoagulação113113 Beteli CB, Rossi FH, de Almeida BL, et al. Prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial comparing electrocoagulation and radiofrequency in the treatment of patients with great saphenous vein insufficiency and lower limb varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018;6(2):212-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.09.010. PMid:29229466.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.09...
, mas o laser e a radiofrequência, com o uso da anestesia tumescente e sem a ligadura da junção safeno-femoral (JSF), têm se mostrado superiores114114 Flessenkämper I, Hartmann M, Hartmann K, Stenger D, Roll S. Endovenous laser ablation with and without high ligation compared to high ligation and stripping for treatment of great saphenous varicose veins: Results of a multicentre randomised controlled trial with up to 6 years follow-up. Phlebology. 2016;31(1):23-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355514555547. PMid:25342648.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555145555...

115 Erzinger FL, de Araujo WJB, Nejm CS, Caron FC, Timi JRR. Estudo comparativo da termoablação da veia safena magna na coxa, com e sem tumescência. J Vasc Bras. 2016;15(3):217-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.004616. PMid:29930593.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.0046...

116 Paravastu SC, Horne M, Dodd PD. Endovenous ablation therapy (laser or radiofrequency) or foam sclerotherapy versus conventional surgical repair for short saphenous varicose veins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;11(11):CD010878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010878.pub2. PMid:27898181.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010...
-117117 O’Donnell TF, Balk EM, Dermody M, Tangney E, Iafrati MD. Recurrence of varicose veins after endovenous ablation of the great saphenous vein in randomized trials. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2016;4(1):97-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2014.11.004. PMid:26946904.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2014.11...
.

Quando comparada com o stripping, por exemplo, a termoablação tem as mesmas taxas de sucesso a longo prazo, mas com complicações menores e menos frequentes a curto prazo. Após 1 ano, não houve diferenças em relação à taxa de oclusão, e o Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionaire (AVVQ), realizado após 3 meses de tratamento, foi semelhante118118 Darwood RJ, Theivacumar N, Dellagrammaticas D, Mavor AID, Gough MJ. Randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation with surgery for the treatment of primary great saphenous varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2008;95(3):294-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.6101. PMid:18278775.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.6101...
.

Recomendação 15

  • Recomendamos a termoablação sem a ligadura da JSF para tratamento da insuficiência da veia safena magna (VSM) e veia safena parva (VSP).

    • Nível A

    • Classe I

    • Bibliografia: 108, 114, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124

Recomendação 16

  • Recomendamos o stripping para tratamento da insuficiência da VSM e VSP.

    • Nível A

    • Classe IIa

    • Bibliografia108108 Marsden G, Perry M, Bradbury A, et al. A Cost-effectiveness analysis of surgery, endothermal ablation, ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy and compression stockings for symptomatic varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50(6):794-801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07.034. PMid:26433594.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07...
      ,114114 Flessenkämper I, Hartmann M, Hartmann K, Stenger D, Roll S. Endovenous laser ablation with and without high ligation compared to high ligation and stripping for treatment of great saphenous varicose veins: Results of a multicentre randomised controlled trial with up to 6 years follow-up. Phlebology. 2016;31(1):23-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355514555547. PMid:25342648.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555145555...
      ,116116 Paravastu SC, Horne M, Dodd PD. Endovenous ablation therapy (laser or radiofrequency) or foam sclerotherapy versus conventional surgical repair for short saphenous varicose veins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;11(11):CD010878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010878.pub2. PMid:27898181.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010...
      ,118118 Darwood RJ, Theivacumar N, Dellagrammaticas D, Mavor AID, Gough MJ. Randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation with surgery for the treatment of primary great saphenous varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2008;95(3):294-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.6101. PMid:18278775.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.6101...

      119 Hamann SAS, Giang J, De Maeseneer MGR, Nijsten TEC, van den Bos RR. Editor’s Choice - five year results of great saphenous vein treatment: a meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017;54(6):760-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.08.034. PMid:29033337.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.08...

      120 Kheirelseid EAH, Crowe G, Sehgal R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating long-term outcomes of endovenous management of lower extremity varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018;6(2):256-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.10.012. PMid:29292115.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.10...

      121 Burihan MC. Endovenous ablation (radiofrequency and laser) and foam sclerotherapy versus conventional surgery for great saphenous vein varices. Sao Paulo Med J. 2014;132(1):69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.20141321T2. PMid:24474085.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2014...

      122 Gauw SA, Lawson JA, van Vlijmen-van Keulen CJ, Pronk P, Gaastra MT, Mooij MC. Five-year follow-up of a randomized, controlled trial comparing saphenofemoral ligation and stripping of the great saphenous vein with endovenous laser ablation (980 nm) using local tumescent anesthesia. J Vasc Surg. 2016;63(2):420-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.08.084. PMid:26602795.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.08....
      -123123 Sandhya PA, Mohil RS, Sricharan R. Randomised controlled study to compare radiofrequency ablation with minimally invasive ultrasound-guided non-flush ligation and stripping of great saphenous vein in the treatment of varicose veins. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2020;102(7):525-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2020.0116. PMid:32538106.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2020.01...
      :

Já com o uso da espuma ecoguiada, são frequentes os relatos de maior taxa de recanalização se comparado com outras técnicas119119 Hamann SAS, Giang J, De Maeseneer MGR, Nijsten TEC, van den Bos RR. Editor’s Choice - five year results of great saphenous vein treatment: a meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017;54(6):760-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.08.034. PMid:29033337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.08...
. O resultado mais comum em revisões sistemáticas e ensaios clínicos é um resultado semelhante de longo prazo entre a termoablação e o stripping e um resultado inferior com o uso da espuma120120 Kheirelseid EAH, Crowe G, Sehgal R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating long-term outcomes of endovenous management of lower extremity varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018;6(2):256-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.10.012. PMid:29292115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.10...

121 Burihan MC. Endovenous ablation (radiofrequency and laser) and foam sclerotherapy versus conventional surgery for great saphenous vein varices. Sao Paulo Med J. 2014;132(1):69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.20141321T2. PMid:24474085.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2014...

122 Gauw SA, Lawson JA, van Vlijmen-van Keulen CJ, Pronk P, Gaastra MT, Mooij MC. Five-year follow-up of a randomized, controlled trial comparing saphenofemoral ligation and stripping of the great saphenous vein with endovenous laser ablation (980 nm) using local tumescent anesthesia. J Vasc Surg. 2016;63(2):420-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.08.084. PMid:26602795.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.08....

123 Sandhya PA, Mohil RS, Sricharan R. Randomised controlled study to compare radiofrequency ablation with minimally invasive ultrasound-guided non-flush ligation and stripping of great saphenous vein in the treatment of varicose veins. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2020;102(7):525-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2020.0116. PMid:32538106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2020.01...
-124124 Rass K, Frings N, Glowacki P, Gräber S, Tilgen W, Vogt T. Same site recurrence is more frequent after endovenous laser ablation compared with high ligation and stripping of the great saphenous vein: 5 year Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial (RELACS Study). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50(5):648-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07.020. PMid:26319476.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07...
.

Especificamente para a espuma ecoguiada, os resultados são melhores quando tratadas tributárias em comparação a safenas ou perfurantes125125 Myers KA, Jolley D, Clough A, Kirwan J. Outcome of ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy for varicose veins: medium-term results assessed by ultrasound surveillance. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33(1):116-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.09.005. PMid:17067832.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.09...

126 Watanabe S, Okamura A, Iwamoto M, et al. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transluminal injection of foam sclerotherapy compared with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy during endovenous catheter ablation in patients with varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2022;10(1):75-81.e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.06.017. PMid:34252576.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.06...
-127127 Li X, Yang B, Li X, Ren S. Prospective comparison of effect of ligation and foam sclerotherapy with foam sclerotherapy alone for varicose veins. Ann Vasc Surg. 2018;49:75-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2018.01.004. PMid:29428536.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2018.01...
. Para as tributárias, a escleroterapia com espuma tem resultados duráveis e de impacto na percepção de melhora para os pacientes, mesmo com uma taxa de retratamento prevista em 20% dos membros em um ano128128 Darvall KA, Bate GR, Bradbury AW. Patient-reported outcomes 5-8 years after ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2014;101(9):1098-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9581. PMid:24962055.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9581...
.

Ao longo do tempo, os escores de qualidade pioram, com a necessidade de reabordagem terapêutica, principalmente em pacientes com diâmetros maiores de veias tratadas e presença de refluxo em segmento distal ao tratado129129 van der Velden SK, Biemans AA, De Maeseneer MG, et al. Five-year results of a randomized clinical trial of conventional surgery, endovenous laser ablation and ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in patients with great saphenous varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2015;102(10):1184-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9867. PMid:26132315.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9867...
,130130 Shadid N, Nelemans P, Lawson J, Sommer A. Predictors of recurrence of great saphenous vein reflux following treatment with ultrasound-guided foam 155sclerotherapy. Phlebology. 2015;30(3):194-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355514521183. PMid:24474721.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555145211...
. A grande vantagem da espuma é a facilidade do tratamento, sem anestesia e com a possibilidade de repetição (inclusive com a possibilidade de tratamento em úlcera ativa)131131 Silva MAM, Araujo ÁZP, do Amaral JF, de Jesus-Silva SG, Cardoso RS, Miranda F. Júnior. Impacto da escleroterapia com espuma de polidocanol guiada por ultrassom em pacientes com úlcera venosa. J Vasc Bras. 2017;16(3):239-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.002717. PMid:29930653.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.0027...
. Apesar disso, quando se analisa custo em prazo mais longo, é mais comum a termoablação com anestesia local ter o melhor resultado em análises de custo-benefício. Portanto, esse tratamento é menos eficaz para pacientes com veia grande e refluxo basal. Em uma revisão britânica, o endolaser (EVLA) com anestesia local foi considerada a estratégia mais econômica em geral132132 Marsden G, Perry M, Bradbury A, et al. A cost-effectiveness analysis of surgery, endothermal ablation, ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy and compression stockings for symptomatic varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50(6):794-801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07.034. PMid:26433594.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07...
.

Para melhorar o resultado da escleroterapia, há tentativas de uso de cateter longo para entrega da espuma ou de associação de dispositivos com uso de agressão mecânica na parede da veia133133 Lim SY, Tan JX, D’Cruz RT, Syn N, Chong TT, Tang TY. Catheter-directed foam sclerotherapy, an alternative to ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for varicose vein treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phlebology. 2020;35(6):369-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355519898309. PMid:31918640.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555198983...

134 Vähäaho S, Halmesmäki K, Mahmoud O, Albäck A, Noronen K, Venermo M. Three-year results of a randomized controlled trial comparing mechanochemical and thermal ablation in the treatment of insufficient great saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(3):652-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.08.007. PMid:32795619.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.08...

135 Holewijn S, van Eekeren RRJP, Vahl A, de Vries JPPM, Reijnen MMPJ, MARADONA study group. Two-year results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing Mechanochemical endovenous Ablation to RADiOfrequeNcy Ablation in the treatment of primary great saphenous vein incompetence (MARADONA trial). J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(3):364-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.12.014. PMid:31000063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.12...

136 Mohamed AH, Leung C, Wallace T, Smith G, Carradice D, Chetter I. A randomized controlled trial of endovenous laser ablation versus mechanochemical ablation with ClariVein in the Management of Superficial Venous Incompetence (LAMA Trial). Ann Surg. 2021;273(6):e188-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003749. PMid:31977509.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000...

137 Vos CG, Ünlü Ç, Bosma J, van Vlijmen CJ, de Nie AJ, Schreve MA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of two novel techniques of nonthermal endovenous ablation of the great saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017;5(6):880-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.05.022. PMid:29037363.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.05...

138 Chen AJ, Ulloa JG, Torrez T, et al. Mechanochemical endovenous ablation of the saphenous vein: a look at contemporary outcomes. Ann Vasc Surg. 2022;82:7-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2021.11.019. PMid:34933109.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2021.11...

139 Tawfik AM, Sorour WA, El-Laboudy ME. Laser ablation versus mechanochemical ablation in the treatment of primary varicose veins: a randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(2):211-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.10.025. PMid:31864932.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.10...

140 Alozai T, Huizing E, Schreve M, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of mechanochemical endovenous ablation using Flebogrif for varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2022;10(1):248-257.e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.05.010. PMid:34091106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.05...
-141141 Apruzzi L, Bilman V, Ardita V, et al. Comparison of mechanochemical ablation versus ligation and stripping for the treatment of incompetent small saphenous vein. Phlebology. 2022;37(1):48-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555211045191. PMid:34505545.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555211045...
.

Apesar de promissoras, as técnicas de ablação mecânico-químicas ainda não se comprovaram no mesmo nível das termoablações, com índices de oclusão menores. Isso foi observado no seguimento de 12 a 36 meses134134 Vähäaho S, Halmesmäki K, Mahmoud O, Albäck A, Noronen K, Venermo M. Three-year results of a randomized controlled trial comparing mechanochemical and thermal ablation in the treatment of insufficient great saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(3):652-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.08.007. PMid:32795619.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.08...

135 Holewijn S, van Eekeren RRJP, Vahl A, de Vries JPPM, Reijnen MMPJ, MARADONA study group. Two-year results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing Mechanochemical endovenous Ablation to RADiOfrequeNcy Ablation in the treatment of primary great saphenous vein incompetence (MARADONA trial). J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(3):364-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.12.014. PMid:31000063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.12...
-136136 Mohamed AH, Leung C, Wallace T, Smith G, Carradice D, Chetter I. A randomized controlled trial of endovenous laser ablation versus mechanochemical ablation with ClariVein in the Management of Superficial Venous Incompetence (LAMA Trial). Ann Surg. 2021;273(6):e188-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003749. PMid:31977509.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000...
.

Recomendação 17

  • Recomendamos escleroterapia com espuma ecoguiada para o tratamento da insuficiência da VSM e VSP.

    • Nível A

    • Classe IIb

    • Bibliografia108108 Marsden G, Perry M, Bradbury A, et al. A Cost-effectiveness analysis of surgery, endothermal ablation, ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy and compression stockings for symptomatic varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50(6):794-801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07.034. PMid:26433594.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07...
      ,116116 Paravastu SC, Horne M, Dodd PD. Endovenous ablation therapy (laser or radiofrequency) or foam sclerotherapy versus conventional surgical repair for short saphenous varicose veins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;11(11):CD010878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010878.pub2. PMid:27898181.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010...
      ,119119 Hamann SAS, Giang J, De Maeseneer MGR, Nijsten TEC, van den Bos RR. Editor’s Choice - five year results of great saphenous vein treatment: a meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017;54(6):760-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.08.034. PMid:29033337.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.08...
      ,120120 Kheirelseid EAH, Crowe G, Sehgal R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating long-term outcomes of endovenous management of lower extremity varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018;6(2):256-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.10.012. PMid:29292115.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.10...
      ,124124 Rass K, Frings N, Glowacki P, Gräber S, Tilgen W, Vogt T. Same site recurrence is more frequent after endovenous laser ablation compared with high ligation and stripping of the great saphenous vein: 5 year Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial (RELACS Study). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50(5):648-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07.020. PMid:26319476.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07...
      ,126126 Watanabe S, Okamura A, Iwamoto M, et al. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transluminal injection of foam sclerotherapy compared with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy during endovenous catheter ablation in patients with varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2022;10(1):75-81.e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.06.017. PMid:34252576.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.06...
      ,129129 van der Velden SK, Biemans AA, De Maeseneer MG, et al. Five-year results of a randomized clinical trial of conventional surgery, endovenous laser ablation and ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in patients with great saphenous varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2015;102(10):1184-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9867. PMid:26132315.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9867...
      ,132132 Marsden G, Perry M, Bradbury A, et al. A cost-effectiveness analysis of surgery, endothermal ablation, ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy and compression stockings for symptomatic varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50(6):794-801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07.034. PMid:26433594.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07...
      :

Recomendação 18

  • Recomendamos MOCA para o tratamento da insuficiência da VSM e VSP.

    • Nível B

    • Classe IIb

    • Bibliografia134134 Vähäaho S, Halmesmäki K, Mahmoud O, Albäck A, Noronen K, Venermo M. Three-year results of a randomized controlled trial comparing mechanochemical and thermal ablation in the treatment of insufficient great saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(3):652-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.08.007. PMid:32795619.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.08...

      135 Holewijn S, van Eekeren RRJP, Vahl A, de Vries JPPM, Reijnen MMPJ, MARADONA study group. Two-year results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing Mechanochemical endovenous Ablation to RADiOfrequeNcy Ablation in the treatment of primary great saphenous vein incompetence (MARADONA trial). J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(3):364-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.12.014. PMid:31000063.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.12...
      -136136 Mohamed AH, Leung C, Wallace T, Smith G, Carradice D, Chetter I. A randomized controlled trial of endovenous laser ablation versus mechanochemical ablation with ClariVein in the Management of Superficial Venous Incompetence (LAMA Trial). Ann Surg. 2021;273(6):e188-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003749. PMid:31977509.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000...
      ,139139 Tawfik AM, Sorour WA, El-Laboudy ME. Laser ablation versus mechanochemical ablation in the treatment of primary varicose veins: a randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(2):211-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.10.025. PMid:31864932.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.10...
      ,141141 Apruzzi L, Bilman V, Ardita V, et al. Comparison of mechanochemical ablation versus ligation and stripping for the treatment of incompetent small saphenous vein. Phlebology. 2022;37(1):48-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555211045191. PMid:34505545.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555211045...
      :

No entanto, há pontos positivos nessas técnicas. São muito mais simples de executar do que outras, que podem exigir uma curva de aprendizado. As complicações relatadas são menores138138 Chen AJ, Ulloa JG, Torrez T, et al. Mechanochemical endovenous ablation of the saphenous vein: a look at contemporary outcomes. Ann Vasc Surg. 2022;82:7-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2021.11.019. PMid:34933109.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2021.11...
,139139 Tawfik AM, Sorour WA, El-Laboudy ME. Laser ablation versus mechanochemical ablation in the treatment of primary varicose veins: a randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(2):211-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.10.025. PMid:31864932.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.10...
.

Existem duas principais escolas de pensamento sobre a hemodinâmica do sistema venoso superficial. A técnica CHIVA (Tratamento hemodinâmico conservador ambulatorial da insuficiência venosa) é uma intervenção cirúrgica que visa corrigir vias hemodinâmicas anormais. ASVAL (Ablação ambulatorial seletiva de veiuas varicosas sob anestesia local) propõe a teoria ascendente multifocal, e a pressão da coluna sanguínea, além da fraqueza da parede venosa, cria um reservatório varicoso142142 González Cañas E, Florit López S, Vilagut RV, et al. A randomized controlled noninferiority trial comparing radiofrequency with stripping and conservative hemodynamic cure for venous insufficiency technique for insufficiency of the great saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(1):101-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.04.019. PMid:32353592.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.04...

143 Zmudzinski M, Malo P, Hall C, Hayashi A. CHIVA - a prospective study of a vein sparing technique for the management of varicose vein disease. Am J Surg. 2017;213(5):967-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.03.025. PMid:28431588.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017...

144 Onida S, Davies AH. CHIVA, ASVAL and related techniques--concepts and evidence. Phlebology. 2015;30(2, Suppl):42-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355515591439. PMid:26556702.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555155914...

145 Faccini FP, Ermini S, Franceschi C. CHIVA to treat saphenous vein insufficiency in chronic venous disease: characteristics and results. J Vasc Bras. 2019;18:e20180099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.009918. PMid:31191629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.0099...

146 Yun S. Ultrasound-based topographic analysis of tributary vein connection with the saphenous vein during ambulatory conservative hemodynamic correction of chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(3):356-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.09.011. PMid:30777672.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.09...

147 Tenezaca-Sari X, García-Reyes M, Escribano-Ferrer JM, Marrero C, Bellmunt-Montoya S. The CHIVA strategy applied to large-diameter saphenous veins. Int Angiol. 2022;41(4):332-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.22.04831-3. PMid:35373939.
http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.22...
-148148 Zolotukhin IA, Seliverstov EI, Zakharova EA, Kirienko AI. Short-term results of isolated phlebectomy with preservation of incompetent great saphenous vein (ASVAL procedure) in primary varicose veins disease. Phlebology. 2017;32(9):601-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355516674415. PMid:27760806.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555166744...
.

Recomendação 19

  • Sugerimos cirurgias de preservação de safenas para o tratamento da insuficiência venosa crônica.

    • Nível C

    • Classe IIb

    • Bibliografia142142 González Cañas E, Florit López S, Vilagut RV, et al. A randomized controlled noninferiority trial comparing radiofrequency with stripping and conservative hemodynamic cure for venous insufficiency technique for insufficiency of the great saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(1):101-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.04.019. PMid:32353592.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.04...
      ,143143 Zmudzinski M, Malo P, Hall C, Hayashi A. CHIVA - a prospective study of a vein sparing technique for the management of varicose vein disease. Am J Surg. 2017;213(5):967-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.03.025. PMid:28431588.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017...
      ,145145 Faccini FP, Ermini S, Franceschi C. CHIVA to treat saphenous vein insufficiency in chronic venous disease: characteristics and results. J Vasc Bras. 2019;18:e20180099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.009918. PMid:31191629.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.0099...
      :

A comparação entre CHIVA, cirurgia convencional e EVLA mostrou que CHIVA e EVLA apresentam melhores resultados estéticos e menos dor. Apesar dos benefícios sugeridos pela CHIVA, ela requer uma longa curva de aprendizado e exige grande conhecimento do cirurgião em relação à hemodinâmica venosa142142 González Cañas E, Florit López S, Vilagut RV, et al. A randomized controlled noninferiority trial comparing radiofrequency with stripping and conservative hemodynamic cure for venous insufficiency technique for insufficiency of the great saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(1):101-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.04.019. PMid:32353592.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.04...
,145145 Faccini FP, Ermini S, Franceschi C. CHIVA to treat saphenous vein insufficiency in chronic venous disease: characteristics and results. J Vasc Bras. 2019;18:e20180099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.009918. PMid:31191629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.0099...
.

A técnica CHIVA é baseada no conceito hemodinâmico, tratando shunts venovenosos com ligadura de pontos de escape e preservação da veia safena. Os resultados mostram redução do diâmetro, com uma taxa aceitável de recorrência143143 Zmudzinski M, Malo P, Hall C, Hayashi A. CHIVA - a prospective study of a vein sparing technique for the management of varicose vein disease. Am J Surg. 2017;213(5):967-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.03.025. PMid:28431588.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017...

144 Onida S, Davies AH. CHIVA, ASVAL and related techniques--concepts and evidence. Phlebology. 2015;30(2, Suppl):42-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355515591439. PMid:26556702.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555155914...
-145145 Faccini FP, Ermini S, Franceschi C. CHIVA to treat saphenous vein insufficiency in chronic venous disease: characteristics and results. J Vasc Bras. 2019;18:e20180099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.009918. PMid:31191629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.0099...
.

Tratamento de perfurantes

A escleroterapia com espuma poderia ser recomendada como tratamento de primeira linha para o tratamento de veias perfurantes porque é minimamente dolorosa e menos dispendiosa quando comparada a outras modalidades. Ao contrário dos resultados em veias safenas, mesmo a termoablação tem taxas de sucesso às vezes decepcionantes149149 Kuyumcu G, Salazar GM, Prabhakar AM, Ganguli S. Minimally invasive treatments for perforator vein insufficiency. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2016;6(6):593-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/cdt.2016.11.12. PMid:28123979.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/cdt.2016.11.1...
,150150 Gibson K, Elias S, Adelman M, et al. A prospective safety and effectiveness study using endovenous laser ablation with a 400-μm optical fiber for the treatment of pathologic perforator veins in patients with advanced venous disease (SeCure trial). J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(5):805-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.01.014. PMid:32205128.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.01...
.

Recomendação 20

  • Sugerimos, quando indicado, a termoablação como terapêutica para o tratamento de veias perfurantes.

    • Nível C

    • Classe IIa

    • Bibliografia150150 Gibson K, Elias S, Adelman M, et al. A prospective safety and effectiveness study using endovenous laser ablation with a 400-μm optical fiber for the treatment of pathologic perforator veins in patients with advanced venous disease (SeCure trial). J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(5):805-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.01.014. PMid:32205128.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.01...
      ,151151 Lawrence PF, Alktaifi A, Rigberg D, DeRubertis B, Gelabert H, Jimenez JC. Endovenous ablation of incompetent perforating veins is effective treatment for recalcitrant venous ulcers. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(3):737-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.02.068. PMid:21658887.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.02....
      :

Recomendação 21

  • Sugerimos, quando indicado, a espuma para o tratamento de veias perfurantes.

    • Nível C

    • Classe IIa

    • Bibliografia152152 Kishore R, Sankar TB, Anandi A, Nedunchezhian S, Murugan V. A prospective study in comparison of ambulatory phlebectomy and duplex guided foam sclerotherapy in the management of varicosities with isolated perforator incompetence. Indian J Surg. 2016;78(5):356-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12262-016-1481-2. PMid:27994330.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12262-016-148...
      ,153153 Schuller-Petrović S, Pavlović MD, Schuller S, Schuller-Lukic B, Adamic M. Telangiectasias resistant to sclerotherapy are commonly connected to a perforating vessel. Phlebology. 2013;28(6):320-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2012.012019. PMid:22865418.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2012.012...
      ,206206 Kiguchi MM, Hager ES, Winger DG, Hirsch SA, Chaer RA, Dillavou ED. Factors that influence perforator thrombosis and predict healing with perforator sclerotherapy for venous ulceration without axial reflux. J Vasc Surg. 2014;59(5):1368-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2013.11.007. PMid:24406088.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2013.11....
      ,207207 Masuda EM, Kessler DM, Lurie F, Puggioni A, Kistner RL, Eklof B. The effect of ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy of incompetent perforator veins on venous clinical severity and disability scores. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43(3):551-6, discussion 556-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2005.11.038. PMid:16520171.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2005.11....
      :

As taxas de oclusão de perfurantes têm sido de 30 a 70%, com melhora se houver repetição do tratamento151151 Lawrence PF, Alktaifi A, Rigberg D, DeRubertis B, Gelabert H, Jimenez JC. Endovenous ablation of incompetent perforating veins is effective treatment for recalcitrant venous ulcers. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(3):737-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.02.068. PMid:21658887.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.02....
,154154 Aurshina A, Ascher E, Mount L, Hingorani A, Marks N, Hingorani A. Success rate and factors predictive of redo radiofrequency ablation of perforator veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018;6(5):621-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.01.014. PMid:29678685.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.01...

155 Ozsvath K, Hager E, Harlander-Locke M, Masuda E, Elias S, Dillavou ED. Current techniques to treat pathologic perforator veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017;5(2):293-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2016.10.085. PMid:28214499.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2016.10...
-156156 Hager ES, Washington C, Steinmetz A, Wu T, Singh M, Dillavou E. Factors that influence perforator vein closure rates using radiofrequency ablation, laser ablation, or foam sclerotherapy. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2016;4(1):51-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.08.004. PMid:26946896.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.08...
. A necessidade de tratamento das veias perfurantes ainda é controversa na literatura. A ablação térmica com laser ou radiofrequência (RF) tem a curva de aprendizado longa, e a habilidade técnica pode ser um obstáculo. Para muitos, portanto, a espuma é a opção inicial por ser menos invasiva e de fácil execução. As taxas de oclusão são ligeiramente piores, mas a facilidade de reabordagem torna essa técnica a mais utilizada154154 Aurshina A, Ascher E, Mount L, Hingorani A, Marks N, Hingorani A. Success rate and factors predictive of redo radiofrequency ablation of perforator veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018;6(5):621-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.01.014. PMid:29678685.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.01...

155 Ozsvath K, Hager E, Harlander-Locke M, Masuda E, Elias S, Dillavou ED. Current techniques to treat pathologic perforator veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017;5(2):293-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2016.10.085. PMid:28214499.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2016.10...
-156156 Hager ES, Washington C, Steinmetz A, Wu T, Singh M, Dillavou E. Factors that influence perforator vein closure rates using radiofrequency ablation, laser ablation, or foam sclerotherapy. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2016;4(1):51-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.08.004. PMid:26946896.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.08...
.

Tratamento de veias tributárias

A técnica de flebectomia ambulatorial foi descrita há muitos anos e sofreu poucas modificações ao longo do tempo, com seus resultados amplamente conhecidos. No entanto, outros tratamentos têm ganhado interesse nesse ramo, como a escleroterapia com espuma ou mesmo o laser endovenoso157157 Lane TR, Kelleher D, Shepherd AC, Franklin IJ, Davies AH. Ambulatory varicosity avulsion later or synchronized (AVULS): a randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2015;261(4):654-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000790. PMid:24950277.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000...

158 Andrews RH, Dixon RG. Ambulatory Phlebectomy and Sclerotherapy as Tools for the Treatment of Varicose Veins and Telangiectasias. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2021;38(2):160-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1727151. PMid:34108801.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1727151...

159 Geersen DF, Shortell CEK. Phlebectomy techniques for varicose veins. Surg Clin North Am. 2018;98(2):401-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11.008. PMid:29502780.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11....

160 Hager ES, Ozvath KJ, Dillavou ED. Evidence summary of combined saphenous ablation and treatment of varicosities versus staged phlebectomy. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017;5(1):134-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2016.07.009. PMid:27987603.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2016.07...

161 de Roos KP, Nieman FH, Neumann HA. Ambulatory phlebectomy versus compression sclerotherapy: results of a randomized controlled trial. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(3):221-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042728-200303000-00004. PMid:12614412.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042728-20030...

162 Harlander-Locke M, Jimenez JC, Lawrence PF, Derubertis BG, Rigberg DA, Gelabert HA. Endovenous ablation with concomitant phlebectomy is a safe and effective method of treatment for symptomatic patients with axial reflux and large incompetent tributaries. J Vasc Surg. 2013;58(1):166-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2012.12.054. PMid:23571079.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2012.12....

163 Wang JC, Li Y, Li GY, et al. A comparison of concomitant tributary laser ablation and foam sclerotherapy in patients undergoing truncal endovenous laser ablation for lower limb varicose veins. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2018;29(6):781-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01.774. PMid:29705225.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01...

164 Müller L, Alm J. Feasibility and technique of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of recurrent varicose veins deriving from the sapheno-femoral junction-A case series of 35 consecutive procedures. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0235656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235656. PMid:32628724.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...

165 Müller L, Alm J. Feasibility and potential significance of prophylactic ablation of the major ascending tributaries in endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the great saphenous vein: a case series. PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0245275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245275. PMid:33412566.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...

166 Ashpitel HF, Dabbs EB, Nemchand JL, La Ragione RM, Salguero FJ, Whiteley MS. Histological and immunofluorescent analysis of a large tributary of the great saphenous vein treated with a 1920 nm endovenous laser: preliminary findings. EJVES Short Rep. 2018;39:7-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvssr.2018.03.003. PMid:29988869.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvssr.2018....

167 Myers KA, Clough A, Tilli H. Endovenous laser ablation for major varicose tributaries. Phlebology. 2013;28(4):180-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011088. PMid:22490724.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011...

168 Zhang J, Jing Z, Schliephake DE, Otto J, Malouf GM, Gu YQ. Efficacy and safety of Aethoxysklerol® (polidocanol) 0.5%, 1% and 3% in comparison with placebo solution for the treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities in Chinese patients (ESA-China Study). Phlebology. 2012;27(4):184-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.010094. PMid:22045827.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.010...

169 Vasquez M, Gasparis AP, Varithena® 017 Investigator Group. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of endovenous thermal ablation with or without polidocanol endovenous microfoam treatment in patients with great saphenous vein incompetence and visible varicosities. Phlebology. 2017;32(4):272-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355516637300. PMid:26957489.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555166373...

170 Miranda LA, do Carmo RC, Sathler-Melo CC, de Castro-Santos G. Bilateral foam polidocanol sclerotherapy of great saphenous veins and their tributaries in synchronous procedure. J Vasc Bras. 2021;20:e20200178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.200178. PMid:34211536.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.2001...

171 Cartee TV, Wirth P, Greene A, et al. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is safe and effective in the management of superficial venous insufficiency of the lower extremity. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(4):1031-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.03.020. PMid:34144767.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.03...

172 Lobastov K, Vorontsova A, Bargandzhiya A, et al. The frequency and clinical significance of nontarget superficial and deep vein occlusion after physician compounded foam sclerotherapy of varicose tributaries. Phlebology. 2020;35(6):430-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355519898595. PMid:31924136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555198985...

173 Reich-Schupke S, Weyer K, Altmeyer P, Stücker M. Treatment of varicose tributaries with sclerotherapy with polidocanol 0.5% foam. Vasa. 2010;39(2):169-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000023. PMid:20464673.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000...
-174174 Ontas H, Yavuz T, Acar AN, Uysal D. Comparison of ultrasound results following endovenous laser ablation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of varicose veins. Ann Ital Chir. 2019;90:457-62. PMid:31661439. .

Recomendação 22

  • Recomendamos a flebectomia para o tratamento de tributárias.

    • Nível B

    • Classe I

    • Bibliografia157157 Lane TR, Kelleher D, Shepherd AC, Franklin IJ, Davies AH. Ambulatory varicosity avulsion later or synchronized (AVULS): a randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2015;261(4):654-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000790. PMid:24950277.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000...
      ,158158 Andrews RH, Dixon RG. Ambulatory Phlebectomy and Sclerotherapy as Tools for the Treatment of Varicose Veins and Telangiectasias. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2021;38(2):160-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1727151. PMid:34108801.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1727151...
      ,161161 de Roos KP, Nieman FH, Neumann HA. Ambulatory phlebectomy versus compression sclerotherapy: results of a randomized controlled trial. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(3):221-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042728-200303000-00004. PMid:12614412.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042728-20030...
      :

Recomendação 23

  • Sugerimos o laser endovenoso como alternativa para o tratamento de tributárias.

    • Nível C

    • Classe IIb

    • Bibliografia165165 Müller L, Alm J. Feasibility and potential significance of prophylactic ablation of the major ascending tributaries in endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the great saphenous vein: a case series. PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0245275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245275. PMid:33412566.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
      ,167167 Myers KA, Clough A, Tilli H. Endovenous laser ablation for major varicose tributaries. Phlebology. 2013;28(4):180-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011088. PMid:22490724.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011...
      :

Recomendação 24

  • Recomendamos a escleroterapia com espuma para o tratamento de veias tributárias.

    • Nível B

    • Classe IIa

    • Bibliografia158158 Andrews RH, Dixon RG. Ambulatory Phlebectomy and Sclerotherapy as Tools for the Treatment of Varicose Veins and Telangiectasias. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2021;38(2):160-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1727151. PMid:34108801.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1727151...
      ,163163 Wang JC, Li Y, Li GY, et al. A comparison of concomitant tributary laser ablation and foam sclerotherapy in patients undergoing truncal endovenous laser ablation for lower limb varicose veins. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2018;29(6):781-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01.774. PMid:29705225.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01...
      ,173173 Reich-Schupke S, Weyer K, Altmeyer P, Stücker M. Treatment of varicose tributaries with sclerotherapy with polidocanol 0.5% foam. Vasa. 2010;39(2):169-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000023. PMid:20464673.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000...
      :

A técnica de flebectomia ambulatorial foi descrita há muitos anos e sofreu poucas modificações ao longo do tempo. Por muito tempo, reinou como a técnica padrão para o tratamento das veias tributárias. É um procedimento realizado com segurança e eficácia em ambiente ambulatorial158158 Andrews RH, Dixon RG. Ambulatory Phlebectomy and Sclerotherapy as Tools for the Treatment of Varicose Veins and Telangiectasias. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2021;38(2):160-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1727151. PMid:34108801.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1727151...
,159159 Geersen DF, Shortell CEK. Phlebectomy techniques for varicose veins. Surg Clin North Am. 2018;98(2):401-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11.008. PMid:29502780.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11....
.

As taxas de recorrência em 1 e 2 anos são pequenas com a flebectomia, embora apresente algumas complicações inerentes ao procedimento cirúrgico. Essas situações não são observadas no tratamento com escleroterapia com espuma, por exemplo157157 Lane TR, Kelleher D, Shepherd AC, Franklin IJ, Davies AH. Ambulatory varicosity avulsion later or synchronized (AVULS): a randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2015;261(4):654-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000790. PMid:24950277.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000...
,161161 de Roos KP, Nieman FH, Neumann HA. Ambulatory phlebectomy versus compression sclerotherapy: results of a randomized controlled trial. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(3):221-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042728-200303000-00004. PMid:12614412.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042728-20030...
.

A escleroterapia para tratamento de tributárias é bem conhecida e vem sendo realizada há muito tempo na flebologia. Pode ser feita com diversas concentrações, tanto na forma líquida quanto na forma de espuma, e se mostra eficaz168168 Zhang J, Jing Z, Schliephake DE, Otto J, Malouf GM, Gu YQ. Efficacy and safety of Aethoxysklerol® (polidocanol) 0.5%, 1% and 3% in comparison with placebo solution for the treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities in Chinese patients (ESA-China Study). Phlebology. 2012;27(4):184-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.010094. PMid:22045827.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.010...
,170170 Miranda LA, do Carmo RC, Sathler-Melo CC, de Castro-Santos G. Bilateral foam polidocanol sclerotherapy of great saphenous veins and their tributaries in synchronous procedure. J Vasc Bras. 2021;20:e20200178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.200178. PMid:34211536.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.2001...
,171171 Cartee TV, Wirth P, Greene A, et al. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is safe and effective in the management of superficial venous insufficiency of the lower extremity. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(4):1031-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.03.020. PMid:34144767.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.03...
. Porém, seu evento adverso mais comum, a tromboflebite superficial, é extremamente desagradável e torna maior o risco de pigmentação.

Em se tratando de grandes extensões e maior número de afluentes, o volume da espuma pode ser um empecilho172172 Lobastov K, Vorontsova A, Bargandzhiya A, et al. The frequency and clinical significance of nontarget superficial and deep vein occlusion after physician compounded foam sclerotherapy of varicose tributaries. Phlebology. 2020;35(6):430-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355519898595. PMid:31924136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555198985...
,173173 Reich-Schupke S, Weyer K, Altmeyer P, Stücker M. Treatment of varicose tributaries with sclerotherapy with polidocanol 0.5% foam. Vasa. 2010;39(2):169-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000023. PMid:20464673.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000...
. A escleroterapia com espuma e a flebectomia, quando usadas para veias tributárias em combinação com abordagens endotérmicas para veias tronculares, apresenta altas taxas de sucesso, preferencialmente em procedimento único157157 Lane TR, Kelleher D, Shepherd AC, Franklin IJ, Davies AH. Ambulatory varicosity avulsion later or synchronized (AVULS): a randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2015;261(4):654-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000790. PMid:24950277.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000...
,162162 Harlander-Locke M, Jimenez JC, Lawrence PF, Derubertis BG, Rigberg DA, Gelabert HA. Endovenous ablation with concomitant phlebectomy is a safe and effective method of treatment for symptomatic patients with axial reflux and large incompetent tributaries. J Vasc Surg. 2013;58(1):166-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2012.12.054. PMid:23571079.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2012.12....
,163163 Wang JC, Li Y, Li GY, et al. A comparison of concomitant tributary laser ablation and foam sclerotherapy in patients undergoing truncal endovenous laser ablation for lower limb varicose veins. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2018;29(6):781-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01.774. PMid:29705225.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01...
,169169 Vasquez M, Gasparis AP, Varithena® 017 Investigator Group. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of endovenous thermal ablation with or without polidocanol endovenous microfoam treatment in patients with great saphenous vein incompetence and visible varicosities. Phlebology. 2017;32(4):272-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355516637300. PMid:26957489.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555166373...
,170170 Miranda LA, do Carmo RC, Sathler-Melo CC, de Castro-Santos G. Bilateral foam polidocanol sclerotherapy of great saphenous veins and their tributaries in synchronous procedure. J Vasc Bras. 2021;20:e20200178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.200178. PMid:34211536.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.2001...
.

Existem poucas evidências mostrando o benefício do uso do laser endovenoso para tributárias. A técnica mais longa, os custos mais elevados e a ocorrência de endurecimentos no pró-procedimento tornam esta técnica impopular entre os especialistas. Além disso, existe uma dúvida que paira, como a energia a ser utilizada, e as melhores indicações para este tratamento164164 Müller L, Alm J. Feasibility and technique of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of recurrent varicose veins deriving from the sapheno-femoral junction-A case series of 35 consecutive procedures. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0235656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235656. PMid:32628724.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
,165165 Müller L, Alm J. Feasibility and potential significance of prophylactic ablation of the major ascending tributaries in endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the great saphenous vein: a case series. PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0245275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245275. PMid:33412566.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0...
,167167 Myers KA, Clough A, Tilli H. Endovenous laser ablation for major varicose tributaries. Phlebology. 2013;28(4):180-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011088. PMid:22490724.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011...
.

Recomendação 25

  • Orientamos o uso do eco-Doppler intraprocedimento durante o tratamento invasivo venoso.

    • Nível C

    • Classe I

    • Bibliografia: 176,consenso

A natureza crônica da doença dificulta a avaliação da eficácia, mas o acompanhamento de casos com alta satisfação do paciente torna-se uma opção interessante. Com as novas técnicas endovasculares venosas, surgiu a necessidade de monitoramento em tempo real do tratamento. O benefício da punção guiada por ultrassom foi claro, com redução de 82% na taxa de falha174174 Ontas H, Yavuz T, Acar AN, Uysal D. Comparison of ultrasound results following endovenous laser ablation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of varicose veins. Ann Ital Chir. 2019;90:457-62. PMid:31661439.

175 Almeida CE. Vascular access: the impact of ultrasonography. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2016;14(4):561-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082016rw3129. PMid:28076607.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082016...
-176176 Stolz LA, Stolz U, Howe C, Farrell IJ, Adhikari S. Ultrasound-guided peripheral venous access: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Vasc Access. 2015;16(4):321-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jva.5000346. PMid:25656255.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jva.5000346...
. A realidade é que os procedimentos já são descritos como ecoguiados, o que os torna inerentes à execução do procedimento. Ou seja, o procedimento não existiria sem a presença do ultrassom.

TRATAMENTO DE PEQUENOS VASOS

A escleroterapia tem diversas aplicações no tratamento de telangiectasia cutânea, insuficiência venosa superficial, refluxo venoso pélvico e malformações venosas. Os acidentes vasculares cerebrais, a complicação mais temida da escleroterapia, felizmente são raros. Enxaquecas e distúrbios visuais, no entanto, são mais comumente relatados177177 Gibson K, Gunderson K. Liquid and foam sclerotherapy for spider and varicose veins. Surg Clin North Am. 2018;98(2):415-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11.010. PMid:29502781.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.11....
.

Recomendação 26

  • Recomendamos a escleroterapia química líquida para tratamento da doença venosa crônica C1.

    • Nível A

    • Classe IIa

    • Bibliografia178178 Thomson L. Sclerotherapy of telangiectasias or spider veins in the lower limb: a review. J Vasc Nurs. 2016;34(2):61-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2016.04.002. PMid:27210454.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2016.04....

      179 de Ávila Oliveira R, Riera R, Vasconcelos V, Baptista-Silva JC. Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;12(12):CD001732. PMid:34883526.

      180 Bertanha M, Jaldin RG, Moura R, et al. Sclerotherapy for Reticular Veins in the Lower Limbs: A Triple-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(12):1249-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3426. PMid:28973414.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2...

      181 Bertanha M, Yoshida WB, Bueno de Camargo PA, et al. Polidocanol Plus Glucose Versus Glucose Alone for the Treatment of Telangiectasias: Triple Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial (PG3T). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2021;61(1):128-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.07.007. PMid:32778489.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.07...

      182 Munia MA, Wolosker N, Munia CG, Chao WS, Puech-Leão P. Comparison of laser versus sclerotherapy in the treatment of lower extremity telangiectases: a prospective study. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(4):635-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02226.x. PMid:22221551.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.20...
      -183183 Parlar B, Blazek C, Cazzaniga S, et al. Treatment of lower extremity telangiectasias in women by foam sclerotherapy vs. Nd:YAG laser: a prospective, comparative, randomized, open-label trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(3):549-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12627. PMid:25069999.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12627...
      :

Recomendação 27

  • Recomendamos o laser transdérmico para tratamento da doença venosa crônica C1, principalmente em telangiectasias.

    • Nível B

    • Classe IIa

    • Bibliografia182182 Munia MA, Wolosker N, Munia CG, Chao WS, Puech-Leão P. Comparison of laser versus sclerotherapy in the treatment of lower extremity telangiectases: a prospective study. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(4):635-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02226.x. PMid:22221551.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.20...

      183 Parlar B, Blazek C, Cazzaniga S, et al. Treatment of lower extremity telangiectasias in women by foam sclerotherapy vs. Nd:YAG laser: a prospective, comparative, randomized, open-label trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(3):549-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12627. PMid:25069999.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12627...
      -184184 Ianosi G, Ianosi S, Calbureanu-Popescu MX, Tutunaru C, Calina D, Neagoe D. Comparative study in leg telangiectasias treatment with Nd:YAG laser and sclerotherapy. Exp Ther Med. 2019;17(2):1106-12. PMid:30679981.:

A escleroterapia líquida é recomendada para veias reticulares menores, venulectasia e telangiectasia. Definir expectativas realistas com o paciente aliviará a ansiedade e facilitará uma experiência de tratamento positiva178178 Thomson L. Sclerotherapy of telangiectasias or spider veins in the lower limb: a review. J Vasc Nurs. 2016;34(2):61-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2016.04.002. PMid:27210454.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2016.04....
. Poucas complicações de úlcera pós-escleroterapia ou tromboflebite são observadas; já a hiperpigmentação é o evento adverso menor mais comum179179 de Ávila Oliveira R, Riera R, Vasconcelos V, Baptista-Silva JC. Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;12(12):CD001732. PMid:34883526.,185185 Kaygin MA, Halici U. Evaluation of liquid or foam sclerotherapy in small varicose veins (ceap c1) with venous clinical severity score. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2018;64(12):1117-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.64.12.1117. PMid:30569988.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.64.1...
.

Embora não haja claramente uma evidência de superioridade entre os esclerosantes, há tendência de serem observados resultados superiores quando há um agente detergente (como o polidocanol) do que quando há somente um agente hipertônico (como a glicose 75%)180180 Bertanha M, Jaldin RG, Moura R, et al. Sclerotherapy for Reticular Veins in the Lower Limbs: A Triple-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(12):1249-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3426. PMid:28973414.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2...
,181181 Bertanha M, Yoshida WB, Bueno de Camargo PA, et al. Polidocanol Plus Glucose Versus Glucose Alone for the Treatment of Telangiectasias: Triple Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial (PG3T). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2021;61(1):128-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.07.007. PMid:32778489.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.07...
.

O uso do laser transdérmico tem crescido, principalmente para o tratamento de telangiectasias. No entanto, os resultados são bastante variáveis, dependendo do parâmetro utilizado, do comprimento de onda e do agente comparado182182 Munia MA, Wolosker N, Munia CG, Chao WS, Puech-Leão P. Comparison of laser versus sclerotherapy in the treatment of lower extremity telangiectases: a prospective study. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(4):635-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02226.x. PMid:22221551.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.20...

183 Parlar B, Blazek C, Cazzaniga S, et al. Treatment of lower extremity telangiectasias in women by foam sclerotherapy vs. Nd:YAG laser: a prospective, comparative, randomized, open-label trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(3):549-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12627. PMid:25069999.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12627...
-184184 Ianosi G, Ianosi S, Calbureanu-Popescu MX, Tutunaru C, Calina D, Neagoe D. Comparative study in leg telangiectasias treatment with Nd:YAG laser and sclerotherapy. Exp Ther Med. 2019;17(2):1106-12. PMid:30679981.,186186 Bernstein EF, Noyaner-Turley A, Renton B. Treatment of spider veins of the lower extremity with a novel 532 nm KTP laser. Lasers Surg Med. 2014;46(2):81-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22178. PMid:24127163.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22178...

187 Mujadzic M, Ritter EF, Given KS. A novel approach for the treatment of spider veins. Aesthet Surg J. 2015;35(7):NP221-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjv004. PMid:26246022.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjv004...

188 Gold MH, Biron J, Sensing W. Evaluation of a new diode laser for the treatment of lower extremity leg veins. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(3):773-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12923. PMid:31116009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12923...

189 Meesters AA, Pitassi LH, Campos V, Wolkerstorfer A, Dierickx CC. Transcutaneous laser treatment of leg veins. Lasers Med Sci. 2014;29(2):481-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-013-1483-2. PMid:24220848.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-013-148...
-190190 Bush R, Bush P. Histological findings correlated with clinical outcomes in telangiectasia treated with ohmic thermolysis and 940 nm laser. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018;17(5):779-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12761. PMid:30226025.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12761...
.

O laser Nd:YAG 1.064 nm de pulso longo é o tipo mais utilizado para o tratamento de veias em membros inferiores, mas a ferramenta deve ser melhor estudada e avaliada. Uma das principais vantagens do uso do laser transdérmico é a possibilidade de tratamento de lesões em que a escleroterapia não é factível189189 Meesters AA, Pitassi LH, Campos V, Wolkerstorfer A, Dierickx CC. Transcutaneous laser treatment of leg veins. Lasers Med Sci. 2014;29(2):481-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-013-1483-2. PMid:24220848.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-013-148...
.

Recomendação 28

  • Sugerimos a radiofrequência transdérmica para tratamento da doença venosa crônica C1, em especial as telangiectasias.

    • Nível C

    • Classe IIa

    • Bibliografia191191 Diken Aİ, Alemdaroğlu U, Özyalçın S, et al. Adjuvant radiofrequency thermocoagulation improves the outcome of liquid sclerotherapy in the treatment of spider veins of the leg: A pilot study. Phlebology. 2021;36(8):620-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555211006534. PMid:33813962.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555211006...
      :

Recomendação 29

  • Sugerimos o laser associado a escleroterapia química para tratamento da doença venosa crônica C1.

    • Nível C

    • Classe IIb

    • Bibliografia192192 Moreno-Moraga J, Smarandache A, Pascu ML, Royo J, Trelles MA. 1064 nm Nd:YAG long pulse laser after polidocanol microfoam injection dramatically improves the result of leg vein treatment: a randomized controlled trial on 517 legs with a three-year follow-up. Phlebology. 2014;29(10):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355513502786. PMid:23989971.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555135027...

      193 Miyake RK, Chi YW, Franklin IJ, Gianesini S. State of the art on cryo-laser cryo-sclerotherapy in lower limb venous aesthetic treatment. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(5):893-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.01.003. PMid:32179040.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.01...
      -194194 Goldman MP, Fitzpatrick RE. Pulsed-dye laser treatment of leg telangiectasia: with and without simultaneous sclerotherapy. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1990;16(4):338-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1990.tb00045.x. PMid:2324370.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.19...
      :

A radiofrequência é outro instrumento que pode ser utilizado no tratamento de pequenos vasos. Resultados isolados ou em associação parecem promissores, mas ainda necessitam de estudos mais robustos para poder ser melhor indicado e conhecido184184 Ianosi G, Ianosi S, Calbureanu-Popescu MX, Tutunaru C, Calina D, Neagoe D. Comparative study in leg telangiectasias treatment with Nd:YAG laser and sclerotherapy. Exp Ther Med. 2019;17(2):1106-12. PMid:30679981.,190190 Bush R, Bush P. Histological findings correlated with clinical outcomes in telangiectasia treated with ohmic thermolysis and 940 nm laser. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018;17(5):779-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12761. PMid:30226025.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12761...
,191191 Diken Aİ, Alemdaroğlu U, Özyalçın S, et al. Adjuvant radiofrequency thermocoagulation improves the outcome of liquid sclerotherapy in the treatment of spider veins of the leg: A pilot study. Phlebology. 2021;36(8):620-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555211006534. PMid:33813962.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555211006...
.

As associações do laser com a escleroterapia líquida ou com espuma têm sido muito utilizadas e até altamente recomendadas recentemente. No entanto, os estudos das técnicas associadas são restritos a algumas séries de casos, e, embora a maioria tenha resultados bastante promissores, há também outras com complicações desastrosas192192 Moreno-Moraga J, Smarandache A, Pascu ML, Royo J, Trelles MA. 1064 nm Nd:YAG long pulse laser after polidocanol microfoam injection dramatically improves the result of leg vein treatment: a randomized controlled trial on 517 legs with a three-year follow-up. Phlebology. 2014;29(10):658-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355513502786. PMid:23989971.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02683555135027...

193 Miyake RK, Chi YW, Franklin IJ, Gianesini S. State of the art on cryo-laser cryo-sclerotherapy in lower limb venous aesthetic treatment. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(5):893-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.01.003. PMid:32179040.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.01...
-194194 Goldman MP, Fitzpatrick RE. Pulsed-dye laser treatment of leg telangiectasia: with and without simultaneous sclerotherapy. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1990;16(4):338-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1990.tb00045.x. PMid:2324370.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.19...
.

Recomendação 30

  • Sugerimos a terapia compressiva após tratamento de pequenos vasos com escleroterapia, laser ou radiofrequência.

    • Nível B

    • Classe IIb

    • Bibliografia195195 Tan MKH, Salim S, Onida S, Davies AH. Postsclerotherapy compression: a systematic review. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(1):264-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.07.011. PMid:32791308.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.07...

      196 Weiss RA, Sadick NS, Goldman MP, Weiss MA. Post-sclerotherapy compression: controlled comparative study of duration of compression and its effects on clinical outcome. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25(2):105-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08180.x. PMid:10037513.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.19...

      197 Kern P, Ramelet AA, Wütschert R, Hayoz D. Compression after sclerotherapy for telangiectasias and reticular leg veins: a randomized controlled study. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45(6):1212-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2007.02.039. PMid:17467226.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2007.02....

      198 Ivo CS, Ivo MB, Salles PG, Rosário RC, Nunes TA. Effect of the period of extrinsic mechanical compression following sclerotherapy in veins in rabbit ears. Acta Cir Bras. 2011;26(3):165-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502011000300003. PMid:21537517.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502011...
      -199199 Bayer A, Kuznik N, Langan EA, et al. Clinical outcome of short-term compression after sclerotherapy for telangiectatic varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(2):435-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05.015. PMid:32502730.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05...
      :

Recomendação 31

  • Sugerimos contra o uso rotineiro de medicamento tópico após tratamento da doença venosa C1 com qualquer modalidade.

    • Nível C

    • Classe III

    • Bibliografia200200 Friedmann DP, Liolios AM, Wu DC, Goldman MP, Eimpunth SA. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effect of a high-potency topical corticosteroid after sclerotherapy for reticular and telangiectatic veins of the lower extremities. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41(10):1158-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000000467. PMid:26359998.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000...

      201 Ho D, Jagdeo J, Waldorf HA. Is there a role for arnica and bromelain in prevention of post-procedure ecchymosis or edema? A systematic review of the literature. Dermatol Surg. 2016;42(4):445-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000000701. PMid:27035499.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000...
      -202202 Izzo M, Coscia V. Assessment of a topical product based on a mixture of polysulfated galactosaminoglycan in the topical treatment of postoperative blood extravasation (ecchymosis-hematoma) in phlebology. Minerva Med. 2018;109(4):266-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4806.18.05642-2. PMid:29696939.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4806.18...
      :

O uso de terapia compressiva com meia elástica é uma controvérsia. Embora estudos anteriores tenham mostrado a possibilidade de melhor resultado, randomizações recentes não corroboraram esses achados196196 Weiss RA, Sadick NS, Goldman MP, Weiss MA. Post-sclerotherapy compression: controlled comparative study of duration of compression and its effects on clinical outcome. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25(2):105-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08180.x. PMid:10037513.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.19...

197 Kern P, Ramelet AA, Wütschert R, Hayoz D. Compression after sclerotherapy for telangiectasias and reticular leg veins: a randomized controlled study. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45(6):1212-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2007.02.039. PMid:17467226.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2007.02....

198 Ivo CS, Ivo MB, Salles PG, Rosário RC, Nunes TA. Effect of the period of extrinsic mechanical compression following sclerotherapy in veins in rabbit ears. Acta Cir Bras. 2011;26(3):165-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502011000300003. PMid:21537517.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502011...
-199199 Bayer A, Kuznik N, Langan EA, et al. Clinical outcome of short-term compression after sclerotherapy for telangiectatic varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(2):435-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05.015. PMid:32502730.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05...
.

O uso de terapia de compressão após o tratamento de pequenos vasos, portanto, ainda é discutível. O real benefício de sua utilização é difícil de explicar quando sabemos que a pressão necessária para o colapso desses vasos é muito alta. Outros autores dizem que há um custo maior e inconveniente no uso devido à incerteza do benefício198198 Ivo CS, Ivo MB, Salles PG, Rosário RC, Nunes TA. Effect of the period of extrinsic mechanical compression following sclerotherapy in veins in rabbit ears. Acta Cir Bras. 2011;26(3):165-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502011000300003. PMid:21537517.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502011...
,199199 Bayer A, Kuznik N, Langan EA, et al. Clinical outcome of short-term compression after sclerotherapy for telangiectatic varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(2):435-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05.015. PMid:32502730.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05...
.

Já o uso de rotina de medicamentos ou unguentos tópicos após o tratamento de pequenos vasos não encontra nenhum respaldo na literatura científica. Não há evidência de que o uso de substâncias como corticosteroides, arnica ou bromelina tenham benefício. Algumas podem, inclusive, causar malefícios200200 Friedmann DP, Liolios AM, Wu DC, Goldman MP, Eimpunth SA. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effect of a high-potency topical corticosteroid after sclerotherapy for reticular and telangiectatic veins of the lower extremities. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41(10):1158-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000000467. PMid:26359998.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000...

201 Ho D, Jagdeo J, Waldorf HA. Is there a role for arnica and bromelain in prevention of post-procedure ecchymosis or edema? A systematic review of the literature. Dermatol Surg. 2016;42(4):445-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000000701. PMid:27035499.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000...

202 Izzo M, Coscia V. Assessment of a topical product based on a mixture of polysulfated galactosaminoglycan in the topical treatment of postoperative blood extravasation (ecchymosis-hematoma) in phlebology. Minerva Med. 2018;109(4):266-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4806.18.05642-2. PMid:29696939.
http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4806.18...

203 de Mello BAS, Beiriz YR, Bonatto AC, Maciel GSB, de Almeida LR, Corassa JM. Use of brimonidine tartrate to resolve telangiectatic matting: case report. J Vasc Bras. 2020;19:e20190159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.190159. PMid:34290750.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.1901...
-204204 Suggs AK, Macri A, Richmond H, Munavalli G, Friedman PM. Treatment of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea with pulsed-dye laser and oxymetazoline 1.0% cream: a retrospective study. Lasers Surg Med. 2020;52(1):38-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.23176. PMid:31709571.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.23176...
. Há relatos de uso de substâncias tópicas na tentativa de reverter algumas complicações como o matting, mas ainda sem grandes evidências203203 de Mello BAS, Beiriz YR, Bonatto AC, Maciel GSB, de Almeida LR, Corassa JM. Use of brimonidine tartrate to resolve telangiectatic matting: case report. J Vasc Bras. 2020;19:e20190159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.190159. PMid:34290750.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.1901...
,204204 Suggs AK, Macri A, Richmond H, Munavalli G, Friedman PM. Treatment of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea with pulsed-dye laser and oxymetazoline 1.0% cream: a retrospective study. Lasers Surg Med. 2020;52(1):38-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.23176. PMid:31709571.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.23176...
.

A recomendação após o tratamento em pele é de utilizar protetores solares e hidratação, mas, mesmo assim, não há evidência de melhora de resultados ou diminuição de complicações205205 Deaver Peterson J, Katz TM. Open-label study assessing the efficacy and tolerability of topical skin care and sun protection alone and in combination with intense pulsed light therapy. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(6):1758-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12952. PMid:31017734.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12952...
.

CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS

Este projeto teve como finalidade orientar profissionais e a população em diversas situações de uma doença extremamente comum. Em nenhum momento as recomendações tiveram a pretensão de se tornar um determinante da conduta médica, mas, sim, uma forma de ajudar o médico assistente a tomar a melhor decisão para o seu paciente.

O modelo de elaboração destas recomendações seguiu uma extensa revisão de publicações científicas aliadas às opiniões dos especialistas em caso de as evidências serem escassas ou antagônicas.

Ainda há várias lacunas para o desenvolvimento científico, e novas publicações nesta área são necessárias. Por consequência, estas recomendações devem ser revisitadas e revisadas periodicamente de acordo com novas evidências.

  • Como citar: Kikuchi R, Nhuch C, Drummond DAB et al. Diretriz brasileira de doença venosa crônica da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular. J Vasc Bras. 2023;22:e20230064. https://doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.202300641
  • Fonte de financiamento: Nenhuma.
  • O estudo foi realizado na Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV), São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    06 Nov 2023
  • Data do Fascículo
    2023

Histórico

  • Recebido
    11 Maio 2023
  • Aceito
    01 Ago 2023
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